scholarly journals The Impact of The Tax System Structure on The Narrowing of Income Disparities in OECD Countries

e-Finanse ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 27-37
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Mazurek-Chwiejczak
Keyword(s):  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
System Structure ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Full Data ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Income Disparities ◽  
Tax Systems ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Social disparities have a common and consistent character in the vast majority of contemporary countries. The level of income inequality in OECD countries has grown in the past 30 years and is still rising. Taxes and tax systems, aside from social transfers, are fiscal instruments widely used in compensation policy.The aim of the article is to define the optimal structure of tax systems (i.e. the share of different tax categories in tax revenues) in terms of narrowing income disparities. To achieve this aim, scatter diagrams have been used. For the purpose of the article a tentative hypothesis has been formulated that the optimal tax system in terms of narrowing income disparities is characterised by a relatively large share of Personal Income Tax and at the same time a relatively low share of consumption taxes in tax revenues. The detailed analysis is focused on the countries for which the full data is available. The group of countries covers some “old” member states of the European Union (Austria, Belgium, Finland, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg and the United Kingdom), the South- -East European countries (the Czech Republic, Estonia, Poland, the Slovak Republic and Slovenia) as well as non-EU countries (Canada and Iceland). These countries represent different levels of socio-economic development and, as a result, the variety of situations concerning the distribution of income.

Wine Taxes, Production, Aging and Quality

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael E. Goodhue ◽  
Jeffrey T. LaFrance ◽  
Leo K. Simon
Keyword(s):  
Full Range ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Sales Tax ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Tax Systems ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ad Valorem

AbstractWe consider the impact of taxes on the quantity and quality produced by a competitive firm of goods, such as wine, for which market value accrues with age. Our analysis found the following: an increase in the volumetric retail tax collected at sale increases quality, so that the basic Alchian-Allen effect holds. However, an increase in the volumetric storage tax collected each period decreases quality, as does an increase in the ad valorem storage tax. The effect of an increase in the ad valorem retail tax on quality is indeterminate. Increases in any of the four taxes reduce the quantity of wine produced. Any two-tax system that includes a volumetric sales tax spans the full range of feasible tax revenues with positive tax rates. For any tax system that reduces quality relative to the firm's no-tax equilibrium, there is another tax system that increases tax revenues, eliminates the quality distortion, and does not increase the quantity distortion. Many wine industry observers believe that most, if not all, existing tax systems tend to result in the suboptimal provision of quality. Our results suggest that the wide variety of wine tax systems is not prima facie evidence that these systems, or most of them, are inefficient. Provided the system includes a volumetric sales tax it may be efficient, regardless of which of the other instruments, or how many of them, are used. Assertions regarding inefficiency must be evaluated on an empirical case-by-case basis. Our analysis provides a theoretical framework for such research. (JEL Classification: D2, H2, Q1)

The tax system of the Russian Federation and its characteristics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Марина Малкина ◽  
Marina Malkina ◽  
Родион Балакин ◽  
Rodion Balakin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Relative Level ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Comparative Risk ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Tax Systems ◽  
The Impact

The monograph discusses theoretical, methodological and practical approaches to the assessment of the properties of tax systems. The theories and concepts of taxes, as well as empirical approaches to modeling the relationship between the parameters of the tax and economic system of the country are studied. On the example of the tax system of the Russian Federation in 2006-2017 such properties of tax systems as profitability, uniformity of taxation and risk are investigated in dynamics. The method of assessment of uneven taxation is proposed, on the basis of which the contribution of individual taxes and industries to interregional differences in the level of tax return in the Russian Federation is determined. The method of risk assessment and decomposition of the tax system using the portfolio approach of G. Markowitz and U. Sharpe is proposed. The application of this technique allowed to determine the contribution of different taxes, industries and regions to the risk of the tax system of the country and its regions, as well as to conduct a comparative risk assessment of tax systems of the Russian Federation in the distribution of tax revenues between the three levels of the budget system. The paper also proposes and tested a method of factor analysis of tax revenues in the Russian Federation, which allowed to assess the impact of inflation, economic growth, the overall level of tax return and its relative level in the regions on the growth of tax revenues in the Russian Federation and its subjects in 2006-2016. The monograph is of interest to the scientific and academic community, government and business.

scholarly journals Pandemics and Tax Innovations: What can we Learn from History?

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-297
Author(s):  
A. I. Pogorletskiy ◽  
◽  
F. Söllner ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tax Policy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Inductive Method ◽  
Tax Administration ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Past ◽  
Tax Incentive ◽  
Tax Systems ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tax Regulation

