scholarly journals Material evidence? Re-approaching elite women’s seals and charters in late medieval Scotland

2021 ◽  
Vol 150 ◽  
pp. 301-326
Author(s):  
Rachel Meredith Davis
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Word And Image ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Legal Context ◽  
Different Types ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Material Evidence ◽  
Insight Into

Medieval Scottish women’s seals remain largely unexplored compared to the scholarship on seals and sealing practice elsewhere in medieval Britain. This article has two chief aims. First, it seeks to demonstrate the insufficiencies of the 19th- and 20th-century Scottish seal catalogues as a mediated record of material evidence and the use of them as comprehensive and go-to reference texts within current research on late medieval Scotland. This includes a discussion of the ways in which medieval seals survive as original impressions, casts and illustrations and how these different types of evidence can be used in the construction and reconstruction of the seal’s and charter’s context. Second, this paper will explore the materiality and interconnectedness of seals and the charters to which they are attached. A reading of these two objects together emphasises the legal function of the seal and shows its distinctive purpose as a representational object. While the seal was used in con-texts beyond the basic writ charter, it remained a legally functional and (auto)biographical object, and, as such, the relationship between seal and charter informs meaning in representational identities expressed in both. The article will apply this approach to several examples of seals belonging to 14th- and 15th-century Scottish countesses. Evidence reviewed this way provides new insight into Scottish women’s sealing practice and female use of heraldic device. The deficiencies of assuming women’s design to be formulaic or that their seals can be usefully interpreted in isolation from the charters to which they were attached will be highlighted. The interconnectedness of word and image conveyed personal links and elite ambitions, and promoted noble lineage within the legal context of charter production.

scholarly journals Niddrie Marischal: the evolution of an Edinburgh estate from the 13th to the 20th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Thomas Bradley-Lovekin ◽  
Erlend Hindmarch
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Housing Development ◽  
Total Loss ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Material Evidence

Archaeological investigations undertaken by AOC Archaeology Group in the grounds of Hunters Hall Park, Niddrie, have revealed material evidence of the Niddrie Estate, the seat of the Wauchopes of Niddrie Marischal from at least 1406. Following the destruction of Niddrie Marischal House in 1959, the estate area was covered by housing development, resulting in the almost total loss of the landscape and setting of the former estate. The excavations recorded features and structures of a now lost 18th-century designed landscape. Additionally, evidence of late medieval and early post-medieval activity that pre-dated the expansion of the Wauchopes' estate was identified.

Butler English

1986 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priya Hosali ◽  
Jean Aitchison
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Indian English ◽  
Folk Beliefs ◽  
Salient Features ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

Butler English is the conventional name for a reduced and simplified variety of Indian English which has been characterized as a "minimal pidgin." This paper analyzes in detail the speech of 7 speakers (aged between 17 and 65) with a view to finding out, first, the salient features of this variety of English, second, the relationship between 19th and 20th century Butler English, and third, the source of the shared features. The texts revealed a dynamic mix of universal features of pidginization, folk beliefs about English, and incipient independent constructions. This mix indicates that Butler English is neither a "minimal pidgin" nor mere "broken language." It sheds interesting light on the origins of pidgins, but shows that attempts to "pidgin-hole" pidgin-like systems are doomed to failure.

THE LIVES AND ROLES OF WOMEN OF VARIOUS CLASSES IN THE IE OF LATE MEDIEVAL JAPAN

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michiko Goto
Keyword(s):  
Household Head ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Social Unit ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Medieval Women ◽  
Medieval Japan ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Material Evidence ◽  
Shed Light

In medieval Japan the household became the basic social unit among all classes. In the process, a division of roles also came about: the household head and husband represented the ie to the outside world, while the wife was in charge of its running. The wife's role was highly regarded in the medieval period, but its details have yet to be fully examined. This paper attempts to shed light on how medieval women lived by studying the role of wives and their integral place in ie management. To do this, it is also necessary to examine the relationship between the father's wife and the son's wife, in other words, the mother-in-law and the daughter-in-law. I will look at women from various classes, to the extent the documentation allows, utilizing the diaries of the court nobility, literary works and other documentary, graphic and material evidence.

