scholarly journals The Amendment of the Religious Registration Law and Its Impact on Freedom of Religion in the Slovak Republic

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-45
Author(s):  
Mária Havelková
Keyword(s):  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Freedom Of Religion ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Financial Benefits ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Human Rights Standards ◽  
The Impact

Church registration represents a legitimate instrument of surveillance over religious groups. In the Slovak Republic, registered churches are funded directly out of the State budget and dispose of a wide range of other financial, as well as non-financial benefits. Slovakia has recently tightened up the already strict registration criterion of a number of supporters. According to the currently effective legislation, a church or religious society applying for registration must provide evidence of having over 50,000 members. The main aim of this article is to analyse the impact of the new Slovak legislation on the freedom of religion with a focus on assessment of whether the rang of rights and duties for registered churches are the same as for not registered ones and whether this measure is in conformity with human rights standards applied in the European Union, as well as the Council of Europe.

Cooperation Between The Council Of Europe And The European Union And Modern International Law

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Kopanchuk ◽  
Tetiana Zanfirova ◽  
Tetiana Novalska ◽  
Dmytro Zabzaliuk ◽  
Kateryna Stasiukova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Law ◽  
Legal Aspect ◽  
Eu Enlargement ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Cooperation between the Council of Europe and the European Union is of great interest to Ukraine, which defines the entry into the European legal field as one of the main vectors of its development. The study is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the impact of cooperation between the Council of Europe and the European Union on the development of modern international law. The authors studied the formation and development of collaboration between the Council of Europe and the EU; emphasized the legal aspects of cooperation between the European Council and the EU in the EU enlargement process; analyzed in detail the types of international agreements through the legal aspect and clarified the impact of cooperation between the Council of Europe and the EU on the development of modern international law and describe the forms of international legal cooperation between the Council of Europe and the EU.

3. Law-making: authority and process

2019 ◽  
pp. 27-72
Author(s):  
Martin Partington
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Legal Principle ◽  
Legislative Procedure ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Law Making

This chapter considers how law is made in the UK, who makes it, and the constitutional principles which give them the authority for making it and imposing it on society. There is a detailed account of the legislative procedure of the UK Parliament, and the different types of legislation enacted by Parliament. The role of the senior courts in the development of legal principle is also considered. Finally, the law-making functions of key institutions of the European Union and the Council of Europe are considered. The impact of Brexit is also considered.

scholarly journals Examining the Impact of Air Passenger Transport on International Long-Distance Regular Bus Transport in the Slovak Republic

2018 ◽  
Vol 236 ◽  
pp. 02007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jozef Gnap ◽  
Tomáš Settey ◽  
Dominika Beňová
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Passenger Transport ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Bus Transport

The paper deals with the study of the impact of regular air passenger transport on international long-distance regular bus transport in the Slovak Republic. The comparative period is 2017 (2018) with 2008. The issue is also related to the issue of the use of Slovakian airports for regular air transport after the Slovak Republic entered the European Union in 2004. According to the results of the 2008 survey, both modes of transport have significantly affected the economic crisis. The development of low-cost airlines also affected the decrease in the number of issued transport licenses in 2018 compared to 2008 in international regular bus transport.

THE IMPACT OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ON REGIONAL DISPARITIES

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 187-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktor Šoltés ◽  
Katarína Repková Štofková
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Specific Form ◽  
Regional Disparities ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

The structure of the business environment, as part of the socio-economic situation, indirectly affects a citizen’s quality of life. A “friendly” business environment has a positive effect on job formation, thus helping with employment. A country encourages formation and development of large enterprises through various incentives that reduce regional disparities, especially in less-developed regions. Nevertheless, a huge majority of enterprises in the European Union are small- and medium-sized. Self-employed persons are considered a specific form of business. Their activity is strongly influenced by state policy. This paper analyzes the business environment in regions of the Slovak Republic. Its principal aim is to examine the development of regional disparities and the related quality of citizens’ lives. An evaluation of statistical data of the structure of the business environment in the Slovak Republic indicated a change in legal units in relation to business. Although the number of legal units are stable, the number of legal persons has increased and that of natural persons-entrepreneurs decreased. Deepening of regional disparities was not observed across regions of the Slovak Republic.