In this article, we shall see how pandemics of deadly diseases have changed tax systems over the past two millennia, each time leading to the emergence of new forms of taxation and tax administration. The purpose of the article is to prove that pandemics and the most notable innovations in tax policy are closely interrelated and that the consequences of the largest pandemics in the history of mankind are new approaches to the organization of national tax systems as well as the formation of interstate tax regulation. The lessons from history can be applied to the current corona crisis and may help us devise the appropriate anti-crisis tax policy. The study is based on the historical empirical-inductive method applied to reliable facts of the past related to pandemics and taxation. We trace the evolution of tax policy under the impact of the most significant pandemics and identify patterns of taxation and tax administration that are specific to their eras and are still relevant in the course of the pandemic COVID-19. Our analysis allows us to draw the following conclusions: (1) There is a historical link between pandemics and tax regulation. Many tax innovations originated in response to the consequences of large-scale epidemics of deadly diseases. (2) Many of the tax incentive tools used today in the fight against the corona crisis have already been used during previous pandemics so that we may learn from the experience of earlier times. (3) The COVID-19 pandemic can be expected to have several important consequences for taxation and public finance: innovations in tax administration with an emphasis on remote fiscal audits and digital control; innovations in the taxation of digital companies and their operations at the national and international level; possibly fundamental changes in the tax system of the European Union; and possibly a return of the inflation tax.

scholarly journals The Tax Revenue in Iraq Between the Efficiency of Tax Administration and the Elements of the Success of the Tax System

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-73
Author(s):  
.Mohamed Helou Daoud Al-Khorsan ◽  
Hana Ali Hussein Al-Quraishi ◽  
Ziad Taher Mohamed Ali
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Tax Administration ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
Modest Contribution ◽  
The Impact

There is growing interest by governments in different systems of government in which political ideas which it believes, taxes as instruments of fiscal policy, seeking to achieve through which political, social and economic goals as well as "financial targets, as the tax policy formulated objectives and plans its revenues consistently and harmony with the objectives of economic policy in general, In the context of the tax reform, different countries have resorted to the search for possible alternatives to maintain a financially, economically and socially effective fiscal policy. Iraq should not be different from these countries. It establishes a fiscal policy to achieve tax revenues by activating the role of the tax system to strengthen the budget in the light of economic changes and financial crises in recent years, The main reason for the need to activate the tax system in Iraq is the very modest contribution of tax revenues within the state budget, To address the reasons for the low contribution of tax revenues it is necessary to identify the elements of the success of the tax system and discuss the tax revenue in two aspects The level of general headquarters and branches on the one hand, and knowledge the facilities or obstacles which is provided by the tax system   to increase the proceeds of the receipt of the other, and finally reach the reform of the tax system, which we find an important requirement for the reform of the Iraqi financial and economic system in this time, In this context, the study deals with the tax revenues in Iraq as planned by the tax administration in accordance with the statistics of the tax administration and then identify the impact of the tax system in making the proceeds low for public revenues.

scholarly journals Opportunities for Simplification in the Personal Income Tax Systems of the Visegrad Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-553
Author(s):  
Éva Bonifert Szabóné
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Degree Of Approximation ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Personal Income Tax ◽  
It Use ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Tax Systems ◽  
The Impact

Due to the numerous factors that can influence the impact of the tax system and redistribution, there is no single correct answer to the question of which composition of economic policy instruments needs to be applied to achieve a desired redistributive effect. The general aim of the study is to investigate in relation to the quantifiable parameters of income tax systems, whether the consideration of the aspects of fairness and justice does have an excessively negative effect on the simplicity of tax systems. The study investigates the possibilities of simplifying the personal income tax system’s composition in some Central and Eastern European countries, while tax burden curves of the system remain as constant as possible. To this end, the study sets up a theoretical, simplified tax model, the parameters of which are determined by a computer program, in order to generate tax burden curves corresponding most closely to the curves of the real tax system. Based on the analysis, it can be established that the theoretical system – in some cases with restrictions – provides a good approximation to the tax burden curves of the investigated countries. The chosen simple model has a good degree of approximation to a real system that does not have significant breakpoints in its tax burden curves, nor does it use a taxation method that fundamentally modifies the system (e.g., splitting). Practical examples help to understand that a complex personal income tax system in a given country is not necessarily the only possible solution to achieve a given tax burden curve, the function may be reproduced with a good approximation constructed from simpler basic elements.

The Built-In Flexibility of Income and Consumption Taxes in OECD Countries

2017 ◽  
pp. 162-170
Author(s):  
Binhan Elif Yılmaz ◽  
Sinan Ataer
Keyword(s):  
Income Elasticity ◽  
National Income ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
Cyclical Fluctuations ◽  
Relative Change ◽  
Consumption Taxes ◽  
Automatic Stabilizers

Compatible with a variety of cyclical fluctuations in fiscal policy, is the automatic stabilising fiscal policies. There is a need to calculate the income elasticity of tax for relieving the effects of cyclical fluctuations. Income elasticity of tax, that is tax revenue have relative change, the ratio of the relative change in national income. This ratio must be bigger than 1 to label a tax system as elastic. If this ratio is bigger than 1, this situation also show the tax system has an automatic stabilizing feature. By that way, without any changes in tax structure, tax revenues increase in the deflation times and decrease in the inflation times. The automatically compensatory movement of tax revenues, generally referred to as “built-in flexibility”, has received increasing attention. The aim of this study is examining the existence of automatic stabilizers in the OECD countries by evaluating the income elasticity of income and consumption taxes and by making cross-countries comparatives.

