scholarly journals Coins from the Streets of Racibórz

2021 ◽  
pp. 235-274
Author(s):  
Paweł Milejski
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Upper Silesia ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Entire Collection ◽  
The City ◽  
Lower Silesia ◽  
Archaeological Excavations

The aim of the article is to present numismatic collections from the Museum in Racibórz which have been found at municipal sites during supervision and regular archaeological excavations. This will allow us to observe which coins have come to Racibórz (germ. Ratibor) and (Upper) Silesia over the centuries. The analysed coins will be compared with finds obtained during excavations in other cities in Upper Silesia – Gliwice (germ. Gleiwitz) (the market square and St. George’s Church in Czechowice (germ. Schechowitz)) and Bytom (germ. Beuthen) (St. Margaret’s Hill) – and in the main centre in Lower Silesia, Wrocław (germ. Breslau) (Nowy Targ Square and St. Elizabeth’s Church). The study includes 76 coins acquired in the years 1979–2015 on 12 sites located within the borders of the city of Racibórz. This number includes the hoard of 17 Prague groschen of Wenceslas II, 56 single finds and three coin-like objects. In addition, two metal objects were included in the study which were discovered near the castle in the district of Racibórz – Ostróg. Both objects are difficult to identify, initially defined as a ring eye and a weight (monetary or merchant). The entire collection is dominated by Bohemian coins, including Prague groschen, parvus and white pennies. Silesian coins are the second largest group – three wide bracteates (unfortunately without provenance), a very rare Opava heller of Přemek I (1377–1433) and two groeschels of Ferdinand II (1617–1637). Moreover, two rare pennies of Sigismund III (1587–1632) struck in Poznań mint were found, which usually give way to pennies and ternarius struck in Łobżenica mint, which were not recorded in the collection from Racibórz. Considering all the coins in chronological terms, the dominant coins are late medieval ones – from the second half of the 13th century to the first half of the 15th century. The second concentration of Racibórz finds is from the 18th–20th century. A comparative analysis of coins discovered in Racibórz, Gliwice and Bytom and the hoard of Prague groschen from Błażejowice (germ. Blaschowitz) confirms the hypothesis of Borys Paszkiewicz that it was through Upper Silesia that Bohemian coins reached the territory of present day Poland. As a result, there is a significant number of small Bohemian coins in this area, with a smaller number to be found deeper within Poland.

scholarly journals Tumasik: Sejarah Awal Islam di Singapura (1200-1511 M)

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asep Saefullah
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
Malay Peninsula ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Coastal Cities ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
India And China

