scholarly journals Application of Road Safety Audits in Japan —Organizational Culture and Absorptive Capacity Perspectives

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Masahiro Nishimura
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Culture ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Absorptive Capacity ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
New Public Management ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Government ◽  
Road Safety Audits

Road safety audits (RSAs) have been applied in many developing and developed countries as a way to enhance the safety of road infrastructure since they were first introduced in the late 1980s in the United Kingdom. RSAs have proven to be an effective tool to enhance the design of both new and existing roads from an overall safety perspective. In the early 2000s, the Government of Japan (GOJ) reviewed RSAs as well as new public management (NPM) (both viewed as good practices in the United Kingdom and other countries) and now promotes RSAs in developing countries through its bilateral and multilateral official development assistance. However, although NPM has been applied within Japan, RSAs have not been applied on Japan’s domestic road projects. This article reviews factors that may explain why the GOJ has not applied RSAs from the organizational culture perspective of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism (MLIT), which administers the Japanese road transport subsector. The article also reviews an RSA pilot project started in 2013 in Chiba Prefecture, Japan and a nation-wide pilot program started in 2015. Factors that may influence how the GOJ can apply RSAs successfully are discussed in line with the MLIT’s absorptive capacity.

British Council as an Instrument of Public Diplomacy of Great Britain

2017 ◽  
pp. 305-312
Author(s):  
Mykola Trofymenko
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Public Diplomacy ◽  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
Foreign Minister ◽  
Cultural Relations ◽  
British Council ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government

Public diplomacy of Great Britain is one of the most developed in the EU and in the world. The United Kingdom has developed an extremely efficient public diplomacy mechanism which includes BBC World Service (which due to its popularity boosts the reputation and the image of Great Britain), Chevening Scholarships (provides outstanding foreign students with opportunity to study in Great Britain and thus establishes long-lasting relations with public opinion leaders and foreign countries elite) and the British Council, which deals with international diplomatic ties in the field of culture. The British Council is a unique organization. Being technically independent, it actively and efficiently works on consolidating Great Britain’s interests in the world and contributes to the development of public diplomacy in Great Britain.   The author studies the efforts of the British Council as a unique public diplomacy tool of the United Kingdom. Special attention is paid to the role of British Council, which is independent of the governing board and at the same time finds itself under the influence of the latter due to the peculiarities of the appointment of Board’s officials, financing etc. The author concludes that the British Council is a unique organization established in 1934, which is a non-departmental state body, charitable organization and public corporation, technically independent of the government. The British Council, thanks to its commercial activities covers the lack of public funding caused by the policy of economy conducted by the government. It has good practices in this field worth paying attention by other countries. It is also worth mentioning that the increment in profit was getting higher last year, however the issue of increasing the influence of the government on the activities of British Council is still disputable. Although the Foreign Minister officially reports to the parliament on the activities of the British Council, approves the appointment of the leaders of organizations, the British Council preserves its independence of the government, which makes it more popular abroad, and makes positive influence on the world image of Great Britain. The efficiency of the British Council efforts on fulfillment of targets of the United Kingdom public diplomacy is unquestionable, no matter how it calls its activities: whether it is a cultural relations establishment or a cultural diplomacy implementation. Keywords: The British Council, public diplomacy, cultural diplomacy, cultural relations, Foreign Office, Her Majesty’s Government, official assistance for development

How the United Kingdom Controls Pharmaceutical Prices and Spending: Learning From Its Experience

2021 ◽  
pp. 002073142199709
Author(s):  
Marc A. Rodwin
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Generic Market ◽  
Pharmaceutical Spending ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
Pharmaceutical Prices ◽  
Limit Access

To control costs and improve access, nations can adopt strategies employed in the United Kingdom to control pharmaceutical prices and spending. Current policy evolved from a system created in 1957 that allowed manufacturers to set launch prices, capped manufacturers’ rates of return, and later cut list prices. These policies did not effectively control spending and had limited effects on purchase prices. The United Kingdom currently controls pharmaceutical spending in 4 ways. (a) Since 1999, it has typically paid no more than is cost-effective. (b) Since 2017, for medicines that will have a significant budget impact, National Health Service England seeks discounts from cost-effective prices or seeks to limit access for 2 years to patients with the greatest need. (c) Since 2014, statutes and a voluntary scheme have required branded manufacturers to pay the government rebates to recoup the difference between the global pharmaceutical budget and actual spending. (d) For hospitals, generics and some patented drugs are procured through competitive bidding; community pharmacies are reimbursed through a system that provides an incentive to beat average generic market prices. These policies controlled the growth of spending, with the largest effects following budget controls in 2014. Changes since 2008 have reduced savings, first by paying more than is cost-effective for cancer drugs and then by applying higher cost-effectiveness thresholds for some drugs used to treat cancer and certain other drugs.