scholarly journals RELIGIOUS VOTING IN THE 2020 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION: TESTING ALTERNATIVE THEORIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-281
Author(s):  
Lyman A. Kellstedt ◽  
James L. Guth
Keyword(s):  
Presidential Election ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Electoral Politics ◽  
Sociological Perspective ◽  
Election Study ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Partisan Realignment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Alternative Theories

Scholars of American electoral politics have documented the recent partisan realignment of religious groups. Indeed, careful analysts often find that religious variables are better predictors of partisan choice than classic socioeconomic divisions. Still, there has been relatively little effort to put this religious realignment in both theoretical and historical perspective. In this article, we update our previous work on the historical evolution of religious partisanship, demonstrating the continued relevance of ethnocultural (or ethnoreligious) theory, utilized by political historians, and restructuring theory, an important sociological perspective. Both viewpoints help us understand presidential elections since the 1930s, as we demonstrate with data from a wide range of surveys. After utilizing the 2020 Cooperative Election Study to examine the contemporary voting of ethnoreligious groups in greater detail, we test the impact of religious variables controlling for other demographic, attitudinal, and partisan influences and find that religious identities and orientations often retain independent influence even under stringent controls for other factors shaping the presidential vote.

scholarly journals The Impact of The Tax System Structure on The Narrowing of Income Disparities in OECD Countries

e-Finanse ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 27-37
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Mazurek-Chwiejczak
Keyword(s):  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
System Structure ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Full Data ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Income Disparities ◽  
Tax Systems ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Social disparities have a common and consistent character in the vast majority of contemporary countries. The level of income inequality in OECD countries has grown in the past 30 years and is still rising. Taxes and tax systems, aside from social transfers, are fiscal instruments widely used in compensation policy.The aim of the article is to define the optimal structure of tax systems (i.e. the share of different tax categories in tax revenues) in terms of narrowing income disparities. To achieve this aim, scatter diagrams have been used. For the purpose of the article a tentative hypothesis has been formulated that the optimal tax system in terms of narrowing income disparities is characterised by a relatively large share of Personal Income Tax and at the same time a relatively low share of consumption taxes in tax revenues. The detailed analysis is focused on the countries for which the full data is available. The group of countries covers some “old” member states of the European Union (Austria, Belgium, Finland, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg and the United Kingdom), the South- -East European countries (the Czech Republic, Estonia, Poland, the Slovak Republic and Slovenia) as well as non-EU countries (Canada and Iceland). These countries represent different levels of socio-economic development and, as a result, the variety of situations concerning the distribution of income.

scholarly journals Geographical context of energy prices in the European Union Member States with special emphasis on the Slovak Republic

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (24) ◽  
pp. 135-159
Author(s):  
Martin Mačanga ◽  
Martin Plešivčák
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Union Member ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Energy Markets ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
European Union Member States

Abstract The issue of energy prices presents an extremely topical subject with a major impact on human society. Energy demand is constantly increasing and most regions of the world are facing serious difficulties in ensuring sufficient energy supplies. However, not only global events affect energy prices in the particular country. National energy markets are highly specific and some local factors may also prove significant. In our contribution we focus on the Slovak Republic and try to analyze the major political and economic factors affecting the final price of energy, particularly of gas and electricity. We pay attention to the period from the accession of the country to the European Union in 2004 until 2011 characterised by ‘third liberalisation package’ that is associated with a wide range of major changes. Largely monopolized energy market has been gradually opening up to competition and the countries with regulated prices have been facing the increasing pressure to let the free market decide. Progressive liberalisation of energy markets enables consumers to use the energy services offered by various private companies. This new element operating in the energy sector is largely reflected in final energy prices. Thus, the main goal of this study is to highlight the price disparities between different energy commodities in European Union member states since we are at present witnesses to of significant regional disparities in energy prices. We try to analyze current energy prices with respect to GDP (regarding purchasing power parity as well) to ensure that resulting comparison would reflect the financial potential of the population. Demonstrating the effects of the economic crisis on energy prices in different countries will be another important aspect of this contribution.

