Government and Household Expenditure on Education: The Role of Credit Constraint

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-446
Author(s):  
Abida Naurin ◽  
Ahsan ul Haq Satti ◽  
Uzma Bashir
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Central Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Expenditures ◽  
The Impact

Human capital accumulation is one of the most important factors of economic growth for both developed and developing nations. The central research question of this paper is to evaluate the tendency of household educational spending vis-à-vis government spending on education, given the household’s credit constraints. For this purpose, use annual data of 40 countries from 2004 to 2018 in this paper. The intensity of government and household expenditures on education is a more appropriate indicator to analyze the impact of human capital on economic development. This paper has applied the Fixed effect and the random effect model. The Panel Corrected Standard error (PCSEs) model to tackle the problem of heteroscedasticity, Serial Correlation of AR (1), and Cross-sectional dependence. For testing stationarity of the variables, the second generation panel unit root test is Im-Pesaran and Shin (IPS) Test at level and difference. As a robustness test, I estimated a VAR (3) and computed the Impulse response function using Cholesky decomposition along with a 95% confidence interval. The current study concludes that the causality runs from household expenditures (HEX) to government expenditure (GEX) on education directly and not the other way round. This paper also finds a negative contemporaneous relationship between GEX and NPL at the 5% significance level. This means that as households become more credit-constrained, the government tends to spend less on education.

Association between Toxoplasma gondii infection and headache: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tooran Nayeri ◽  
Shahabeddin Sarvi ◽  
Mahmood Moosazadeh ◽  
Zahra Hosseininejad ◽  
Afsaneh Amouei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Forest Plot ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii Infection ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Background: The impact of infectious agents, such as Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), on human behavior and mental disorders has recently attracted the attention of researchers. T. gondii has emerged as a suitable candidate for such disorders due to its neural nature. Therefore, the current study aimed at investigating the possible relationship between T. gondii infection and headache. Methods: Five databases were thoroughly searched (up to October 4, 2019) for articles on the prevalence of T. gondii in headache sufferer. In this study, the odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using a random effect model and forest plot to gauge effect size and effect of each study. Results: A total number of four articles, including three case-controls and one cross-sectional studies with 2517 participants entered the meta-analysis out of whom 1205 subjects were afflicted with headache or migraine (17.67% positive for toxoplasmosis) and 1312 participants were not (18.29% for toxoplasmosis). The results of the meta-analysis indicated a common OR of 1.59 (95% CI: 1.03-2.47) by the random effect model. Conclusion: The obtained results of several studies have linked toxoplasmosis and headache. Therefore, more quality studies with larger sample sizes are needed to determine the detailed association between headache and T. gondii infection for the prevention and control of toxoplasmosis among headache sufferers.

scholarly journals FACTORES FINANCIEROS DE LA ECO INNOVACIÓN EN PROCESOS Y ORGANIZACIÓN QUE IMPACTAN EN LA PRODUCTIVIDAD DEL SECTOR AGRÍCOLA DEL VALLE DE SAN QUINTÍN, BAJA CALIFORNIA, MÉXICO (FINANCIAL FACTORS OF ECO-INNOVATION IN PROCESSES AND ORGANIZATION THAT IMPACT THE PRODUCTIVITY OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OF THE SAN QUINTÍN VALLEY, BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (35) ◽  
Author(s):  
Imelda Cuevas Merecias ◽  
Luis Alberto Villarreal Villarreal ◽  
Maria Margarita Carrera Sanchez ◽  
Abel Partida Puente
Keyword(s):  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Baja California ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Statistical Treatment ◽  
Central Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Financial Factors ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this preliminary study is to analyze the impact of eco-innovation factors (processes and organization) that impact productivity in the agricultural sector of the San Quintín Valley, Baja California, Mexico. In this sense, the importance of these factors is defined, which contributes significantly to the productivity of the agricultural sector of these companies. Therefore, the central research question is defined. What are the financial factors of eco-innovation that impact the productivity of the agricultural sector of the San Quintín Valley, Baja California, Mexico? The data obtained was analyzed through statistical treatment using SPSS V-21 with a descriptive, correlational, cross-sectional and explanatory approach. The results obtained showed that only one variable is significant: eco-innovation in the organization has a positive relationship in the productivity of the agricultural sector of the San Quintín Valley, Baja California, Mexico.

