Feline Cerebrovascular Disease: Clinical and Histopathologic Findings in 16 Cats

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Michal Altay ◽  
Geoff C. Skerritt ◽  
Monika Hilbe ◽  
Felix Ehrensperger ◽  
Frank Steffen
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Intracranial Hemorrhages ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis ◽  
Fluid Analysis ◽  
Computed Tomography Scans ◽  
Intracranial Lesions ◽  
Cerebrovascular Lesion ◽  
Histopathologic Findings ◽  
Underlying Pathology

Sixteen cats with cerebrovascular disease confirmed via histology to be of nontraumatic and nonneoplastic origins are described. In addition, the anatomy of the arterial supply of the cat's brain is reviewed. It is suggested that this unique arterial design may influence the incidence of cerebrovascular accidents in this species. Of the 16 cats reviewed, seven cats had ischemic infarctions, five had hemorrhagic infarctions, and four were diagnosed with intracranial hemorrhage. The median age was 8 yr and 9.5 yr in cats with infarctions and intracranial hemorrhages, respectively. Clinical signs were severe, acute, consistent with the localization of the cerebrovascular lesion, and influenced by underlying pathology. Four cats with infarction showed lateralized neurologic signs. Four cats with infarctions were diagnosed with pulmonary disease antemortem and three cats had hyperthyroidism. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis and computed tomography scans were available in two cats. None of the infarctions were grossly visible. All cats with hemorrhagic infarcts had severe liver pathology and nephritis was identified in four cats. Hypoxia was a feature in four cats and one cat suffered cardiac failure. In conclusion, the clinical picture is influenced by the type of cerebrovascular disease, the localization of the intracranial lesions, and any underlying pathology.

scholarly journals Rhinocerebral and rhinopharyngeal conidiobolomycosis in sheep

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 862-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antônio Carlos Lopes Câmara ◽  
Benito Soto-Blanco ◽  
Jael Soares Batista ◽  
André Menezes do Vale ◽  
Francisco Marlon Carneiro Feijó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Corneal Ulceration ◽  
Total Proteins ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis ◽  
Fluid Analysis ◽  
Biochemical Evaluation ◽  
Bronchiolar Epithelium ◽  
Serum Biochemical ◽  
Microscopic Findings

The present study aimed to report the occurrence as well as the clinical, laboratorial, pathological and mycological findings of three outbreaks of rhinocerebral and rhinopharyngeal conidiobolomycosis in sheep from Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil. A total of six sheep with clinical signs of conidiobolomycosis were evaluated, and information on history was obtained from ranchers. Clinical signs included depression, progressive emaciation, sero-sanguinolent nasal discharge, tachycardia, dyspnea, miosis and unilateral exophthalmia with increased ocular globe volume, corneal ulceration and nervous system signs. The main hematological alteration was neutrophilia. Serum biochemical evaluation revealed increased values for AST, GGT, creatinine, urea, and glucose, and decreased total proteins and albumin levels. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed the presence of fibrin reticules and pleocytosis. Upon necropsy, longitudinal sections of the head revealed the presence of a nodular mass with a friable consistency and a white-yellowish coloration. Microscopic findings included meningitis, cortex necrosis and encephalitis with the presence of eosinophilic Splendore-Hoeppli substance. Histopathology of the lungs revealed a Splendore-Hoeppli-like material and hyperplasia of alveolar and bronchiolar epithelium. Renal lesions were suggestive of amyloidosis.

scholarly journals Cerebrospinal fluid analysis in 58 ruminants showing neurological disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 346-354
Author(s):  
Antônio Carlos L. Câmara ◽  
Mariana C. Gonzaga ◽  
Thaís M. Ziober ◽  
Cintia Regina R. Queiroz ◽  
Tayná C.M. Fino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Pathological Findings ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis ◽  
Cns Diseases ◽  
Fluid Analysis ◽  
Csf Analysis