scholarly journals An impact of macroeconomic stabilization on the sustainable development of manufacturing enterprises: the case of Central and Eastern European Countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Pieloch-Babiarz ◽  
Anna Misztal ◽  
Magdalena Kowalska
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Macroeconomic Stabilization ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Manufacturing Enterprises ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Sustainable development is a socioeconomic development that respects environmental protection. It can be analyzed at a macro- and microscale. The goals of sustainable development are realized by ordinary people, politicians, organizations, and enterprises. At the enterprise level, sustainable development means an improvement in quantitative and qualitative conditions of running a business, the use of pro-ecological standards and solutions, and support of employee development. The sustainable development of enterprises depends on several factors, including macroeconomic conditions. The main aim of this paper is to show the impact of the macroeconomic stabilization on the sustainable development of the manufacturing enterprises in the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs). We examine only the CEECs which are the members of the European Union. Considering this, we focus on the eleven counties (i.e., Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, the Slovak Republic, and Slovenia) in the period from 2008 to 2018. The main hypothesis is formulated as follows: Macroeconomic stabilization has a statistically significant impact on the sustainable development of manufacturing enterprises in the period from 2008 to 2018. The results of the study indicate that in all analyzed countries there is a statistically significant relationship between the indicator of sustainable development (SISDE) and the indicator of macroeconomic stabilization. The highest level of correlation was observed in Czechia, Poland, and Hungary, while the lowest in Estonia.

scholarly journals Live biotherapeutic products: the importance of a defined regulatory framework

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 1397-1406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magali Cordaillat-Simmons ◽  
Alice Rouanet ◽  
Bruno Pot
Keyword(s):  
Health Benefit ◽  
The United States ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Regulatory Constraints ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Intended Use

Abstract Probiotics have been defined as “Live microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host”. This definition covers a wide range of applications, target populations and (combinations of) microorganisms. Improved knowledge on the importance of the microbiota in terms of health and disease has further diversified the potential scope of a probiotic intervention, whether intended to reach the market as a food, a food supplement or a drug, depending on the intended use. However, the increased interest in the clinical application of probiotics may require specific attention given their administration in a diseased population. In addition to safety, the impact of the type of product, in terms of quality, production method and, e.g., the acceptance of side effects, is now part of the current regulatory constraints for developers. In the European Union, foods are regulated by the European Food Safety Authority and drugs by the European Medicines Agency; in the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) deals with both categories. More recently, the FDA has defined a new “live biotherapeutic products” (LBP) category, clarifying pharmaceutical expectations. Since 2019, the quality requirements for this category of drug products have also been clarified by the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.). Similar to all products intended to prevent or treat diseases, LBPs will have to be registered as medicinal products to reach the market in the US and in Europe. In this area, regulatory authorities and the pharmaceutical industry will routinely use guidelines of the “International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use” (ICH). Although ICH guidelines are not legally binding, they provide very important recommendations, recognized by almost all drug authorities in the world. In this review, we discuss some aspects of this regulatory framework, especially focusing on products with an intended use in a diseased or vulnerable target population.

The Austrian Perception of the Council of Europe

2020 ◽  
pp. 330-352
Author(s):  
Alexander Balthasar
Keyword(s):  
Administrative Law ◽  
European Convention ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Constitutional Principle ◽  
High Tension ◽  
Individual Protection ◽  
Principle Of Legality ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter explores the impact on Austrian administrative law of the pan-European general principles of good administration developed within the framework of the Council of Europe (CoE). It reveals that the standards of individual protection stemming from the European Convention on Human Rights have greatly influenced the system of administrative justice in Austria. The impact of other CoE sources, especially various recommendations on administrative law, remains rather limited due to their high tension with the (constitutional) principle of legality. The chapter concludes that a widening gap in the relationship between the CoE and Austria can be discerned, partially because of the changing priorities of the latter and the ever-growing influence of the European Union.

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