scholarly journals Corporate Environmental Performance in China: The Moderating Effects of the Media versus the Approach of Local Governments

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 150
Author(s):  
Zhiru Guo ◽  
Chao Lu
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Corporate Environmental Performance ◽  
Media Attention ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

This article selects the listed companies in China’s A-share heavy pollution industry from 2014 to 2018 as samples, uses a random effect model to empirically test the relationship between media attention and corporate environmental performance and examines the impacts of local government environmental protection and property nature on that relationship. Results are as follow: (1) Media attention can significantly affect a company’s environmental performance. The higher the media attention, the greater the company’s supervision and the better its environmental performance. (2) In areas where the government pays less attention to environmental protection, the impact of media on corporate environmental performance is more obvious, but in other areas, the impact of media on environmental performance cannot be reflected; (3) The media attention is very significant for the environmental performance improvement of state-owned enterprises, and it is not obvious in non-state-owned enterprises. (4) A further breakdown of the study found that the role of media attention in corporate environmental performance is only significant in the sample of local governments that have low environmental protection and are state-owned enterprises. This research incorporates the local government’s emphasis on environmental protection into the research field of vision, expands the research scope of media and corporate environmental performance, and also provides new clues and evidence for promoting the active fulfillment of environmental protection responsibilities by companies and local governments.

Is internal and external mechanism of governance enriching the performance of the banking sector of Pakistan?

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sundas Sohail ◽  
Farhat Rasul ◽  
Ummara Fatima
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
General Meeting ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
Board Structure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore how governance mechanisms (internal and external) enhance the performance of the return on asset (ROA), return on equity (ROE), earning per share (EPS) and dividend payout ratios (DP) of the banks of Pakistan. The study incorporates not only the internal factors of governance (board size, out-ratio, annual general meeting, managerial ownership, institutional ownership, block holder stock ownership and financial transparency) but also the external factors (legal infrastructure and protection of minority shareholders, and the market for corporate control). Design/methodology/approach The sample size of the study consists of 30 banks (public, private and specialized) listed at the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSE) for the period 2008-2014. The panel data techniques (fixed or random effect model) have been used for the empirical analysis after verification by Hausman (1978) test. Findings The results revealed that not only do the internal mechanisms of governance enhance the performance of the banking sector of Pakistan but external governance also plays a substantial role in enriching the performance. The findings conclude that for a good governance structure, both internal and external mechanisms are equally important, to accelerate the performance of the banking sector. Research limitations/implications Internal and external mechanisms of corporate governance can also be checked by adding some more variables (ownership i.e. foreign, female and family as internal and auditor as external), but they are not added in this work due to data unavailability. Practical implications The study contributes to the literature and could be useful for the policy makers who need to force banks to mandate codes of governance through which they can create an efficient board structure and augment the performance. The investments from different forms of ownership can be accelerated if they follow the codes properly. Social implications The study facilitates the bankers in incorporating sound codes of corporate governance to enhance the performance of the banks. Originality/value This work is unique as no one has explored the impact of external mechanism of governance on the performance of the banking sector of Pakistan.

scholarly journals Non-prescription dispensing of antibiotic agents among community drug retail outlets in Sub-Saharan African countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sewunet Admasu Belachew ◽  
Lisa Hall ◽  
Linda A. Selvey
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Acute Diarrhoea ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Retail Outlets ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Ssa Countries

