Assessment of Leachate Contamination of Groundwater at Some Waste Disposal Sites in the Southern Guinea Savannah Ecological Zone of Nigeria Using Geoelectric Processes

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-392
Author(s):  
M.E. Omale ◽  
E.E. Udensi ◽  
J.J. Musa
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Concentration ◽  
Contaminant Plume ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Current Electrode ◽  
Contaminant Plumes ◽  
Active Structures ◽  
Electrode Separation ◽  
Profile Line ◽  
Potential Electrode ◽  
Electrical Sounding

This study aims at determining the leachate contamination of the groundwater resource at selected domestic wastes disposal sites in Minna, Nigeria for a population about 2.1 million, to locate aquifers and hydraulically active structures by tracing the movement of contaminant plumes and seepages in ground at the selected locations. Resistivity data was collected using a terrameter (SAS4000) while the Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) mode was deployed using the Schlumberger array to enable investigation of the depth penetration of contaminant plume. The induced polarization (IP) was used to determine the level of contaminant plume. The VES readings measured at 50m intervals along each profile line and 100m inter-profile distance, with a maximum current electrode separation of 200m and potential electrode separation of 30m. There are equal numbers of three and four layers observed on the profile, which has ten VES points. The first layer has a resistivity range between 48.4 Ωm & 428 Ωm and thickness between 0.65m & 3.83m. However, isolated resistivity area such as VES; N5 (287Ωm), N6 (295Ωm) and N8 (428Ωm) also suggested sandy/soil rich in organic matter (humus material/soil). The second and third layer is the fractured basement which has very low resistivity values for most VES (N1–48.5Ωm, N2–38.7Ωm, N3–41.6Ωm, N5–61.5Ωm, N7–49.6Ωm, N8–60.7Ωm, N9–108Ωm and N10–97.6Ωm) that indicated leachate presence and contamination, which results from increased ionic concentration. In conclusion, it was discovered that the study area had high conductivity values for some of the locations using the resitivity determination method. This indicated the presence of water within the study area. It was also concluded that the IP which indicated high concentration of metals caused the lowering of the resisitivity values at some of the locations, thus indicating the presence of metals within the study area.

scholarly journals Delineate Subsurface and Groundwater Investigation of Ongur Watershed, South India

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinodh K ◽  
Senthilkumar S ◽  
Gowtham B ◽  
Srinivasamoorthy K
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
South India ◽  
Electrode Array ◽  
Geological Structure ◽  
Fresh Groundwater ◽  
Current Electrode ◽  
Potential Electrode ◽  
Electrical Sounding ◽  
Resistivity Meter ◽  
Schlumberger Array

The electrical resistivity technique is extremely supportive to investigate the nature of subsurface lithology by understand the variations in their electrical properties. The Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) technique by Schlumberger electrode array applied in 77 Locations at Ongur River Sub Basin in Tamil Nadu, India. The Signal stacking Resistivity Meter Model SSR-MP-ATS has been applied to gather the VES data by employed a Schlumberger array, one end current electrode (AB/2) ranging from 1 to 100 m, other side placing potential electrode (MN) from 0.5 to 10 m. The concept of the VES data interpreting is the foundation of IPI2Win. It means for a VES data are treated as a unity representing the geological structure of the Ongur River watershed. The output Geo-electrical layers, iso- resistivities and thickness of this area were prepared in spatial maps by using ARCGIS software. Consequently, the following zones with different resistivity values are detected consequent to different formations: (1) identification of lithology Ongur River Sub Basin, (2) layer saturated with fresh groundwater, (3) determine saltwater horizon.

Ground water quality of selected areas of Punjab and Sind Provinces, Pakistan: Chemical and microbiological aspects

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Concentration ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Ammonium Ions ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Phosphate Ions ◽  
Sodium Magnesium ◽  
Very High ◽  
Microbiological Aspects