This article attempts to trace the early history of Islam in Temasek, a former name of Singapore. The city was also known as the ‘Sea Town’, and was a part of the Nusantara. In the 12th-14th century, Tumasik and Kedah were important ports in the Malay Peninsula. Tumasik, at that time, was important enough to figure in international trade networks. The very strategic location of Tumasik, at the very tip of the Malay Peninsula, made it a significant prize for the master. Kingdoms that once ruled it: the Sriwijaya kingdom until the end of the 13th century AD and Majapahit kingdom that ruled it until the 14th century. In the 15th century AD, Tumasik came under the rule of Ayutthaya-Thailand; and subsequent occupation controlled by the Sultanate of Malacca to the Portuguese in 1511 AD. Speaking on the comming of Islam in Tumasik that was along with the influx of Muslim merchants, both Arabic and Persian, between the 8th – 11th century which the trading activity increased in the Archipelago. Coastal cities and ports, one of which Tumasik, on the Malay Peninsula became the settlements of Muslim tradespeople. Most of them settled and married there. Thus, it is strongly suspected that Islam has been present in Tumasik since perhaps the 8th century AD. Up until the beginning of the 16th century, the old Singapore remains a Muslim settlement, along with other vendors, both from Europe, India, and China, and also became an important port under the Sultanate of Malacca. That Malaccan empire was conquered by the Portuguese in 1511. Keywords: early history of Islam, Tumasik, Singapore, Sultanate of Malacca Artikel ini mencoba menelusuri sejarah awal Islam di Tumasik, kada disebut juga Temasek, nama dulu bagi Singapura. Kota ini juga disebut sebagai Kota Laut (Sea Town), dan merupakan bagian dari Nusantara masa lalu. Pada abad ke-12 s.d. 14 M, Tumasik bersama Kedah merupakan pelabuhan-pelabuhan penting di Semenanjung Malaya. Pada masa itu, Tumasik merupakan kota perdagangan yang cukup besar dan penting dalam jaringan perdagangan internasional. Posisinya yang sangat strategis di ujung Semenanjung Malaya, menjadikan Tumasik menggiurkan untuk dikuasai. Kerajaan-kerajaan yang pernah menguasai Tumasik yaitu Sriwijaya sampai akhir abad ke-13 M dan Majapahit sampai abad ke-14 M. Pada abad ke-15 M, Tumasik berada di bawah kekuasaan Ayutthaya-Thailand; dan selanjutnya dikuasai Kesultanan Malaka sampai pendu¬dukan Portugis 1511 M. Adapun proses masuknya Islam di Tumasik terjadi bersamaan dengan masuknya para pedagang Muslim, baik dari Arab maupun Persia pada abad ke-8 s.d. 11 M yang mengalami peningkatan aktivitas perdagangan. Kota-kota pesisir dan pelabuhan-pelabuhan, salah satunya Tumasik, di Semenanjung Malaya menjadi pemukiman-pemukiman bagi para pedagang Muslim tersebut. Sebagian dari mereka menetap dan berkeluarga di sana. Dengan demikian, diduga kuat bahwa Islam telah hadir di Tumasik antara abad ke-8 M - ke 11 M. Hingga permulaan abad ke-16 M, Singapura lama tetap menjadi pemukiman Muslim, bersama para pedagang lain, baik dari Eropa, India, maupun Cina, dan sekaligus menjadi pelabuhan penting di bawah kekuasaan Kesultanan Malaka, sampai dengan kesultanan ini ditaklukan oleh Portugis pada 1511 M. Kata kunci: sejarah awal Islam, Tumasik, Singapura, Kesultanan Malaka

scholarly journals Material evidence? Re-approaching elite women’s seals and charters in late medieval Scotland

2021 ◽  
Vol 150 ◽  
pp. 301-326
Author(s):  
Rachel Meredith Davis
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Word And Image ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Legal Context ◽  
Different Types ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Material Evidence ◽  
Insight Into

Medieval Scottish women’s seals remain largely unexplored compared to the scholarship on seals and sealing practice elsewhere in medieval Britain. This article has two chief aims. First, it seeks to demonstrate the insufficiencies of the 19th- and 20th-century Scottish seal catalogues as a mediated record of material evidence and the use of them as comprehensive and go-to reference texts within current research on late medieval Scotland. This includes a discussion of the ways in which medieval seals survive as original impressions, casts and illustrations and how these different types of evidence can be used in the construction and reconstruction of the seal’s and charter’s context. Second, this paper will explore the materiality and interconnectedness of seals and the charters to which they are attached. A reading of these two objects together emphasises the legal function of the seal and shows its distinctive purpose as a representational object. While the seal was used in con-texts beyond the basic writ charter, it remained a legally functional and (auto)biographical object, and, as such, the relationship between seal and charter informs meaning in representational identities expressed in both. The article will apply this approach to several examples of seals belonging to 14th- and 15th-century Scottish countesses. Evidence reviewed this way provides new insight into Scottish women’s sealing practice and female use of heraldic device. The deficiencies of assuming women’s design to be formulaic or that their seals can be usefully interpreted in isolation from the charters to which they were attached will be highlighted. The interconnectedness of word and image conveyed personal links and elite ambitions, and promoted noble lineage within the legal context of charter production.

Marble Tombs From Ghazni (Fifteenth-Eighteenth Centuries): Morphological and Epigraphic Remarks

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 54-67
Author(s):  
Martina Massullo
Keyword(s):  
Late Medieval ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Funerary Inscriptions ◽  
Epigraphic Evidence ◽  
The City ◽  
Bear Witness ◽  
Over Time

Funerary inscriptions play an important role among the epigraphic evidence collected at Ghazni through surveys and archaeological investigations. This paper offers an overview of the city’s funerary landscape in late medieval and pre-modern times, showing the main morphological and epigraphic features of marble tombs dating from the 15th century onwards. These tombs attest a long tradition of skilled local craftsmanship, and their epitaphs bear witness to the role the city attained over time as a holy destination.

scholarly journals THEATER OF THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD: BETWEEN “SCHOOL” AND “CITY”

