The State of Rubber in Solutions. Part II. The Effect of the Temperature on the Viscosity of Solutions of Various Concentrations

1933 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 436-441
Author(s):  
B. Dogadkin ◽  
M. Lawrenenko
Keyword(s):  
Relative Viscosity ◽  
Continuous Phase ◽  
The State ◽  
Direct Proportion

Abstract 1. The relative viscosity of a rubber solution, the concentration of which does not exceed 0.3 per cent, does not change with change in temperature. 2. The viscosity of rubber solutions at concentrations from 0.3 to 10 per cent diminishes in direct proportion to an increase in the temperature. 3. Based on the results mentioned above and on the measurements of Abernethy the state of rubber in solutions is characterized by the fact that at concentrations up to 0.3 per cent the solutions are molecular. At concentrations from 0.3 to 10 per cent the solutions contain micelles. In solutions of still higher concentrations the rubber forms a continuous phase of the system.

Swelling and Solvation of Rubber in Different Solvents

1937 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-241
Author(s):  
Ira Williams
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Relative Viscosity ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
The State ◽  
Equal Concentration ◽  
Chemical Attack ◽  
Dispersed Particles ◽  
Viscosity Characteristic ◽  
Degree Of Oxidation ◽  
Fractional Increase

Abstract The large variation of the fractional increase in viscosity of rubber sols and its lack of relation to the viscosity of the solvent indicates that the increase in viscosity is not due to rigid filiform molecules. The ability to interchange solvents and obtain a viscosity characteristic of the solvent shows the existence of a reversible equilibrium between solvent and rubber. The close relation between the maximum swelling and the fractional increase in viscosity of rubber in different solvents suggests that rubber sols contain swollen micelles of rubber. The extent of swelling and the viscosity depend on the equilibrium between solvent and rubber which, in turn, depends on the state of oxidation (or other suitable chemical attack) of the rubber. A rubber sol becomes a gel at the concentration which immobilizes essentially all the solvent. The relative viscosity of rubber sols of equal concentration in the same solvent is probably some function of the degree of solvation of the dispersed particles which is influenced by the degree of oxidation of the rubber. Viscosity is not a measure of the molecular weight.

scholarly journals Mencitrakan Sang Kandidat: Si “Tukang Foto” Iklan Politik

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Dewi Sartika Bukit
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Direct Democracy ◽  
The State ◽  
Direct Proportion ◽  
Political Advertisements ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Political Ads ◽  
State Bureaucracy ◽  
Commercial Photography

Abstrak Perkembangan fotografi komersial di Indonesia akhir-akhir ini telah memasuki ranah politik, terutama sejak diberlakukannya sistem demokrasi langsung. Masyarakat menentukan pilihan mereka melalui pendekatan para kandidat dan calon, baik berupa kampanye maupun melalui iklan-iklan politik yang hadir di media massa, maupun berupa cetak billboard dan selebaran. Dalam iklan-iklan politik, terutama ikan luar ruang, kandidat yang dianalogikan sebagai produk, dipotret dan dikemas dalam sebuah desain iklan yang membawa pesan-pesan penting berupa pencitaan dan direduksi dalam sebuah gambar. Dengan demikian, fungsi fotografer iklan baik secara teknis maupun ide memberi pengaruh yang besar terhadap pencitraan kandidat, yang secara tidak langsung berpengaruh terhadap jalannya negara selanjutnya setelah kandidat tersebut melaju ke urusan birokrasi negara. Di samping itu, permasalahan ekonomi yang berbanding lurus dengan pencitraan kandidat dalam iklan-iklan politik, ternyata menyimpan kemelut yang kompleks. AbstractImaging the Candidate : the “Photographer” of Politic Ads. Lately, the development of commercial photography in Indonesia has entered the realm of politics, especially since the system of direct democracy has been enacted. Communities determine their choice through the candidates and prospective nominees, either through campaigns or political advertisements presented in mass media, as well as on billboards and flyers printed form. In political ads, especially the outdoor ads, the candidate analogized as product, were photographed and packaged in advertisement design carrying important messages in the form of imagery and reduced in an image. Thus, the function of advertising photographers, both technically and in ideas, giving major influences on imaging the candidate, which indirectly affect the course of the country once the candidate proceeds to the affairs of the state bureaucracy. In addition, the economic problems which unfortunately are in direct proportion to the imaging candidate in the politics ads, turn out keeping a complex crisis.