scholarly journals Examining the Impact of Air Passenger Transport on International Long-Distance Regular Bus Transport in the Slovak Republic

2018 ◽  
Vol 236 ◽  
pp. 02007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jozef Gnap ◽  
Tomáš Settey ◽  
Dominika Beňová
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Passenger Transport ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Bus Transport

The paper deals with the study of the impact of regular air passenger transport on international long-distance regular bus transport in the Slovak Republic. The comparative period is 2017 (2018) with 2008. The issue is also related to the issue of the use of Slovakian airports for regular air transport after the Slovak Republic entered the European Union in 2004. According to the results of the 2008 survey, both modes of transport have significantly affected the economic crisis. The development of low-cost airlines also affected the decrease in the number of issued transport licenses in 2018 compared to 2008 in international regular bus transport.

THE IMPACT OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ON REGIONAL DISPARITIES

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 187-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktor Šoltés ◽  
Katarína Repková Štofková
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Specific Form ◽  
Regional Disparities ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

The structure of the business environment, as part of the socio-economic situation, indirectly affects a citizen’s quality of life. A “friendly” business environment has a positive effect on job formation, thus helping with employment. A country encourages formation and development of large enterprises through various incentives that reduce regional disparities, especially in less-developed regions. Nevertheless, a huge majority of enterprises in the European Union are small- and medium-sized. Self-employed persons are considered a specific form of business. Their activity is strongly influenced by state policy. This paper analyzes the business environment in regions of the Slovak Republic. Its principal aim is to examine the development of regional disparities and the related quality of citizens’ lives. An evaluation of statistical data of the structure of the business environment in the Slovak Republic indicated a change in legal units in relation to business. Although the number of legal units are stable, the number of legal persons has increased and that of natural persons-entrepreneurs decreased. Deepening of regional disparities was not observed across regions of the Slovak Republic.

scholarly journals The Effect of the European Union Customs Union on the Balance of Trade in Turkey

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 219-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalya Ketenci
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gravity Model ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Dynamic Panel Data ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Balance Of Trade ◽  
The Impact

This article investigates the effect of the customs union between Turkey and the European Union on the balance of trade in Turkey. The framework for analysis is an extended trade gravity model onto which the impact of the customs union is applied. The gravity model of trade is estimated using dynamic panel data which applies the generalized method of moments to a sample of OECD countries. Separate estimates were made for the periods before and after the process of trade liberalization in Turkey—1980–1995 and 1996–2012, respectively—as well as for the full period—1980–2012. The main conclusion is that when the European Union is accounted for as an econometric variable, the empirical results are striking: Turkey’s gains resulting from taking part in the customs union are noteworthy, with significant improvement in the trade balance with European Union countries. However, the trade flows, and specifically imports, have been mainly with OECD countries that are themselves not members of the EU. The model indicates that external common tariffs are responsible for Turkey’s trade growth rather than tariffs abolished in the internal market of the customs union.

scholarly journals CONCEPTUAL BASIS OF TAX POLICY FORMATION IN THE GLOBALIZATION CONDITIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Khalatur ◽  
Olena Trokhymets ◽  
Oleksandr Karamushka
Keyword(s):  
Tax Policy ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Capital Gains ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Capital Gains Taxes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The purpose of the article is to analyze the tax systems of the countries of the European Union and Ukraine, the impact of individual indicators of the tax system on the economies development, study the possibility of applying the accumulated experience. The subject-matter of the study is the methodological and conceptual foundations of the tax policy-making process of the EU and Ukraine. Methodology. Based on the analyzed scientific literature on tax policy formulation of countries, the methodological principles of this study provide for the joint application of a set of well-known general scientific and special methods of research in economics. In particular, the dialectical method, the method of scientific abstraction, the method of systematic analysis, economic and mathematical modeling were used. Results. The article analyzes the individual indicators of the tax system functioning of 28 countries of the European Union and Ukraine; and the impact of these indicators on the economy development. In particular, the following indicators were studied: customs and other import duties, firms expected to give gifts in meetings with tax officials; firms that do not report all sales for tax purposes; firms visited or required meetings with tax officials; labor tax and contributions; net taxes on products; other taxes; other taxes payable by businesses; profit tax; tax payments; tax revenue; taxes on exports; taxes on goods and services; taxes on income, profits and capital gains; taxes on income, profits and capital gains; taxes on international trade; time to prepare and pay taxes; total tax rate. The dependence of foreign direct investment on profit tax, tax revenue; taxes on income, profits and capital gains; time to prepare and pay taxes and total tax rate have been studied. The study shows that, on average, tax revenue affects foreign direct investment, net inflows with the same strength as time to prepare and pay taxes, but almost twice as much as taxes on income, profits and capital gains. Practical implications. The article contains a set of tools and rules for reviewing approaches, guidelines and criteria for the effectiveness of Ukraine's tax policy in line with the global development concept. Value / originality. The conceptual criteria for the formation and implementation of the tax policy of the state are determined, it is carried out the comparative analysis of the tax policy of Ukraine and the EU countries within the framework of the European economic integration, which occurs simultaneously with the globalization of the world economy.

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