2020 ◽  
pp. 98-111
Author(s):  
Зинаида Андреевна Лурье
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Political Dimension ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
City Community ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Medieval Germany ◽  
The City

В статье на материале позднесредневековой Германии рассматривается место театра как коммуникативного канала в городском пространстве. Автор исходит из представления о том, что в диалоге между властью и городской общиной важнейшую роль играли паратеатральные практики (процессии, различные игры и пр.), тогда как собственно спектакли начиная с первых десятилетий XV в. были каналом внутригородской коммуникации. К производству спектаклей имели доступ разные сословия, что обуславливало в целом нейтральный характер театральных текстов, выполняющих главным образом консервативную и развлекательную функции. Изменилась ли роль театра в связи с развитием гуманизма и с институциализацией театра внутри школьной системы в раннее Новое время? В статье предпринята попытка ответить на этот вопрос на материале творчества раннего протестантского литератора Сикста Бирка. В историографии его творчество рассматривается через призму политического измерения, а сам он – как весьма рафинированный, интеллектуальный литератор. Однако, как считает автор статьи, тексты Бирка мало отличаются от позднесредневековой традиции. Анализ показывает, что Бирк утверждает все те же ценности стабильности и транслируют прежние топосы. Однако «Школа» явно подталкивает «Город» к осмыслению социального опыта. The article, based on the material of late medieval Germany, examines the place of the theater as a communicative channel in urban space. The author proceeds from the idea that paratheatre (processions, various games, etc.) played an important role in the dialogue between the authorities and the city community, whereas performances themselves, starting from the first decades of the 15th century, were a channel of intercity communication. Different classes had access to the production of performances, which led to the generally neutral nature of theatrical texts that performed mainly conservative and entertaining functions. Has the role of the theater changed in connection with the development of humanism and institutionalization of the theater within the school system in the Early Modern Period? The article attempts to answer this question on the material of the works of the early Protestant writer Sixt Birck. In historiography, his works are viewed through the prism of the political dimension, and he is classified as a very refined, intellectual writer. However, according to the author of the article, Birck’s texts differ little from the late medieval tradition. The analysis shows that Birck maintains the same values of stability and medieval topoi. However, the "School" clearly pushes the "City" to comprehend social experience.

scholarly journals Defensive Walls of Tobolsk Kremlin: a Historical and Architectural Sketch

2021 ◽  
pp. 414-437
Author(s):  
K. S. Nossov ◽  
S. R. Muratova ◽  
I. V. Balyunov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Military Architecture ◽  
Architectural Analysis ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Restoration Work ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
Stone Walls ◽  
The City

The article was prepared in connection with the announcement of the year of Semyon Ulyanovich Remezov in the city of Tobolsk in 2021. Information has been collected on the history of the construction and rebuilding of the fortress walls and towers of the Tobolsk Kremlin, which rarely attracted the attention of researchers. A review of the history of the fence construction in the Sofia courtyard is carried out. Particular attention is paid to the stages of the construction of the Kremlin stone walls, the surviving elements of defensive architecture in them. The authors clarify some provisions from the classical works of V. I. Kochedamov, draw on new sources, including photographs from restoration work in the middle of the 20th century from the funds of the Tobolsk Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve. The results of a comparative architectural analysis of the Kremlin walls of Tobolsk with synchronous and previous monuments of Russian military architecture are presented in the article. It has been established that the walls of the Tobolsk Kremlin were more of a symbolic-decorative than a military char-acter. It was determined that they represented a symbiosis of the Moscow Kremlin architecture of the late 15th century with the architecture of the Smolensk fortress wall, 17th century monastery fences and, possibly, the fence of the Bishops' court in Rostov.

The analysis of programs for the development of the Moscow transport system

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-63
Author(s):  
Anastasiya Valerievna Melnikova ◽  
Sergey Anatolievich Tinkov
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Passenger Transport ◽  
Project Development ◽  
Route Network ◽  
The City

This article is written within the framework of the Research and Development project «Development of a unified concept of rules and methodology for a comprehensive revision of the route network of ground urban passenger transport in Moscow». The work is devoted to the analysis of the existing programs of Moscow, concerning the transport system of the city. The article considers both the earliest documents dating back to the first half of the 20th century and the most modern ones. A comparative analysis of the problems of the transport system and the ways to solve them within the framework of the considered programs is carried out.

