Solid Waste Management Policies in Kenya: The Silence on the Plight of Women and Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-96
Author(s):  
Dickson A. Amugsi ◽  
Jane N. Mwangi ◽  
Tilahun Nigatu Haregu ◽  
Isabella Aboderin ◽  
Kanyiva Muindi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
Vision 2030 ◽  
Preceding Discussion ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Implementation Gaps

Building on available evidence that there are differences of exposure to solid waste among men, women and children, it follows that effective solid waste management (SWM) policies need to recognise such variations, as a prelude to rolling out programmes to address associated socio-economic and health risks. However, this logical scenario does not seem to be the case in many middle- and low-income countries. In this paper, we use analytical review methodology to examine integrated environmental management and sector specific policies in Nairobi and Mombasa, Kenya's two biggest cities, to highlight the extent to which existing policies cover the differential challenges of exposure to solid waste and associated health challenges for women and children. We found that apart from one municipal policy and the Kenya Vision 2030 documents respectively, which underscore the importance of including women and young people in waste management, 16 other policy documents reviewed are generally silent on women and children issues. Beyond the limited focus on women- and children-specific challenges, the general lag in policy implementation and enforcement of regulations will still hinder the emergence of an effective SWM system out of the best policy frameworks . The preceding discussion underscores both policy and implementation gaps, which need to be filled, if policies will potentially engender SWM practices that will be relevant and effective in protecting the health of the most vulnerable in urban Africa.

scholarly journals Failing Services on Urban Waste Management in Developing Countries: A Review on Symptoms, Diagnoses, and Interventions

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 6977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Breukelman ◽  
Harold Krikke ◽  
Ansje Löhr
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Governance ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Dynamics Modeling ◽  
Urban Solid Waste ◽  
Urban Waste Management

The potential and scale of cities enable economic growth and the improvement of citizens’ access to jobs, education, healthcare, culture, public utilities and services. Solid waste management (SWM) is one of the key services provided by cities. Its operations are complex, very visible to the general public, and impacted by strong financial, societal, and political constraints. Performances in developing countries, however, are not positive. United Nations research shows urban collection services covering no more than 39% of the population in low-income countries. Why are many cities in developing countries not able to use their increasing wealth and scale for basic SWM services such as city cleaning, collection, and sustainable landfilling? This paper provides a review of literature on this question over the last decade. It shows that research is mostly on symptoms and has not led to a deeper diagnosis of causes. Lack of resources, infrastructure, awareness, and institutional strength are often pinpointed as causes but, in fact, they should be addressed as symptoms. These symptoms should be designated as dependent variables in a complex causal network with systemic feedbacks, hindering or neutralizing attempts to improve performances if not properly dealt with. Research should concentrate more on assessing the relations between urbanization, urban processes, and urban governance that shape the performance of urban solid waste management. System dynamics modeling may provide new approaches for this diagnosis.

scholarly journals Raising Awareness on Solid Waste Management through Formal Education for Sustainability: A Developing Countries Evidence Review

Recycling ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justice Kofi Debrah ◽  
Diogo Guedes Vidal ◽  
Maria Alzira Pimenta Dinis
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Environmental Knowledge ◽  
Education For Sustainability ◽  
Low Income Countries

Solid Waste Management (SWM) is a multifaceted problem comprising political, socioeconomic, institutional, and environmental aspects. Due to exponential urban growth, it has become one of the most significant issues faced by urban spaces in developing countries. The gap in environmental knowledge among the youth and the old within developing countries contribute to ecological issues or waste management problems, resulting in unsustainable development, with important consequences in low-income countries. For that matter, a systematic review was conducted aiming to identify and analyse environmental knowledge, awareness, attitudes, and practice studies on SWM from 2010 to 2019 in developing countries. The evidence suggests that students at both secondary and tertiary levels have positive environmental attitudes, and high awareness of environmental issues, but there is a lack of practical education of teachers to guide students to put SWM into practice. Student’s low environmental knowledge is related to a deficiency in teachers’ practical experience in SWM for environmental sustainability. A relationship between teachers’ and students’ knowledge and attitudes towards SWM, as well as differences in awareness, attitude, and practices of SWM linked with education and age, were also found. This review also revealed that the lack of environmental education in most developing countries is caused by fragilities in practical environmental curricula of teachers to respond to modern-day environmental issues for sustainable development and cleaner production (CP). To bridge the knowledge gap between the youth and older people in SWM, environmental sustainability education should be integrated into schools at all levels within developing countries.

scholarly journals Drinking Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion Interventions in Two Slum Communities in Central Uganda

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Musoke ◽  
Rawlance Ndejjo ◽  
Abdullah Ali Halage ◽  
Simon Kasasa ◽  
John C. Ssempebwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Capacity Building ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Community Interventions ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene

Poor water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) continue to contribute to the high prevalence of diarrhoeal diseases in low-income countries such as Uganda particularly in slums. We implemented a 3-year WASH project in two urban slums in Uganda with a focus on safe drinking water and improvement in sanitation. The project implemented community and school interventions in addition to capacity building initiatives. Community interventions included home improvement campaigns, clean-up exercises, water quality assessment, promotion of drinking safe water through household point-of-use chlorination, promotion of hand washing, and support towards solid waste management. In schools, the project supported health clubs and provided them with “talking compound” messages. The capacity building initiatives undertaken included training of youth and community health workers. Project evaluation revealed several improvements in WASH status of the slums including increase in piped water usage from 38% to 86%, reduction in use of unprotected water sources from 30% to 2%, reduction in indiscriminate disposal of solid waste from 18% to 2%, and increase in satisfaction with solid waste management services from 40% to 92%. Such proactive and sustainable community interventions have the potential to not only improve lives of slum inhabitants in developing countries but also create lasting impact.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of Formation and Implementation of the State Environmental Policy in the sphere of Solid Waste Management in foreign countries