The assessment of groundwater is essential for the estimation of suitability of water for safe use. An attempt has been made to study the groundwater of selected areas of Punjab (Sheikhupura & Sahiwal) and Sindh (Sindh, Jawar Dharki and Dharki), Pakistan. The results indicate that pH, color and odor were all within limits of WHO that is pH ranges 6.5–8.5, colorless and odorless, respectively. The high values of suspended solids were observed in the Sindh-1 and Dharki samples. Microbiologically only Sahiwal and Jawar Dharki were found fit for drinking purpose. Trace metals analysis of Sheikhupura-1 and Sindh-1 showed that values do not fall within limits of WHO for Iron. The ionic concentration analysis showed that high bicarbonate (HCO3-), ions are present in the samples of Sahiwal and Dharki; Sindh-1 and Jawar Dharki samples showed very high concentration for chloride ions, all samples were satisfactory level for sulphate (SO42-), sodium, magnesium and phosphate ions except samples of Sindh-1 and Jawar Dharki. High concentration of calcium and potassium ions was observed in samples of Sindh-1, while all other samples were found fit for drinking purposes in respect of nitrate, nitrite and ammonium ions. The high concentration of Fluoride was found only in Sheikhupura-2 samples.

scholarly journals Detection of contaminant plumes released from landfills

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 819-857
Author(s):  
N. B. Yenigül ◽  
A.T. Hendsbergen ◽  
A. M. M. Elfeki ◽  
F. M. Dekking
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Contaminant Transport ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Detection Probability ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Contaminant Plume ◽  
Contaminant Plumes ◽  
Heterogeneous Aquifer ◽  
Monitoring Well ◽  
Detection Probabilities

Abstract. Contaminant leaks released from landfills are a significant threat to groundwater quality. The groundwater detection monitoring systems installed in the vicinity of such facilities are vital. In this study the detection probability of a contaminant plume released from a landfill has been investigated by means of both a simulation and an analytical model for both homogeneous and heterogeneous aquifer conditions. The results of the two models are compared for homogeneous aquifer conditions to illustrate the errors that might be encountered with the simulation model. For heterogeneous aquifer conditions contaminant transport is modelled by an analytical model using effective (macro) dispersivities. The results of the analysis show that the simulation model gives the concentration values correctly over most of the plume length for homogeneous aquifer conditions, and that the detection probability of a contaminant plume at given monitoring well locations match quite well. For heterogeneous aquifer conditions the approximating analytical model based on effective (macro) dispersivities yields the average concentration distribution satisfactorily. However, it is insufficient in monitoring system design since the discrepancy between the detection probabilities of contaminant plumes at given monitoring well locations computed by the two models is significant, particularly with high dispersivity and heterogeneity.

Hydrogeophysical investigations of the former S-3 ponds contaminant plumes, Oak Ridge Integrated Field Research Challenge site, Tennessee

Geophysics ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. EN29-EN41 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Revil ◽  
M. Skold ◽  
M. Karaoulis ◽  
M. Schmutz ◽  
S. S. Hubbard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Research ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Surface Conductivity ◽  
Dc Resistivity ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Resistivity Tomography ◽  
Contaminant Plumes ◽  
Oak Ridge ◽  
Nitrate Concentrations ◽  
Research Challenge

At the Oak Ridge Integrated Field Research Challenge site, near Oak Ridge, Tennessee, contaminants from the former S-3 ponds have infiltrated the shallow saprolite for over 60 years. Two- and three-dimensional DC-resistivity tomography is used to characterize the number and location of the main contaminant plumes, which include high concentration of nitrate. These contaminant plumes have typically an electrical resistivity in the range 2–20 ohm-m while the background saprolite resistivity is in the range 60–120 ohm-m, so the difference of resistivity can be easily mapped using DC-resistivity tomography to locate the contaminant pathways. We develop a relationship to derive the in situ nitrate concentrations from the 3D resistivity tomograms accounting for the effect of surface conductivity. The footprint of the contamination upon the resistivity is found to be much stronger than the local variations associated with changes in the porosity and the clay content. With this method, we identified a total of five main plumes (termed CP1 to CP5). Plume CP2 corresponds to the main plume in terms of nitrate concentration (∼50,000 [Formula: see text]). We also used an active time constrained approach to perform time-lapse resistivity tomography over a section crossing the plumes CP1 and CP2. The sequence of tomograms is used to determine the changes in the nitrate concentrations associated with infiltration of fresh (meteoritic) water from a perched aquifer. This study highlights the importance of accounting for surface conductivity when characterizing plume distributions in clay-rich subsurface systems.

scholarly journals In vitro surface biocompatibility of high-content silicon-substituted calcium phosphate ceramics

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasser Mostafa ◽  
Abdallah Shaltout ◽  
Lachezar Radev ◽  
Hassan Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Energy Dispersive Spectrometer ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Ionic Concentration ◽  
Apatite Layer ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Calcium Phosphate Ceramics ◽  
Porous Microstructure