scholarly journals Van boerderij naar klooster naar weeshuis. De gebruiksplanten op het terrein van de Roode Weeshuisstraat, Groningen

Paleo-aktueel ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
Morvenna van Rijn ◽  
Frits Vrede
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The City ◽  
Archaeological Excavations

From farm to monastery to orphanage. The use plants on the grounds of the Roode Weeshuisstraat, Groningen. This paper focuses on the analysis of plant remains that were recovered from the archaeological excavations at the Roode Weeshuisstraat, in the city of Groningen (province of Groningen), which took place in 1990 and 1991. The excavation results revealed three different phases of occupation: early medieval farms, a late medieval monastery and an early-modern orphanage. Botanical samples were taken from different contexts belonging to these different phases in order to examine the diet of the different types of inhabitants (farmers, nuns and orphans).

scholarly journals Byzantine Complex of the First Half of the 13th Century in the Port of Sugdea

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-31
Author(s):  
Vadim Maiko
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Key Words ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Detailed Consideration ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
House Building ◽  
Written Sources

Introduction. Studying the material culture of provincial-Byzantine cities of the Eastern Taurica on the eve of their capture by the Golden Horde troops in the second quarter of the 13th century is one of the current problems of the Byzantine archaeology of the peninsula. The purpose of the work is to clarify the features of the methods of house-building, basic elements of ceramic complexes, other components of the material culture of Sugdea objects. The archaeological context and dating of the complex allowing connecting them with the events in the history of the city known on written sources are essentially important. Methods. The method of the detailed comparative analysis of all components of the published archaeological complex is the basis for the work. The author draws the conclusion about the features of the provincial-Byzantine culture of the East Crimea during the considered period on the basis of the comparison to other synchronous complexes of Sugdea. Analysis. The researcher considers all elements of the specific archaeological complex including, first of all, methods of house-building, the stratigraphy situation, the structure of ceramics and individual finds. Results. As a result of the detailed consideration of all elements of the published complex and the comparative analysis it is possible to draw the conclusion that the material culture of this city is one of the versions of the provincial-Byzantine culture of the peninsula of the first half of the 13th century. It is formed in the early 13th century and stops the existence already in the second quarter of this century. Key words: port of Sugdea, first half of the 13th century, provincial-Byzantine culture, stratigraphy, chronology.

scholarly journals Rom – den hebraiske bogs vugge

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Ulf G. Haxen
Keyword(s):  
Printing Press ◽  
The Bible ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
Entire Collection ◽  
Black Art ◽  
The Press ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Online Catalogue ◽  
The City