2019 ◽  
pp. 50-59
Author(s):  
Olha Ziuz
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Policy ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Trade Mark ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
The World

The paper presents the author’s view of the problem range of solid waste in the world through the prism of balancing interests. The global trends of solid waste generation per capita by region are considered. The features of solid waste management and the application of waste management methods in different countries are highlighted. The morphology of waste streams in high- and low-income countries is analyzed. The concept of cooperation as a consolidation of efforts, achievement of a common goal of solving urgent problems, and its essential characteristics are investigated. It is revealed that the social effect of cooperation depends on the willingness of the subjects to form partnerships, as well as on favorable conditions, specifically: proper legislative support, quality of service delivery, stability of pricing, economic policy, effectiveness of the mechanism of management decision-making. The destructive factors of the balancing of interests in the field of solid waste management and their determinants are identified: an increase in volumes of illegal trade in waste, inconsistency of product quality with the information provided in the documentation, falsification of the trade mark as recyclable, masking of hazardous waste. The factors of intensification of conflict and imbalance of relations in connection with illegal import of waste, non-observance of interests of the host party and its inability to defend its own interests in the international arena are analyzed. It has been found that there is a shift in focus from balancing the relationship to the category of profit, whereby the solution of the problem of solid household waste is based on the principle of «cost-cutting and maximizing profit». The differences in the stages of implementing environmental policy at the national and transnational levels are generalized. The problem of increasing the volume of plastic in the composition of waste is emphasized and the causes of the global crisis of waste management due to the decision of China to ban the import of waste are discussed. The directions of stabilizing the situation and balancing of relations in the world solid waste management are offered.

scholarly journals Energy Generation through Integrated Sustainable Waste Management- Case Study NAXOS 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 06 (09) ◽  
pp. 125-131
Author(s):  
Shalini Jaiswal Preeti Singh Bahadur and Manjari Jain
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Sustainable Waste Management ◽  
Power Module ◽  
Physical Elements ◽  
Management Case Study

The integrated waste management method used to examine solid waste problems in different developing countries along with their solution. Integrated sustainable waste management includes examination of physical elements like assemblage, dumping, and reprocessing as well as government role like involvement of consumers and facility suppliers; financial stability; rational institutions supported by coherent guidelines. The data shows that the performance has enhanced considerably over past 10 years in different developing countries. The mean collection and disposal rate of disposal in the middle 95% are even more common than in the low-income cities, even before 50%. Recycling rates of 20–30% have been achieved by the informal sector in many low-income countries. The evidence suggests that efficient, effective, and inexpensive systems are compatible with local requirements and conditions, developed with the direct involvement of service recipients. Despite the remaining challenges, evidence from recent reforms suggests that sustainable solid waste and resource management are possible for developing countries. The articles distributed right now a wide scope of themes, including vitality recuperation from squander, waste to vitality advances, maintainable vitality frameworks, anaerobic absorption, warm circular segment plasma gasification, microalgal-based biorefinery, squander the board, displaying of cutting edge gasification frameworks, squander valorisation, and microbial power module innovation.

Municipal Solid Waste Management in a Low Income Economy Through Biogas and Bioethanol Production

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kodwo Miezah ◽  
Kwasi Obiri-Danso ◽  
Zsófia Kádár ◽  
Stefan Heiske ◽  
Bernard Fei-Baffoe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste Management ◽  
Bioethanol Production

scholarly journals Characterisation of Municipal Solid Waste for Planning Sustainable Waste Management in Kumba Municipality – South Western Cameroon

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.B. Tambe ◽  
G.C. Ayongwa ◽  
N.M. Ngwabie ◽  
G.T. Forbid
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Waste Generation ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Systematic Random Sampling ◽  
West Region ◽  
Per Capita

Municipal solid waste (MSW) characterisation across socioeconomic residents is necessary for planning sustainable solid waste management. In view of planning for Kumba municipality in the South West Region of Cameroon, three types of socioeconomic residents classified as low, medium and high income residential areas were randomly sampled. In each residential area, 32 households were sampled following systematic random sampling. Over a period of eight weeks within three periods characterised with varying activities, statistically designed number of samples for waste composition were hand sorted and weighed at source of generation. The study revealed that the per capita generation of putrescible and miscellaneous wastes (predominantly sand, ash and dust) were statistically different (p < 0.05) across residents and were inversely related to income while the generation of plastics, metals, papers, glass except textiles were statistically different across residents and were positively related to income. Putrescible waste was the most predominant waste category constituting more than 75% across residents. No significant differences were observed for per capita waste generation across residents during the entire period of study and within residents during the different periods over which the waste categories were measured. However, within the different periods, waste generation was significantly different across residents with more waste being produced in low income residents. The waste density was found to decrease with increasing income. The observed variation of waste generation and composition has implications for collection frequency, equipment needs, composting and digestion of the biodegradable for biogas generation to sustain the solid waste management sector.

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