III. On the figure, dimensions, and mean specific gravity of the Earth, as derived from the ordnance trigonometrical survey of Great Britain and Ireland

1857 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government

The Trigonometrical Survey of the United Kingdom commenced in the year 1784, under the immediate auspices of the Royal Society; the first base was traced by General Roy on the 16th of April of that year, on Hounslow Heath, in presence of Sir Joseph Banks, then President of the Society, and some of its most distinguished Fellows. The principal object which the Government had then in view, was the connexion of the Observatories of Paris and Greenwich by means of a triangulation, for the purpose of determining the difference of longitude between the two observatories.

scholarly journals Comparative Study on Copyright Exception for Teaching Purposes: Australia, Malaysia and the United Kingdom

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ratnaria Wahid ◽  
Ida Madieha Abdul Ghani Azmi
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Copyright Law ◽  
Public Access ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Human Right ◽  
The Public ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Copyright Exception ◽  
Materials Used

While education is considered a basic human right, the copyright system however seems to hamper public access to information and knowledge. This is especially so when information that largely comes from developed countries are used as commodities that have to be bought by developing countries. This paper compares the international and national laws in Malaysia, United Kingdom and Australia on the copyright exceptions to materials used for teaching purposes. It analyzes the different ways countries manage and balance between copyright owners and copyright users’ interest and shows that in many circumstances, copyright owners are over-protected by national copyright systems although this is not required by international copyright law. This paper also shows that international treaties governing copyright law do allow some flexibility for member countries to implement copyright systems based on their own needs and circumstances but such opportunity is not fully utilized by member countries for the benefit of the public.  

scholarly journals International Student Transitions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sharif Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
International Students ◽  
International Student ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The U.S

Andrade and James Hartshorn (2019) surrounds the transition that international students encounter when they attend universities in developed countries in pursuit of higher education. Andrade and James Hartshorn (2019) describe how some countries like Australia and the United Kingdom host more international students than the United States (U.S.) and provides some guidelines for the U.S. higher education institutions to follow to host more international students. This book contains seven chapters.

scholarly journals Service innovations: the Orchard Clinic: Scotland's first medium secure unit

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (03) ◽  
pp. 105-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Forensic Psychiatry ◽  
Psychiatric Care ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Mentally Disordered Offenders ◽  
Mentally Disordered ◽  
Care Services ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Secure Unit ◽  
The Government

The development of forensic psychiatry provision in Scotland lags behind that in other parts of the United Kingdom. Until recently, there were no medium secure units in the country and mentally disordered offenders (MDOs) requiring such care had to be managed in intensive psychiatric care unit (IPCU) settings. In November 2000, The Orchard Clinic, a medium secure unit sited at the Royal Edinburgh Hospital, was opened. This paper discusses the background to this development, the government policies setting out plans for the care, services and support of MDOs in Scotland, progress and work of the new unit to date and plans for developments in other parts of Scotland.

Service innovations: the Orchard Clinic: Scotland's first medium secure unit

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Forensic Psychiatry ◽  
Psychiatric Care ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Mentally Disordered Offenders ◽  
Mentally Disordered ◽  
Care Services ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Secure Unit ◽  
The Government

The development of forensic psychiatry provision in Scotland lags behind that in other parts of the United Kingdom. Until recently, there were no medium secure units in the country and mentally disordered offenders (MDOs) requiring such care had to be managed in intensive psychiatric care unit (IPCU) settings. In November 2000, The Orchard Clinic, a medium secure unit sited at the Royal Edinburgh Hospital, was opened. This paper discusses the background to this development, the government policies setting out plans for the care, services and support of MDOs in Scotland, progress and work of the new unit to date and plans for developments in other parts of Scotland.

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