COMPREHENSIVE WAY OF CALCULATING ECOLOGICAL (ENVIRONMENTAL SPACE) FACTORS OF PLANT COMMUNITIES ENVIRONMENT FOR AMPLITUDE ECOLOGICAL SCALES

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-58
Author(s):  
G. N. Buzuk ◽  

Despite intensive development of instrumental methods of environmental factors analysis for plant communities their assessment with ecological scales still remains important. The main advantage of ecological scales is their ability to reflect generalized and average characteristics of ecological regimes due to significant inertia in response of plant communities composition to the change of certain characteristics of the environment. The main ways of calculation while using ecological scales are the medium-sized method and the ideal indicator method (of linear regression) including modified algorithm of calculating the level of edaphic and climatic factors of the environment with amplitude ecological scales. The aim of this work was to improve further the method for assessing the level of ecological factors (ecological space) in plant communities. For calculations and visualization of the results obtained we used Excel and our own programs written in the Matlab media. The basis of the method is finding the factor averagely weighed for the level calculated by the traditional way and by the method of the ideal indicator. It is proposed to set the weight of factors in both methods of calculation both explicitly and depending on the ecological index reflecting correspondence (adequacy) of the plant community composition to the level of ecological factors prevailing in the habitat. They can also be calculated by linear or non-linear dependencies relative to the middle of amplitude ecological scale. The conclusion is that it is possible to predict the content of secondary metabolites in plants based on assessing the level of ecological factors for plant communities.

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-213
Author(s):  
D. V. Dubyna ◽  
T. P. Dziuba ◽  
L. P. Vakarenko ◽  
A. A. Ennan ◽  
H. M. Shykhaleeva ◽  
...  

Assessment of key environmental factors that influence vegetation distribution and formation of plant communities is one of the most important challenges in modern phytocenology. Nowadays, several bioindication systems are applied to determine ecological specificity of plant communities and to establish the leading factors for their environmental differentiation. The system most widely used in Europe, that of H. Ellenberg, contains a numerical score on 6 ecological factors. On the example of vegetation of the valley of the Liman Kuyalnik, Y. Didukh developed the synphytoindication method based on evaluation of phytocenoses with respect to 12 ecological factors: 7 edaphic factors and 5 climatic factors; the method determines a more accurate and complete presentation of the analysis. In the valley of the Liman Kuyalnik (Odesa Oblast) the largest area is covered with halophytic and steppe vegetation. Halophytic vegetation (Therosalicornietea, Festuco-Puccinellietea classes, Juncetea maritimi, Bolboschoenetea maritimi) predominated in the shoreline areas of the valley, whereas steppe (Festuco-Brometea) and petrophytic (Sedo-Scleranthetea) vegetation dominated on the slope sites. With the application of DCA-ordination and synphytoindication methods it was established that distribution of plant communities in the hyper-space of the environmental conditions was most strongly correlated with edaphic factors, whereas microclimatic (light intensity) and climatic (thermo-regime) conditions had somewhat less influence on their differentiation. Water regime and level of soil salinity served as key factors for syntaxa of halophytic vegetation; moisture variability and salt regime, as well as soil moisture and carbonate content were key factors for the steppe vegetation, and thermo-regime was the main factor for petrophytic-steppe and petrophytic vegetation. The "eco-spaces" of these groups largely overlap. Halophytic cenoses are characterized by quite wide ecological ranges by most ecological factors. Steppe communities show much less ecological diversity. In the valley of the liman, all the steppe communities were characterized by stenotopicity in relation to most ecological factors; these factors complexly determine the specificity and diversity of biotopes within the valley, which are unique and require protection and the taking of appropriate measures, depending on the changes in activity of one or another limiting factor. Nowadays, the valley of the Liman Kuyalnik is in a state of environmental disaster. The established relationships in ecological differentiation of plant communities will be applied to further monitoring of biodiversity state, preservation and possible restoration of vegetation types that were native for this unique territory.