Understanding practice generalisation – opening the research/practice gap

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanne Nørreklit ◽  
Lennart Nørreklit ◽  
Falconer Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Building Blocks ◽  
Language Games ◽  
Research Practice ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pragmatic Constructivism ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Practice Gap ◽  
Research Criteria ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to enhance the relationship between research and practice. It addresses the question: How can practitioners’ use of generalisations be understood, with a view towards producing research-based generalisations that facilitate use in practice? Design/methodology/approach Language games are used to explore generalisation in practice, and the framework of pragmatic constructivism is adopted to characterise the generation of practice generalisation. Findings Practice is conceptualised as a complex set of clusters of organised actions run by a set of applied generalisations and driven by human intentions. Practice also encompasses reflective activities that aim to create the generalisations and reflect them into the specific circumstances to create functioning practice. Generalisations depend on underlying concepts. The formation and structure of concepts is explored and used to create the construction and use of different types of generalisation. Generalisations function as cognitive building blocks in constructing strings of interconnected functioning activities. Managers make their own functioning generalisations that, however, do not satisfy the research criteria for acceptable generalisations. The research/practice gap is shaped by the very different language games played. Research limitations/implications If research is to be useful to practice, the generalisations produced must methodologically articulate the types of generalisation that pervade the methods with which practitioners construct functioning activities. Further research has to give more insight into such processes. Originality/value The paper contributes insight into both the generalisation debate and the research/practice gap debate.

scholarly journals Mutational effects of ubiquitously present gamma radiation on Arabidopsis thaliana: insight into radiosensitivity in the reproductive stage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira S. Hirao ◽  
Yoshito Watanabe ◽  
Yoichi Hasegawa ◽  
Toshihito Takagi ◽  
Saneyoshi Ueno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Mutation Frequency ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Reproductive Stage ◽  
Chronic Radiation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Whole Genome Resequencing ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACTEarth has always been exposed to ionizing radiation from natural sources, and man-made sources have added to this radiation. In order to assess mutational effects of ubiquitously present radiation on plants, we performed a whole-genome resequencing analysis of mutations induced by chronic irradiation throughout the life-cycle of Arabidopsis thaliana under controlled conditions. Resequencing data from 12 M1 lines and 36 M2 progeny derived under gamma-irradiation conditions ranging from 0.0 to 2.0 Gy/d were obtained to identify de novo mutations, including single base substitutions (SBSs) and small insertions/deletions (INDELs). The relationship between de novo mutation frequency and a low-to-middling dose of radiation was assessed by statistical modeling. The increasing of de novo mutations in response to doses of irradiation fit the negative binomial model, accounting for the high variability of mutation frequency observed. Among the different types of mutations, SBSs were more prevalent than INDELs, with deletions being more frequent than insertions. Furthermore, we observed that the mutational effects of chronic radiation are more intensive during the reproductive stage. These outcomes could provide valuable insights into practical strategies for environmental radioprotection of plants on Earth and in space.

On the development of Korean SAY evidentials and their extended pragmatic functions

Diachronica ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikyung Ahn ◽  
Foong Ha Yap
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Mechanisms Of Change ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Usage Frequency ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Korean Speakers ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Middle Korean

This paper examines the development of five hearsay evidential markers in Korean, namely, tako, tamye, tamyense, tanun and tanta, and traces their extended pragmatic functions in discourse. We first identify their functions over time, from Middle Korean to Modern and Contemporary Korean, then quantitatively analyze the usage frequency of these functions, diachronically from the 16th century to the early 20th century using the UNICONC historical corpus, and synchronically in present-day Korean using the Sejong contemporary written and spoken corpus. From a pragmatic perspective, we examine how Korean speakers use these hearsay evidential markers to convey the interpersonal and intersubjective stances of interlocutors in natural conversations. Based on the differential rates of grammaticalization of these markers, and on their usage frequency, we also examine the relationship between evidentiality marking and finiteness; more specifically, we analyze the sequences and mechanisms of change whereby different types of non-finite evidential structures develop into finite evidential constructions. Our findings have broader theoretical and crosslinguistic implications for understanding the mechanisms of insubordination, whereby dependent structures become independent, and whereby lexically transparent constructions develop into grammaticalized markers of speakers’ stance.

scholarly journals Franciscan Order from Reform of Fr. Paolo a Trinci to the Division of the Order in 1517. The Evidence from the Franciscan sources

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-256
Author(s):  
Daniel Patafta
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Problem ◽  
Basic Problem ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Observant Movement ◽  
Franciscan Order ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
Different Sources

These article examine the circumstances which bring to the division of Franciscan Order in 1517. It begins with beginning of small Reform movement of Fr. Paolo of Trinci at 1368 which outgrow in 15th century in strong Observant movement. The question of observing the Rule of St. Francis was basic problem between Observants and Conventuals, and it grow in big ecclesiastical, political and social problem which was solved at 1517 bay division of the Order. Article is mostly based on published different sources of Franciscan history. Most of these sources are original sources published in various publications of Collegii di S. Bonaventura, in 19th and 20th century.

scholarly journals A Nightmare on the Brains of the Living: Repeating the Past and Imagining a Future

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (49-50) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikkel Bolt Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Realistic Approach ◽  
The Future ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