Abstract Background The development of antimicrobial resistance, which is partially attributable to the overuse and/or misuse of antibiotics in health care, is one of the greatest global public health challenges. In Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, non-prescribed dispensing of antibiotics in community drug retail outlets (CDROs) has been flagged as one of the contributing factors for the widespread misuse of antibiotics in the community. Objective The current review aimed to estimate the proportion of non-prescription antibiotics requests or consultations that resulted in provision of antibiotics without a valid prescription among CDROs in SSA region, and describe the type of antibiotics dispensed. Methods A literature search was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus and Google Scholar. We also searched reference lists of relevant articles. Random effect model meta-analysis was employed to determine the pooled proportion of over the counter sale of antibiotics. Subgroup and meta-regression was undertaken to explore the potential cause of heterogeneity in effect size across studies. Results Of 671 total citations retrieved, 23 met the inclusion criteria (seven cross-sectional questionnaire-based surveys and 16 cross-sectional client-based studies). The overall pooled proportion of non-prescription antibiotics requests or consultations that resulted in supply of antibiotics without prescription was 69% (95% CI 58–80). Upper respiratory tract infections and/or acute diarrhoea were the most frequently presented case scenarios, and amoxicillin and co-trimoxazole were the most frequently dispensed antibiotics to treat those symptoms. Conclusions Non-prescribed dispensing of antibiotics was found to be a common practice among CDROs in several SSA countries. Ease of access to and overuse of antibiotics can potentially accelerate the emergence of resistance to antibiotics available in the region. Our review highlights the need for a stringent enforcement of existing policies and/or enacting new regulatory frameworks that would regulate antibiotic supply, and training and educational support for pharmacy personnel (e.g. pharmacists, pharmacy assistants) regarding judicious use of antibiotics and the importance of antimicrobial stewardship.

Human capital accumulation, income distribution, and economic growth: a demand-led analytical framework

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-336
Author(s):  
Gilberto Tadeu Lima ◽  
Laura Carvalho ◽  
Gustavo Pereira Serra
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Output Growth ◽  
Human Capital Accumulation ◽  
Capital Utilization ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Long Run Equilibrium

This paper incorporates human capital accumulation through provision of universal public education by a balanced-budget government to a demand-driven analytical framework of functional distribution and growth of income. Human capital accumulation positively impacts on workers’ productivity in production and their bargaining power in wage negotiations. In the long-run equilibrium, a rise in the tax rate (which also denotes the share of output spent in human capital formation) lowers the pre- and after-tax wage share and physical capital utilization, and thus raises (lowers) the output growth rate when the latter is profit-led (wage-led). The impact of a higher tax rate on the employment rate (which also measures human capital utilization) in the long-run equilibrium is negative (ambiguous) when output growth is wage-led (profit-led). In any case, the supply of higher-skilled workers does not automatically create its own demand.

scholarly journals Analysis Of Effect Of ZIS (Zakat, Infaq, And Shadaqah), Regional Domestic Products Of Bruto, Regional Minimum Wage And Inflation On Levels Poverty In Indonesia 2012 – 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-211
Author(s):  
Fiky Nila Mustika ◽  
Eni Setyowati ◽  
Azhar Alam
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Minimum Wages ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
Panel Data Regression ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Poverty Levels ◽  
Domestic Products

This study investigated the impact of ZIS (Zakat, Infaq, and Sadaqah) Gross Regional Domestic Products, Regional Minimum Wages, and Inflation on Poverty Levels in Indonesia during the 2012-2016 period. .This paper used secondary data in the panel data form. This research conducted a quantitative approach using panel data regression. Based on the results of the panel data testing, the best model chosen is the Random Effect Model (REM). Variables of gross regional domestic products and regional minimum wages have a significant effect on poverty levels in Indonesia while the variables of zakat, infaq, and shadaqah (ZIS) and inflation do not influence the level of poverty in Indonesia.

scholarly journals An Empirical Study on the Effect of Agricultural Infrastructure Investment on Economic Growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 275 ◽  
pp. 01004
Author(s):  
Liu Ran
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Infrastructure Investment ◽  
National Bureau ◽  
Agricultural Field ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
New Development ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, using the panel data of the National Bureau of Statistics database from 2010 to 2019, and using the random effect model, we studied the impact of agricultural infrastructure investment on economic growth. The empirical results show that the investment in agricultural infrastructure can significantly improve the national economy, among which the investment in new infrastructure promotes the economic growth to a certain extent. After comparing the eastern, central and western regions, it is found that the investment in agricultural infrastructure in the western region contributes more to the economic growth, and the statistical results are more significant. Based on the analysis of the role of agricultural infrastructure investment in promoting economic growth, this paper will further discuss the relevant suggestions of the “two new and one heavy” policy in the agricultural field, and promote the adjustment of agricultural industrial structure with the improvement of agricultural infrastructure, and promote the formation of a new development pattern of “double circulation”.