2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 286-291
Author(s):  
B. Baranovski ◽  
N. Roschina ◽  
L. Karmyzova ◽  
I. Ivanko

There are several ecological scales developed both for phytoindication of ecological factors and plant ecomorphs. Among them, the scales of Ellenberg and Tsyganov are the most commonly used. L. G. Ramensky and P. S. Pogrebnyak had developed a phytoindication method; they also were founders of first ecological scale of plant species in relation to various environmental factors. One of first ecomorph systems was developed by Alexander Lyutsianovich Belgard. In 1947, Belgard presented a tabular ecomorph system in his doctoral dissertation, and later in monograph “Forest vegetation of the South-East of Ukraine”. In the system he used abbreviated Latin names applying terminology proposed in the late 19th century by Dekandol, Warmin and other authors. He considered ecomorphs as adaptations of plants to environmental conditions in forests of the steppe zone of Ukraine where forest cenoses are exposed to processes of steppization, prairification, swamping, salinization, and thus clarification of relationships between forest, meadow, steppe, marsh and weed plant species was essential. Therefore, development and introduction of cenomorph terms as “adaptation of plant species to phytocenosis as a whole” were an absolutely new contribution to the concept of ecomorph system. In environmental factor scales of Ellenberg and other authors, environment characteristics based on phytoindication were underlined; in the Belgard Plant Ecomorph System, ecomorphs reflect ability of plant species to grow within certain ranges of a given factor. These approaches are quite comparable, and ecomorphs of the Belgard system correspond to certain grades of the Ellenberg and Tsyganov scales. The Belgard ecomorph system has been applied in a number of fundamental and applied works on plant ecology and phytocenology. It is convenient for characterizing ecological features of plant species growing in the steppe zone with a wide range of environment factors such as lighting, humidity, and soil richness. Other authors have expanded and supplemented the Belgard Plant Ecomorph System based on its strategy. A number of ecomorphs was introduced; they reflect intermediate or extreme gradations of factors. A new cenomorph – silvomargoant – has been proposed by the authors of this paper.


2019 ◽  
pp. 41-58
Author(s):  
L. A. Arepieva

The purpose of this study is to characterize plant communities with Ambrosia artemisiifolia in the Kursk Region. The work is based on 32 relevés made by the author in the city of Kursk and few district centers­ of the Kursk Region in 2009–2018. Some information about natural conditions of the Kursk Region is given in Table 1. Classification is carried out according to Braun-Blanquet approach. The data were treated by IBIS 7.2 software package (Zverev, 2007). The names of the higher syntaxa follow to «Vegetation of Europe…» (Mucina et al., 2016). Synoptic tables include only species with a constancy above I. Ecological conditions (soil moisture, richness in mineral nitrogen, light) were assessed with the use of average values by H. Ellenberg et al. (1992) ecological scales while hemerobiality with use of average values by N. G. Ilminskikh (1993) ecological scale and processed by IBIS software (Zverev, 2007). 4 associations of 3 classes of vegetation were revealed. Communities with Ambrosia artemisiifolia and hygrophilous species are described in Serbia (Jarić et al., 2011) wh ere subass. Chenopodio–Ambrosietum artemisiifoliae bidentetosum Jarić et al. 2011 was recorded in abandoned fields. It is differentiated by biennials and perennials from classes Artemisietea vulgaris and Molinio-Arrhenatheretea and others (Table 10). The features of communities with Ambrosia artemisiifolia identified in this work are important for the development strategies to combat this dangerous plant.


