MEDICAL ERRORS: ANALYSIS, CAUSES, WARNING

Vestnik ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 224-227
Author(s):  
М.М. Махамбетчин
Keyword(s):  
Medical Errors ◽  
Error Control ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Medical Environment ◽  
Separate Branch ◽  
Errors Analysis

Изучение и совершенствование теории ошибок врачей всегда было важно, а сегодня это стало особенно актуальным. В статье указаны три разные позиции во врачебной среде в отношении ошибок врачей. Показаны последовательные изменения в уголовном кодексе в отношении «причинения вреда здоровью» и тенденция криминализации врачебных ошибок. Приводятся сравнение проблемы ошибок в западных странах и СНГ, и меры контроля ошибок. Аргументируется положение о том, что теория врачебных ошибок - отдельный раздел науки. Указаны причины отсутствия теории врачебных ошибок как отдельной науки. В статье перечислены основные положения разработанного варианта теории ошибок врачей. Studying and improving the theory of doctors' mistakes has always been important, and today it has become especially relevant. The article indicates three different positions in the medical environment regarding the mistakes of doctors. Consistent changes in the Criminal Code in relation to "harm to health" and the tendency to criminalize medical errors are shown. A comparison of the problem of errors in Western countries and the CIS, and error control measures are given. The position that the theory of medical errors is a separate branch of science is argued. The reasons for the absence of the theory of medical errors as a separate science are indicated. The article lists the main provisions of the developed version of the theory of doctors' errors.

scholarly journals Current Status and Future Projections of Breast Cancer in Asia

Breast Care ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 372-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Fan ◽  
Paul E. Goss ◽  
Kathrin Strasser-Weippl
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Cancer Risk Factors ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk Factors

Asia is the world's largest continent comprising about 3/5 of the human population. Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in Asia, accounting for 39% of all breast cancers diagnosed worldwide. The incidence of breast cancer in Asia varies widely across the continent and is still lower than in Western countries, but the proportional contribution of Asia to the global breast cancer rates is increasing rapidly in parallel to the socioeconomic development. However, the mortality-to-incidence ratios are much higher for Asia than for Western countries. Most Asian countries are low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where breast cancer presents at a younger age and a later stage, and where patients are more likely to die from the disease than those in Western countries. Moreover, diagnostic workup, treatment and palliative services are inadequate in most Asian LMICs. In this review, we present an overview of the breast cancer risk factors and epidemiology, control measures, and cancer care among Asian countries.

scholarly journals The Place of the Criminal Justice for Children in the Legal System of Republic of Macedonia from Its Independence Until Today

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Blerta Arifi ◽  
Besa Kadriu
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
Separate Branch ◽  
Criminal Legal System

In this paper the author will analyze the legal treatment of juvenile delinquency in Republic of Macedonia, in historical aspect of the development of its legislation. In this way it will be presented the place of the criminal law for juveniles in the criminal legal system of the country and its development during today. The study will be focused on the innovation of legal protection of delinquent children, especially it will be analyzed the sanctioning of juvenile perpetrators and their special treatment from the majors in Republic of Macedonia. It will be a chronological comparison reflect of the juvenile sanctioning based on some of laws in Macedonia such as: Criminal Code of Former Yugoslavia, Criminal Code of Republic of Macedonia (1996), Law on Juvenile Justice (2007) and Law on Child protection (2013). The purpose of the study is to bring out the types of criminal sanctions for juveniles in Republic of Macedonia from its independence until today which, above all, are aimed on protecting the interests of the juvenile delinquents. Also the author of this paper will attach importance to the so-called “Measures of assistance and protection” provided by the Law on Child protection of Republic of Macedonia, which represent an innovation in the country's criminal law. This study is expected to draw conclusions about how it started to become independent itself the delinquency of minors as a separate branch from criminal law in the broad sense – and how much contemporary are the sanctions to minors from 1996 until today.

scholarly journals Problems of proving guilt in criminal cases in connection with tax evasion

2019 ◽  
pp. 170-176
Author(s):  
V. V. Dubrovin
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
The Russian Federation

The establishment of an intentional form of guilt and its specific type is mandatory for the implementation of the provisions of Art. 8 of the Criminal Code. In criminal proceedings in connection with tax evasion, a direct intent should be established in the act of the accused, otherwise the provisions of the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of December 28, 2006 No. 64 “On the practice of criminal law on liability for tax offenses”. One of the proofs of direct intent in the act of the accused may be the decision of the tax authority to prosecute for the tax offense, made according to the results of tax control measures (in-house or on-site tax audits). In the event that it establishes an imprudent form of the taxpayer’s guilt in committing a tax offense, in proving the guilt of the accused in the course of criminal proceedings there may be an intractable contradiction.