Ulf G. Haxen: Rome – Cradle of the Hebrew Book The Royal Library in Copenhagen has, throughout the twentieth century, received two substantial collections of Hebraica and Judaica. In 1933 the library acquired the private library of chief rabbi and professor David Simonsen, which amounted to an impressive 40,000 manuscripts, books and correspondence of scholarly importance. Dr. Lazarus Goldschmidt escaped Nazi Germany in 1938 and managed to bring his 2,500 volumes of Hebraica and Judaica, including 43 immaculate and well preserved incunables, safely to London. His entire collection of rare Hebrew books was purchased by the Royal Library for a moderate sum in 1949 because Goldschmidt was “honoured to have his books incorporated in Bibliotheca Simonseniana.”Both scholars were recognised authorities in their own right, Simonsen as philologist in Semitics and specialist in Jewish booklore, and Goldschmidt as a renowned bibliophile and connoisseur of 15th century Hebraic incunables. His 46 rare incunables were eventually listed in Victor Madsen’s catalogue of incunables (1935–1963).The art of printing was born c.1455 in Mainz (Germany) with Johan Gutenberg’s printed edition of the bible. Among scholars it was generally believed that migrating Christian and Jewish apprentices carried the revolutionising “black art” of printing from Mainz to Spain and Italy. Coincidentally enough, the first two dated Hebrew works appeared in print thirty years after Gutenberg in the exact same year in southern and northern Italy respectively: these being the Rashi commentary on the Jewish bible issued 17th February 1475 in Reggia di Calabria and printed by Abraham Garton ben Isaac, and the Arba’ah turim in Piove di Sacco near Venezia published by Meshullam Cusi on 3rd July 1475.These two books were for a long time considered to be the first books printed with Hebrew types. The famous Christian scholar of Hebraica, Giambernardo de Rossi, who was the fortunate owner of the allegedly “first” cradle book from Reggia, subsequently published the first census of Hebrew incunables in Annales hebraica-typographica saeculi XV (1795). The scene was thus set for the future scholarly research of the undated incunables labelled “Roma, ante 1480” (Rome, before 1480) by de Rossi. The present essay discusses five of these incunables, all of which are described in Victor Madsen’s catalogue as printed in “Roma, ante 1480”; an approximated date which needs correcting. David Simonsen refers in passing to “the three printers of Rome” viz. Obadiah, Menasseh and Benjamin, as supposedly having been active in a printing press in Rome. The incunable with Salomon ben Abraham ibn Aderet (Raschba) Teschubot sche’elot. (“Answers to Questions”) dated “before 1980” is a case in point (#4332 in Victor Madsen’s catalogue), furnished with an earlier approximate publishing date c.1469–1472 no. 55 in the Offenberg census (1990) and eventually with REX online catalogue Inc. Haun in 2015.The best known printing press in Rome was created by the two German printers Conrad Sweynheym & Arnold Pannartz who established their first workshop at Santa Scolastica at Subiaco in the Sabine Mountains outside Rome in 1464, where they published several unique Latin works and introduced a Greek typeface. In 1467 they moved the press to the city of Rome in order to get closer to the reading and profitable public. In 1467 they moved the press to Rome in order to get closer to their reading public – and their profits. Here they were privileged to be housed in Palazzo Massimo by the proprietors Pietro and Francesco Massimo. What is more, they began working under the patronage of the respected humanist Giovanni Andrea Bussi, who was editor in charge.It is safe to conjecture that the Hebrew press was born in this milieu, as indeed suggested by Edwin Hall: “… a casual remark of Bussi in the preface to the Latin Bible hints at a possible connection between Sweynheym and Pannartz and what are thought to be the earliest printed books in Hebrew. These books, which contain no indication of date or place of printing, are the work of obscure printers named Obadiah, Manasseh, and Benjamin de Roma and constitute the most primitive surviving examples of printing in Italy.”I thank Dr. Ann Brener, Specialist in the Hebraic Section at the Library of Congress for supplying additional bibliographic references.

scholarly journals Crimean Gothia in the First Half of the 13th Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 56-68
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Aibabin
Keyword(s):  
Southern Coast ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Village ◽  
The City ◽  
Archaeological Excavations ◽  
Written Sources

Introduction. The toponym Gothia in written sources from the 8th century was used to designate the territory of the Mountain Crimea inhabited by the Alans and the Goths between Inkerman and the north-eastern suburb of Alushta. The same region was called the Klimata of Cherson and the Klimata of Gothia. Methods. Fragmentary information about Gothia is contained in the “Synopsis of St. Eugenios” compiled by John Lazaropoulos until 1364 and in the “Alanian Epistle” by the bishop Theodore. These works describe the same period in the history of the Gothic Klimata, 1223–1227 and 1223, respectively. Analysis. The considered evidence confirms the entry of Cherson and its subordinate Klimata of Gothia into the empire of Trebizond, at least in the first half of the 13th century. It is methodically incorrect to judge the situation in the Klimata in the first half of the 13th century from the descriptions contained in later sources of what happened in the 14th–15th centuries. The “Epistle” says about the flight of bishop Theodore to an Alanian village neighboring to Cherson. Supporters of identifying the village with the Qırq-Yer fortress remote from the city on the Chufut-Kale plateau ignore geographical and historical realities. Results. There is no evidence of the existence of single-ethnic Gothic and Alanian regions in the mountains and on the southern coast in written sources. In Sudak, Guillaume de Rubrouck was talked about speakers of Teutonic and other languages in the mountains of Crimea. Historian’s allegations about the division of Gothia into two principalities are disproved by the results of archaeological excavations in the territory of Klimata of Gothia. The toponym Klimata is not mentioned in the descriptions of events that occurred after the middle 13th century. However, archaeological excavations of cities on the Inner Ridge revealed the preservation of active and diverse life activities of the population of the region until the end of the 13th century. Probably, the history of the administrative formation of the Klimata of Gothia was interrupted in 1298/99, when Nogai’s troops destroyed Cherson, cities on the Eski-Kermen plateau, Bakla and others.

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