Relaxation Processes in the Electrorheological Response

1991 ◽  
Vol 248 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Katsikopoulos ◽  
C. Zukoski
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Relative Viscosity ◽  
Continuous Phase ◽  
Universal Function ◽  
Relaxation Processes ◽  
Mason Number ◽  
Modelling Studies ◽  
Considerable Work

AbstractThe electrorheological (ER) response is characterized by a reversible increase in suspension viscosity on application of large electric fields. Suspensions displaying this behavior are typically composed of a polar solid phase suspended in a low conductivity oil (1-3). In the past five years considerable work investigating the mechanisms controlling the ER response has established that increases in viscosity are associated with the formation of electrode spanning particulate structures which are degraded by shear (4-8). The structures are the result of polarization interactions produced by the dielectric mismatch between the solid and continuous phases. Extensive modelling studies have shown that much of the rheological behavior of ER suspensions can be understood in terms of a balance of viscous and electrical polarization forces as written in terms of the Mason number, Mn = ηc ṙ/(2ε0εc(βE)2) (9). Here ηc, is the continuous phase viscosity, ṙ is the shear rate, and E is the applied field strength. The relative polarizability of the particulate phase is given in terms of β = (εp−εc)/(εp+2εc) where εp is the particle dielectric constant and γc is the continuous phase dielectric constant. The relative viscosity of many suspensions can be reduced to a single universal function of Mason number and often display a yield stress which scales with E2.

The Degradation of Rubber Solutions of Different Concentrations

1932 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Bary ◽  
E. Fleurent
Keyword(s):  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Characteristic Point ◽  
Relative Viscosity ◽  
The State ◽  
Cent Solution ◽  
Concentrated Solutions ◽  
Inside Diameter ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Hyperbolic Law

Abstract Xylene solutions of rubber of the smoked plantation crepe type were placed in an atmosphere of nitrogen and maintained at a nearly constant temperature of 95° C. Solutions of five different concentrations were employed, namely, 5.12, 3.94, 2.88, 1.98, and 0.99 per cent, and measurements of the viscosity were made as before by the flow through a tube with an inside diameter of about 1 mm. In curves of the relative viscosity as a function of the time, the hyperbolic law already described (Comptes rendus 192, 946 (1931); Rubber Chemistry & Technology, 4, 505 (1931)) was again found to be true, but only for concentrations of 1.98 and 0.99%. With more concentrated solutions the curve presents a characteristic point, and can be separated into two distinct periods: (a) A period of disaggregation of the rubber swollen to the state of jelly in suspension in the xylene. The greater the concentration the more prolonged is this period (e. g., 320 hours for the 5.12 per cent solution and 110 hours for the 2.88 per cent solution). (b) A period of molecular degradation following that just described, during which the viscosity approaches more and more that of the solvent, while following the hyperbolic law observed previously.

scholarly journals The Portrait of the King in the Purananuru

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 74-78
Author(s):  
Nazir Ali
Keyword(s):  
Power Structure ◽  
The State ◽  
Direct Proportion ◽  
Classical Age

There is no disputing the fact that the Purananuru firmly places the king or the chieftain as the central and dominant figure of the classical age. Almost every poem is a paean to his nobility, bravery or generosity. Whether it is fighting a battle or rewarding an indigent poet or defending his capital from an aggressor, the king occupies the centre stage. The rise and fall of his state is in direct proportion to his own rise and fall thereby binding his fortunes with the wellbeing of the society he rules. He is expected to be righteous and just not only for his own sake but for the sake of the kingdom. There is so much riding on the king that a false step will not only ruin him personally but also plunge the whole nation into chaos. It is this synonymy between the king and the state that the Purananuru captures and constructs and by doing so, it constructs the whole of the society and its power structure.

Influence of the Electric Field on the Electrorheological Behaviour of Crystalline Cellulose Suspensions in Silicone Oils

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Pavlínek ◽  
P. Sáha ◽  
T. Kitano ◽  
T. Tanegashima
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Relative Viscosity ◽  
Rheological Behaviour ◽  
Continuous Phase ◽  
Crystalline Cellulose ◽  
Ac Electric Fields ◽  
Mason Number ◽  
Silicone Oils ◽  
Electrorheological Properties ◽  
Main Factor

Abstract This work deals with electrorheological (ER) behaviour of moist crystalline cellulose dispersed in silicone oils of different viscosities (0.1, 0.35 and 1.0 Pa.s) in DC and 50 Hz AC electric fields. The experiments were performed on a parallel-plate viscometer with various width of the gap. In the AC field the intensity of the ER effect was lower and the rheological behaviour of suspensions was in accordance with the Bingham law. In the DC field, on the other hand, the flow curves were rather complex. Higher viscosity of the continuous phase limited reorganization of the ER structure in the flow field; hence, the ER effect intensity was lower. The plot of relative viscosity, η/ηc, vs. the Mason number, Mn, provided a common line, which supports an idea of a pronounced influence of the ratio of viscous and polarization forces as the main factor controlling electrorheological properties of the system.

Practical Picture Processing

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 338-339
Author(s):  
T. A. Welton
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Coherence Length ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Coherent Radiation ◽  
The State ◽  
Energy Spread ◽  
Electron Micrograph ◽  
Picture Processing ◽  
Molecular Skeleton

Various authors have emphasized the spatial information resident in an electron micrograph taken with adequately coherent radiation. In view of the completion of at least one such instrument, this opportunity is taken to summarize the state of the art of processing such micrographs. We use the usual symbols for the aberration coefficients, and supplement these with £ and 6 for the transverse coherence length and the fractional energy spread respectively. He also assume a weak, biologically interesting sample, with principal interest lying in the molecular skeleton remaining after obvious hydrogen loss and other radiation damage has occurred.

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