Using a standard sample to estimate the X-ray wavelength of the 1W2A SAXS beamline at BSRF

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 729-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Liu ◽  
Zhihong Li
Keyword(s):  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Error Control ◽  
Standard Sample ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wavelength Measurement ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Simple Simulation ◽  
Diffraction Peaks

This contribution describes a method for measuring diffraction peaks of a standard sample to estimate the incident X-ray wavelength at the 1W2A SAXS beamline at BSRF. A simple simulation has been performed to establish the factors influencing the accuracy of the wavelength measurement. Appropriate measurement conditions and error control measures are presented. An actual experimental example further verifies the effectiveness of the simulation. This method is particularly suitable for synchrotron radiation beamlines using bent triangular crystal monochromators.

Criminal Law Analysis of Iatrogenic Crimes and Practice of Applying the Norms of Criminal Law, Providing Responsibility for their Commission

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-61
Author(s):  
R. B. Ivanchenko ◽  
◽  
V. A. Zaryaev
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Medical Errors ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right

Introduction. Caring for the health of citizens is the most important task of any state, and the article 41 of the Constitution of Russia directly establishes the right of everyone to protection of health and medical care. Despite the noble and humane mission that medical workers are called upon to carry out, helping people and saving their lives, the problem of medical errors (iatrogenic) leading to tragic consequences has clearly indicated its presence recently. The high public danger of such phenomena causes the need for their criminal law assessment. The problems that arise in this case are connected, first of all, with a diverse understanding of the essence of medical errors and iatrogenic crimes, the lack of uniformity in the application of the criminal law establishing liability for their commission. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The article is based on the analysis of Russian and foreign criminal, administrative, civil legislation, court sentences and decisions, scientific publications in Russian and foreign publications. In addition, expert opinions, doctrinal ideas and opinions on the topics of this work were used. In the process of preparing the article, a number of general scientific and private scientific research methods were used. Results. The article discusses issues related to the specifics of the criminal law assessment of acts committed by medical workers in the process of professional activity. The positions of specialists are given regarding the definition of this specific group of crimes, the author’s vision is formulated on the classification of specific socially dangerous acts as “iatrogenic”. The current legislation in the field of health care is examined, which makes it possible to concretize the terminology used in the articles of the Russian Criminal Code providing liability for iatrogenic crimes. The judicial-investigative practice of applying the indicated norms of the criminal law is analyzed, the problems of qualification of such acts are revealed. Discussion and Conclusion. In conclusion, the authors differentiate such concepts as “medical error”, “accident”, “iatrogenic crime”, determine that the deliberate commission of an iatrogenic crime should be assessed either according to the rules on the circumstances that exclude the criminal act, or as a general criminal act; designate a circle of crimes defined as “iatrogenic”; come to the conclusion that the solution to the problem of counteraction to iatrogenic crimes cannot be associated with the intensification or expansion of criminal repression.

Effects of Uncertainty Reduction on Weight of Composite Laminates at Cryogenic Temperatures

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erdem Acar ◽  
Raphael T. Haftka ◽  
Theodore F. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Composite Laminates ◽  
Error Control ◽  
Probability Of Failure ◽  
Uncertainty Reduction ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Cryogenic Temperatures ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulation Technique

The effect of uncertainty reduction measures on the weight of laminates for cryogenic temperatures is investigated. The uncertainties in the problem are classified as error and variability. Probabilistic design is carried out to analyze the effect of reducing the uncertainty on the weight. For demonstration, variability reduction takes the form of quality control, while error is reduced by including the effect of chemical shrinkage in the analysis. It is found that the use of only error control leads to 12% weight reduction, the use of only quality control leads to 20% weight savings and the use of error and variability control measures together reduces the weight by 37%. In addition, the paper also investigates how to improve the accuracy and efficiency of probability of failure calculations (performed using Monte Carlo simulation technique). Approximating the cumulative distribution functions for strains is shown to lead to more accurate probability of failure estimations than the use of response surface approximations for strains.