scholarly journals What Drives Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions and Greenfield Foreign Direct Investment Capital Flows? Reconsideration in the Case of the Selected Former Yugoslav Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-246
Author(s):  
Ksenija Denčić-Mihajlov ◽  
Vinko Lepojević ◽  
Jovana Stojanović
Keyword(s):  
Mergers And Acquisitions ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
Macroeconomic Factors ◽  
Fdi Inflows ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Data Framework ◽  
The Impact

Bearing in mind the different nature and the impact of various types of foreign direct investments (FDI) on the one hand, and the specific macroeconomic environment in the post-socialist countries on the other hand, in this paper we reexamine the selected macroeconomic factors that affect the two types of FDI inflows (cross-border mergers and acquisitions and greenfield FDI) in four countries of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The study employs the balanced panel data framework and covers twelve-year period (2006-2017). Having performed the Hausman test, we use the random effect model and provide evidence that: (1) the key FDI macroeconomic determinants in stable business conditions, examined in numerous research studies, can have a different impact on FDI in times characterized by unstability and financial crisis, (2) some determinants of FDI inflows have different importance and direction in the case of cross-border M&A and greenfield FDI. Our findings are relevant for policymakers who should reconsider the key factors that fuel the FDI inflows towards their developing economies.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PENYEDERHANAAN STRUKTUR TARIF CUKAI SPESIFIK TERHADAP KONSUMSI ROKOK

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Indah Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Rate Structure ◽  
Price Increases ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Structure Simplification ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Unbalanced Panel Data

ABSTRACT:  This study is conducted to estimate the impact of the increase in regular and specific excise rates structure simplification on cigar's consumption through its price. Using data in 2015 and applying random effect model for unbalanced panel data on Sigaret Kretek Mesin-type and Sigaret Kretek Tangan-type of the cigar, this study compares the impact of price increases due to both specific excise rate structure simplification and regular increase on the excise rate in cigar’s consumption. The results indicate that increase in the specific excise rate structure simplification has a lower impact on raising cigar’s prices than regular excise rate increases. Furthermore, the impact of price increases due to the specific excise rate structure simplification is greater in reducing cigar’s consumption than the price increases due to regular excise rate increases. In addition, it is found that the average price of Sigaret Kretek Mesin-type is lower and has an average consumption that is much higher than Sigaret Kretek Tangan-type. Overall, this result suggests that the specific excise rate structure simplification's policy should be continued in order to reduce cigar's consumption.Keywords: specific excise rate structure simplification, cigar’s consumption, random effects modelABSTRAK:  Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kenaikan tarif cukai biasa maupun spesifik terhadap konsumsi rokok melalui harga jual ecerannya. Rokok yang digunakan adalah rokok jenis Sigaret Kretek Mesin (SKM) dan Sigaret Kretek Tangan (SKT). Dengan menggunakan data tahun 2015 dan menerapkan random effect pada unbalanced panel data, penelitian ini membandingkan pengaruh kenaikan harga jual eceran akibat penyederhanaan struktur tarif cukai spesifik dan kenaikan tarif cukai biasa terhadap konsumsi rokok. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penyederhanaan struktur tarif cukai spesifik berpengaruh lebih rendah terhadap kenaikan harga jual eceran rokok dibandingkan dengan akibat kenaikan tarif biasa. Lebih lanjut, pengaruh kenaikan harga jual eceran akibat penyederhanaan struktur tarif cukai spesifik lebih besar dalam mengurangi konsumsi rokok dibandingkan kenaikan harga jual eceran akibat kenaikan tarif cukai biasa. Selain itu ditemukan bahwa harga jual eceran rata-rata rokok jenis Sigaret Kretek Mesin (SKM) lebih rendah dan mempunyai rata-rata konsumsi yang jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan rokok jenis Sigaret Kretek Tangan (SKT). Secara menyeluruh, temuan ini menyarankan agar kebijakan penyederhanaan struktur tarif cukai perlu dilanjutkan karena efektif untuk mengurangi konsumsi rokok. Kata kunci: Penyederhanaan struktur tarif cukai spesifik, konsumsi rokok, random effects model.   

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