2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 2463-2471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Guoqing ◽  
Wang Xiaoan ◽  
Guo Hua ◽  
Zhu Zhihong

Biologia ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Sekulová ◽  
Michal Hájek

AbstractChanges in composition and structure of alpine and subalpine plant communities in relation to ecological factors were analysed in the Nízke Tatry Mts, Slovakia. Species cover values of vascular and non-vascular plants in each vegetation plot were recorded on the nine-degree scale. A data set of 156 relevés of alpine and subalpine vegetation was sampled recently during one year in the eastern part of the Nízke Tatry National Park. The data set was analysed by cluster analysis and Detrended Correspondence Analysis. analyses were carried out on the entire data set, including the subset of short grassland and dwarf-shrub vegetation. Major gradients and clusters were ecologically interpreted using Ellenberg indicator values. In the entire data set, the major gradient in species composition was associated with nutrient availability and the second most important gradient with light. In the case of short grassland and dwarf-shrub vegetation, the gradients were different. The first one was associated with soil reaction and the second gradient was associated with moisture. Clusters proposed by numerical classification reproduced many traditional phytosociological associations, namely Seslerietum distichae, Sphagno capillifolii-Empetretum nigri, Junco trifidi-Callunetum vulgaris, Juncetum trifidi, Dryopterido dilatatae-Pinetum mugo, Luzuletum obscurae, Agrostio pyrenaiceae-Nardetum strictae, while some other associations were less clearly differentiated (communities of the alliances Calamagrostion villosae, Adenostylion alliariae, Trisetion fusci, Cratoneuro filicini-Calthion laetae or Salicion herbaceae). The next clusters included Vaccinium and Festuca supina dominated communities and artificial roadside grasslands sown 50 years ago. Bryophytes and lichens were highly represented among diagnostic species of particular associations. Distribution pattern of particular plant communities was strongly influenced by site position either on northern or southern slope of the mountains.


1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Parkman ◽  
Markus Meili

Mercury concentrations in lacustrine macroinvertebrates were concurrently studied in eight remote Swedish forest lakes of differing dystrophy, acidity, and eutrophy. The aim was to assess the influence of ecological factors (taxon, habitat, and feeding habits), chemical factors (characterizing different types of lakes), and regional and climatic factors (Hg deposition and mean temperature) on the accumulation of Hg. Concentrations varied from <50 to >5000 ng Hg∙g dry weight−1. A large part of this high variability could be ascribed to differences in water and sediment chemistry, ecological niches, and species-specific seasonalities. Both taxonomic composition and Hg concentrations were highly dependent on the type of lake. Concentrations were highest in acidic dystrophic lakes and lowest in oligotrophic lakes. Mean Hg concentrations in the examined taxa within a lake differed 100-fold. Contrary to widely held views on biomagnification, the lowest concentrations among profundal chironomids were found in predators whereas the highest concentrations occurred in detritivores. Seasonal variations were negligible in some taxa but considerable in others and appeared in some taxa to be related to the life cycle. We conclude that Hg accumulation in macroinvertebrates is largely determined by feeding behaviour and food quality.


2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-283
Author(s):  
B. M. Mirkin ◽  
P. S. Shirokikh ◽  
V. B. Martynenko ◽  
L. G. Naumova

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 157-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
José S. Carrión