AbstractThe present work investigates surface biocompatibility of silicon-substituted calcium phosphate ceramics. Different silicon-substituted calcium phosphate ceramic bodies were prepared from co-precipitated powders by sintering at 1300°C. The in vitro bioactivity of the ceramics was assessed in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37°C for periods up to 4 weeks. The changes in the surface morphology and composition were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with electron probe microanalysis and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDX). Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was used to observe the change in ionic concentration of SBF after removal of the samples. The bioactivity of the ceramics increased with an increasing silicate ion substitution in a systematic way. The surface of ceramics with 2.23% silicon substitution was partially covered with apatite layer after one week, while ceramics with 8.1% silicon substitution were completely covered with apatite in the first week. The porous microstructure of high-concentration Si-substituted ceramics helps the dissolution of surface ions and the leaching process. This allows SBF to reach supersaturation in a short time and accelerate the deposition of apatite layer.

Exploration for Marble Deposit in Parts of Okpella, South-Southern Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
K. O. Ozegin
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Electrode Spacing ◽  
Clayey Sand ◽  
Current Electrode ◽  
Electrical Resistivity Survey ◽  
Resistivity Method ◽  
Resistivity Survey ◽  
Surface Measurements ◽  
Electrical Sounding ◽  
Electrical Resistivity Method

The ultimate aim of the electrical resistivity survey is to determine the resistivity distribution with depth on the basis of surface measurements of the apparent resistivity and to interpret it in terms of geology. Marble deposit was investigated with the application of electrical resistivity method using Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) technique with the aim of characterising this deposit in parts of Okpella. Six (6) VES were acquired using the Schlumberger array for data acquisition with current electrode spacing varying from 1.0 to 150.0 m. The VES data obtained were interpreted using ipi2win Software. The results showed three layers indicating subsurface geologic sequence probed 26.4 m and beyond with clay/clayey sand (23.3 – 219.1 Ωm), sand (423 - 2040 Ωm) and marble (12661 - 404498 Ωm). The occurrence of marble deposit was revealed at VES points at 1, 2 and 5 in the studied area.  This study concluded that the study area had occurrence of the marble deposits, which would be of economic importance, if exploited.

Three-Dimensional Characterization of Contaminant Plumes

1996 ◽  
Vol 1526 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman L. Jones ◽  
R. Jeffrey Davis
Keyword(s):  
Data Clustering ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Gridded Data ◽  
Contaminant Plume ◽  
Interpolation Scheme ◽  
Contaminant Plumes ◽  
Simple Set ◽  
A Site ◽  
Contaminated Area

Before remediation of a site with contaminated soil or groundwater, the contaminant plume must first be characterized. This involves sampling the contaminant concentration at a set of locations in and around the contaminated area. To present the measured concentrations in a meaningful form, the concentrations are typically interpolated to the nodes of a three-dimensional grid, and the plume is visualized by constructing iso-surfaces from the gridded data. The critical step in this process is the interpolation stage. Improper application of an interpolation scheme can result in grossly misleading three-dimensional plume maps. There are a number of problems that often occur when interpolating contaminant plume data, including generation of negative concentrations, oscillation of interpolated values, improper estimation of maximum concentrations, and skewing of the results due to data clustering. These and other difficulties associated with plume characterization are discussed, along with a simple set of guidelines for detecting and overcoming these problems.

A DEEP SCHLUMBERGER SOUNDING TO INVESTIGATE THE ELECTRICAL STRUCTURE OF THE CRUST AND UPPER MANTLE IN SOUTH AFRICA

Geophysics ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 450-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. V. Van Zijl
Keyword(s):  
Upper Mantle ◽  
Granite Gneiss ◽  
High Resistivity ◽  
Crust And Upper Mantle ◽  
Current Electrode ◽  
Gneiss Complex ◽  
Final Layer ◽  
Maximum Current ◽  
Electrical Sounding ◽  
Schlumberger Sounding

A deep Schlumberger electrical sounding on the Namaqualand Granite‐Gneiss Complex has been carried out. The sounding center is situated near the middle of this body which measures approximately 500 km by 150 km. Whereas in previous investigations of a similar nature, current electrode spacings have generally been limited to less than 100 km, the use of a telephone line as an emission line has made it possible to extend the maximum current electrode separation to 270 km. Factors which may have influenced the reliability of the measurements include leakage tests, measuring accuracy, lateral effects, and surface electrode effects. The interpretation of the sounding curve which shows the existence of six layers was carried out with the aid of a computer. Some comments are made about the range of the principle of equivalence in the interpretation from the computed results. In particular the results suggest that the lower crust has an extremely high resistivity of approximately 40,000 ohm‐m supposedly due to dehydration. The final layer is conductive.