Disarmament in International Law

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Garcia
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Law ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Human Security ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Separate Branch ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
Global Norms ◽  
The United Nations

The international regulation of armaments is an important factor and a tool to achieve international peace and security. All states will gain from the value of having weapon systems either controlled or prohibited, if the control measures are well crafted, verified, and enforced. More cooperation and compliance with global norms, set by international law that limit armaments, mean more peace and security. Less coordination and no governing rules mean a more insecure world and precarious relations among states. International disarmament law, or the law of disarmament, has evolved to constitute a separate branch of international law, similar to international environmental law and international criminal law. The biggest shift in recent years has been the rise of what is called “humanitarian disarmament” and the accompanying legal framework that developed. The focus is on humanizing international security through the setting of principled, multilateral treaties that safeguard human security, not solely national security. If faithfully implemented, international regulations on arms may reduce the humanitarian impact of violence and prevent the use of weapons of mass destruction. The codification of global norms on disarmament through international law signifies progress in international relations and improves human security worldwide. This progress is based upon the foundational legal framework set up by the United Nations Charter on disarmament. One of the main functions of the convening power of the United Nations is its responsibility to progressively codify international law and allow for its evolution. Therefore, it may also exercise such role and function within the gradual and continuing role of developing disarmament law.

scholarly journals The Place of the Criminal Justice for Children in the Legal System of Republic of Macedonia from Its Independence Until Today

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Blerta Arifi ◽  
Besa Kadriu
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
Separate Branch ◽  
Criminal Legal System

In this paper the author will analyze the legal treatment of juvenile delinquency in Republic of Macedonia, in historical aspect of the development of its legislation. In this way it will be presented the place of the criminal law for juveniles in the criminal legal system of the country and its development during today. The study will be focused on the innovation of legal protection of delinquent children, especially it will be analyzed the sanctioning of juvenile perpetrators and their special treatment from the majors in Republic of Macedonia. It will be a chronological comparison reflect of the juvenile sanctioning based on some of laws in Macedonia such as: Criminal Code of Former Yugoslavia, Criminal Code of Republic of Macedonia (1996), Law on Juvenile Justice (2007) and Law on Child protection (2013). The purpose of the study is to bring out the types of criminal sanctions for juveniles in Republic of Macedonia from its independence until today which, above all, are aimed on protecting the interests of the juvenile delinquents. Also the author of this paper will attach importance to the so-called “Measures of assistance and protection” provided by the Law on Child protection of Republic of Macedonia, which represent an innovation in the country's criminal law. This study is expected to draw conclusions about how it started to become independent itself the delinquency of minors as a separate branch from criminal law in the broad sense – and how much contemporary are the sanctions to minors from 1996 until today.

scholarly journals MEDICAL CRIMES AND MEDICAL ERRORS: LIMITS OF DELINEATION

Issues of Law ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 61-64
Author(s):  
V.Yu. Golubovsky ◽  
◽  
E.V. Kunz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Medical Errors ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Criminal Punishment ◽  
The Russian Federation

The article discusses issues related to the criminal liability of medical workers, which are a type of socially dangerous acts that entail the application of criminal punishment to the guilty person in accordance with the norms of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Responsibility for this crime is provided for by various norms of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which, in turn, poses a threat to entire groups of public relations, the security of the country and its population. Based on the results of the analysis, conclusions and proposals are formulated.

scholarly journals Countering iatrogenic crimes: criminal law and criminal procedure issues

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-106
Author(s):  
Stanislav V. Rozenko ◽  
Elena O. Igonina
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Medical Errors ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Medical Law ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Right ◽  
To Receive

The article investigates problematic issues of criminal legal counteraction to iatrogenic crimes. Interpretation of industry regulations leads to the conclusion that in the process of procedural verification, the investigator does not have the right to receive information that constitutes a medical secret, which prevents the correct qualification of what was done. The qualification of iatrogenic crimes requires mandatory recourse to medical law. Opening the topic, we study the work of leading Russian specialists in the field of medicine and criminal law. The paper examines the problems of judicial and investigative practice on these criminal attacks. In the course of the study, the authors point to signs of medical errors and defects in the provision of medical care, which allow us to establish General circumstances that affect the exact qualification of the crime. It is proposed to fix in the Criminal code of the Russian Federation independent elements of crimes, that is, special provisions for medical workers, which will eliminate errors in qualification.

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