In a historical situation characterised by crisis, wars and widespread protests the question of the relationship between past Left-revolutionary endeavours and present political challenges is of utmost importance for the possibility of mounting an anti-systemic challenge to capitalism. T. J. Clark’s essay ‘For a Left with No Future’ argues that the future-oriented stance of the 19th and 20th Century Left turned the Left into a disastrous dobbel- gänger of capitalist modernity causing havoc and death instead of being a genuine opposition to capitalism. The great refusals have to be replaced with a ‘modest’ and more ‘realistic’ approach, Clark argues, enabling the Left to understand the human propensity to violence and therefore engaging in a kind of anti-war activism. This article rejects Clark’s analysis and tries to save the revolutionary perspective Clark is trying to get rid of arguing that it is indeed the Left that we have to bury. Juxtaposing Clark’s argument with a reading of Michèle Bernstein’s ‘Victories of the Proletariat’ made as part of the 1963 Situationist exhibition ‘Destruction of RSG-6’ the article attempts to contribute to the re-formulation of a contemporary revolutionary position on the basis of the breakdown of the programmatic Left.

ABU BAKR IBN AL-MUNDHIR, AMPUTATION, AND THE ART OF IJTIHĀD

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott C. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Legal Theory ◽  
Reform Movements ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Semantic Shift ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

Few Islamic concepts have undergone as radical a semantic shift over the past couple of centuries as ijtihād. This Arabic term, confined for centuries to sophisticated works of legal theory (uṣūl al-fiqh), has been liberated and transformed into the handmaiden of modern Muslim reformists throughout the world. Numerous Western scholars have investigated either the classical legal ijtihād of the first definition above or the modern employment of ijtihād among reformists encapsulated in the second, succinct gloss of this word. Valuable studies have been published on topics ranging from the relationship between ijtihād and writing fatwas (iftāء) to the so-called “closure of the gate of ijtihād” to the role of ijtihād in 19th- and 20th-century reform movements. In short, ijtihād is ubiquitous in modern studies and formulations of Islam.

Rāmānandī Sampradāya

Hinduism ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Bevilacqua
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
National Level ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Grass Roots ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Different Types ◽  
General Recognition ◽  
Liberal Approach

The Rāmānandī sampradāya is a Vaiṣṇava ascetic order composed of sādhus that follow various sādhanās (religious disciplines), devoting themselves to the bhakti (devotion) of Rām, avatār of the god Viṣṇu, in order to obtain mokṣa (freedom) or to remain in the state of bhakti itself. The order was supposedly established by Rāmānanda, possibly in the late 15th century, although it is also possible that Rāmānanda instead established a new branch of the Śrī Vaiṣṇava sampradāya. In effect, according to the Rāmānandī tradition, Rāmānanda was a follower of the Viśiṣṭādvaita Vedānta of Rāmānūja, but he addressed his devotionalism toward Rām. Rāmānanda is said to have opened the bhakti path to everyone, irrespective of gender, caste, or religious belonging, since he was a supporter of prapatti (surrender), a form of religious path that completely relied on the grace of God. Teaching to ascetics and householders, his approach was characterized by yogic practices and devotion, both nirguṇa (without form) and saguṇa (with form), according to the devotee’s needs. His liberal approach for recruitment led to a widespread diffusion of the order among the grass roots of the Indian population, and various bhakti panths (cult) have been established by low-caste individuals that claim a certain legacy from him. Rāmānanda’s disciples (and subsequently their own disciples) likely followed these mixed teachings and, while passing them on, incorporated new theories or developed new interpretations. These traits resulted in a sampradāya highly differentiated in branches and sub-branches concerned with Rām bhakti. Within the sampradāya there are three different types of ascetics: tyāgī, rasik, and nāgā. Tyāgīs and nāgās perform practices of extreme physical austerity and wandering, while many Rāmānandī rasiks are more focused on the devotional cult of the image. However, all Rāmānandīs have a common theoretical substratum based on Rām bhakti and Rām mantra, prapatti, sevā (service), and vairāgya (detachment), although the ways in which these are achieved vary according to the particular religious discipline followed. With the construction of formal centers (around the 17th century), and thanks to the support of royals and locals alike, the sampradāya became organized. Historical centers (gaddī)—such as Galtā jī, Bālānanda Maṭh (both in Jaipur), Piṇḍorī Dham (Punjab), Hanumān Gaṛhī (Ayodhyā), and so on—witnessed the development of the order and are still central to its activities. Because of the internal distinctions and the presence of various important centers, Rāmānandīs have never had a single representative leader, and they were associated with the Śrī Vaiṣṇava sampradāya, though in a subordinate and sometimes vilified position. To change this condition and erase Rāmānūja’s legacy, at the beginning of the 20th century a Rāmānandī reformist group led by Swāmī Bhagavadācārya was created. The main concrete outcome of Bhagavadācārya’s activity was a general recognition of the independence of the Rāmānandī sampradāya, a more precise portrait of Rāmānanda as founder of the sampradāya, and the bestowing of title of Jagadguru Rāmānandācārya to an ascetic meant to become the leader of the sampradāya representing it on a national level.

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