Distortion in resistivity logging at shallow depth

Geophysics ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1058-1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tien‐Chang Lee ◽  
Brian N. Damiata
Keyword(s):  
Point Source ◽  
Line Source ◽  
Apparent Resistivity ◽  
Homogeneous Medium ◽  
Radial Distance ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Current Electrode ◽  
Potential Electrode ◽  
Resistivity Logging ◽  
Source Array

Owing to the proximity of an insulating ground surface, normal resistivity logging at shallow depths (less than 30 m) can yield an apparent resistivity that exceeds 200% of the formation resistivity for a homogeneous medium. The distortion is more acute for long‐normal than for short‐normal logging. Three examples from a landfill site in southern California are presented to show such distortion. The patterns of distortion are similar for logging devices consisting of either two point‐source electrodes or one point‐source and one finite length, line‐source electrode. The former electrode array is a generally accepted approximation of the latter. However, the simulated apparent resistivity for the line‐source array is greater than that for the point‐source array at any given depth. A resistivity contrast between the formation and the borehole fluid can shift the magnitude of the background apparent resistivity but does not significantly alter the pattern of distortion. The magnitude of the distortion can be reduced by placing the reference‐ground potential electrode at a radial distance that is about equal to the spacing between the downhole upper potential electrode and the upper current electrode. It can also be removed by including the radial distance in an array‐dependent geometric factor that accounts for the resistivity of the borehole fluid and the proximity of the logging device to the ground surface.

scholarly journals The assessment of aquifer potentials and aquifer vulnerability of southern Paiko, north central Nigeria, using geoelectric method

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-70
Author(s):  
UD Alhassan ◽  
DN Obiora ◽  
FN Okeke
Keyword(s):  
Subsurface Layer ◽  
Aquifer Vulnerability ◽  
Vertical Electrical Sounding ◽  
Northwestern Part ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Protective Capacity ◽  
Current Electrode ◽  
North Central ◽  
Fourth Layer ◽  
Electrical Sounding

Vertical electrical sounding (VES) was carried out in southern Paiko, north central Nigeria, using Abem Terrameter model SAS 4000. The study area which is about 100km square, falls within the basement complex region of Nigeria with an elevation of 304m above sea level. The study was carried out with a view of determining the subsurface layer parameters (resistivities, depths and thicknesses) that were employed in delineating groundwater potential and sites for structural development of the area. A total of six transverses with ten VES stations along each traverse, having separation of 50m apart, were investigated. It has a maximum current electrode separation (AB/2) of 100m. Three to four distinct geoelectric layers were observed namely; Top layer, weathered layer, fractured layer, and fresh basement layer. Top layer has resistivity, depth and thickness range of 194-4582Ωm, 0.5-47.9m and 0.5-47.9m respectively. Second layer has a range of: resistivity, 11-8475.2Ωm; depth, 1.33-59.6m and thickness, 0.13-55.7m. Third layer has a range of: resistivity, 42.0-9730.9Ωm; the depth and thickness are not defined in some part of the area, while the fourth layer has a resistivity range of 50.2-9145.7Ωm, its depth and thickness are not defined. Eighteen VES stations were delineated as groundwater potentials of the area, having third and fourth layer resistivities ranging from 98Ωm to 309Ωm. Depths range found were from 12.50m to 25.70m and thickness varying between 6.94m and 23.98m. The southeastern and northwestern part of the study area having good aquifer at depths ranging from 21.00m to 26.70m, thickness varying between 18.75m and 55.7m are good sites for location of viable boreholes for potable water. Also the southeast and northwestern parts of the area were delineated for structural development having depths to bedrock varying between 0.63m and 3.99m. Most part of the study area have weak protective capacity, hence are prone to contamination.KEYWORDS: Vertical electrical sounding, groundwater potentials, Southern Paiko, protective capacity, structural development sites, depths to bedrock

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