RESUMEN. Condicionantes de la respuesta vegetal al cambio climático. Una perspectiva paleobiolágica. Este artículo proporciona una revisión de las pautas y procesos de cambio vegetal en relación con el cambio climático, así como sobre la cuestión del equilibrio clima-vegetación y sus condicionantes, desde una perspectiva paleobiológica basada fundamentalmente en secuencias polínicas. En la escala evolutiva, la mayor parte de los eventos de migración, extinción de especies y reorganización de la estructura ecológica se describen adecuadamente como respuestas tipo umbral bióticamente condicionadas. Se constata una gran resistencia a la invasión de las comunidades establecidas, siendo de mayor relevancia la historia biológica de los grupos que el propio sentido del cambio climático en orden a establecer los grupos dominantes después de cada crisis. El nexo entre la biología evolutiva y la biogeografía lo proporcionan los estudios paleoecológicos a escala orbital. Durante los ciclos climáticos del Cuaternario, hubo dispersión de poblaciones, extinciones locales y desagregación de comunidades. A esta escala, el clima ejerce un control a largo plazo sobre el cortejo florístico disponible, dentro de las limitaciones que impone la historia evolutiva regional. Hay que destacar el carácter no lineal de las respuestas de la vegetación en cada una de las tres frecuencias de control astronómico. Ante los cambios climáticos acaecidos desde la última glaciación, la vegetación ibérica se ha mostrado a menudo inerte durante milenios y a veces reactiva en la escala de centurias o incluso décadas. Las respuestas abruptas pueden condicionarse a factores no climáticos, muy a menudo cambios en el regimen de fuegos. La cuestión del equilibrio es, simplemente, un problema de escala. En este sentido, el control del cambio vegetal se deslizaría sutilmente desde lo climático a lo biótico conforme disminuimos la escala temporal y/o espacial. A la hora de interpretar los cambios en la composición, estructura y distribución de comunidades vegetales, las oscilaciones climáticas abruptas representan accidentes históricos que, eventualmente, pueden llegar a ser más relevantes que las tendencias climáticas a largo plazo.Palabras clave. Paleoecología, palinología, hiogeografía histórica, vegetación, cambio climático, EspañaABSTRACT. Vegetation response to climatic change. A palaeobiological perspective. This paper reviews the patterns and processes of vegetation change in response to climatic factors, and the question of climate- vegetation equilibrium from a palacoecological perspective. At an evolutionary temporal scale, processes such as migration, species extincion, and reorganization of the ecological structure are adequately described by biotically-conditioned threshold responses. Established communities exhibit great resistance to invasion, being pre-adaptive traits of higher importance than the direction of climate change in determining the dominant group after each environmental crisis. Palaeoecological studies at the orbital scale provide a link between evolutionary and ecological processes. The Quaternary climate variation induced dispersion of plant populations, local extinctions and disaggregation of plant communities. Climate exerted control on long-term species pool within the constraints imposed by regional evolutionary history. Vegetation responses to astronomic forces were characteristically non linear. Iberian plant communities have often behaved inertial to climate changes occurring since the last glacial maximum. Sometimes, however, they have been very sensitive, providing century- to decadal-scale responses. Abrupt vegetation changes may be related with non-climatic factors, principally changes in the fire regime. The question of climate-vegetation equilibrium is a scale problem, where the control of vegetation changes would shift from climatic to biotic controls as the temporal and spatial scales are shortened. While interpreting compositional, structural and distributional changes in plant communities, abrupt climatic changes may represent historical accidents eventually more relevant than long-term climatic trends.Key words. Palaeoecology, palynology, historical biogeography, vegetation, climatic change, Spain


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepak Krishnamurthy ◽  
Hongquan Li ◽  
François Benoit du Rey ◽  
Pierre Cambournac ◽  
Adam Larson ◽  
...  

AbstractUnderstanding key biophysical phenomena in the ocean often requires one to simultaneously focus on microscale entities, such as motile plankton and sedimenting particles, while maintaining the macroscale context of vertical transport in a highly stratified environment. This poses a conundrum: How to measure single organisms, at microscale resolution, in the lab, while allowing them to freely move hundreds of meters in the vertical direction? We present a solution in the form of a scale-free, vertical tracking microscope based on a circular “hydrodynamic-treadmill”. Our technology allows us to transcend physiological and ecological scales, tracking organisms from marine zooplankton to single-cells over vertical scales of meters while resolving microflows and behavioral processes. We demonstrate measurements of sinking particles, including marine snow as they sediment tens of meters while capturing sub-particle-scale phenomena. We also demonstrate depth-patterned virtual-reality environments for novel behavioral analyses of microscale plankton. This technique offers a new experimental paradigm in microscale ocean biophysics by combining physiological-scale imaging with free movement in an ecological-scale patterned environment.One sentence summaryScale-free vertical tracking microscopy captures, for the first time, untethered behavioral dynamics at cellular resolution for marine plankton.


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