ABSTRACT: Ruminants may be affected by a wide variety of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis forms the basis for ante mortem diagnostic evaluation of ruminants with clinical signs involving the CNS. Despite its importance as a tool to aid diagnosis, data regarding CSF examinations in spontaneous cases of CNS diseases in ruminants from Brazil are limited, and most reports involve experimental studies. Therefore, this study aimed to report the results of CSF analysis in 58 ruminants showing signs of neurological disorders. CSF samples for analysis were obtained from 32 cattle, 20 sheep, and 6 goats by cerebello-medullary cistern (n=54) or lumbosacral space (n=4) puncture. These ruminants showed neurological signs related to viral (n=13), mycotic (n=3), or bacterial (n=15) infections, and toxic (n=21), traumatic (n=4), or congenital disorders (n=2). CSF analysis from ruminants with viral infections presented lymphocytic pleocytosis, even though CSF showed no changes in several cases of rabies. Neutrophilic pleocytosis, cloudiness, presence of fibrin clots, and abnormal coloration were evident in the CSF of most cases of CNS bacterial infection, such as meningoencephalitis, meningitis, abscesses, myelitis, and a case of conidiobolomycosis. On the other hand, CSF was unchanged in most cases of toxic disorders, as botulism and hepatic encephalopathy. Elevated CSF density was observed in 60% of ruminants diagnosed with polioencephalomalacia. Our findings show that evaluation of CSF is a valuable diagnostic tool when used in association with epidemiological, clinical and pathological findings for diagnosis of CNS diseases in ruminants.

Clinical Course of Acute Canine Polyradiculoneuritis Following Treatment with Human IV Immunoglobulin

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 299-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin Hirschvogel ◽  
Konrad Jurina ◽  
Tanja A. Steinberg ◽  
Lara A. Matiasek ◽  
Kaspar Matiasek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Trials ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Fluid Analysis ◽  
Muscle Nerve ◽  
Iv Immunoglobulin ◽  
Ivig Administration

Treatment of dogs with acute canine polyradiculoneuritis (ACP) is restricted to physical rehabilitation and supportive care. In humans with Guillain-Barré syndrome, the counterpart of ACP, randomized trials show that IV immunoglobulin (IVIg) speeds recovery. The authors of the current study hypothesized that dogs with ACP would tolerate IVIg well and recover faster than dogs managed with supportive treatment only. Sixteen client-owned dogs with ACP were treated with IVIg, and 14 client-owned dogs served as a retrospective control group. Diagnosis was confirmed using clinical features, electrodiagnostics, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and muscle/nerve biopsies. The duration of the initial progressive phase, the time from IVIg administration until the dogs were ambulating without assistance, and the duration of the complete episode were evaluated. Adverse reactions (anaphylaxis, mild hematuria) were observed in two dogs. Dogs treated with IVIg were ambulating without assistance after a median of 27.5 days (range, 15–127 days) from onset of clinical signs. The control group was ambulatory without assistance at a median of 75.5 days (range, 5–220 days). Even though this result is not statistically significant, there is a clear trend toward faster recovery in dogs treated with IVIg.

scholarly journals Clinical, clinicopathological and diagnostic imaging findings in 14 dogs with suspected fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 193
Author(s):  
Z. S. POLIZOPOULOU (Ζ.Σ. ΠΟΛΥΖΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) ◽  
D. KARNEZI (Δ. ΚΑΡΝΕΖΗ) ◽  
G. KARNEZI (ΚΑΡΝΕΖΗ Γ.)
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Diagnostic Imaging ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Spinal Column ◽  
Neurological Dysfunction ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis ◽  
Imaging Evaluation ◽  
Lesion Location ◽  
Fluid Analysis

Fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy was diagnosed in 14 dogs with acute neurological dysfunction, based on history, findings of clinical examination, diagnostic imaging evaluation, follow-up and outcome. The dogs were presented with signs of variable involvement of the spinal cord, which were lateralized in 4 cases. The initial clinicopathological evaluation was unremarkable, while cerebrospinal fluid analysis was abnormal in one dog. Diagnostic imaging investigation (plain radiographs of the spinal column and myelography) did not reveal any abnormalities in the vertebrae and adjacent tissues or compression of the spinal cord, with the exception of one case, where there was evidence of focal intramedullary oedema corresponding to the lesion location. Seven dogs improved significantly with supportive treatment; complete remission of clinical signs was evident in two. Moderate improvement was seen in three animals and minimal or no improvement in four dogs, which were euthanised due to persisting neurological incapacitation.

Symptomatic Narcolepsy/Cataplexy in a Dog with Brainstem Meningoencephalitis of Unknown Origin

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Mari ◽  
Anita Shea
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Immunosuppressive Treatment ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Serum Biochemistry ◽  
Lesion Size ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis ◽  
Fluid Analysis ◽  
Thoracic And Abdominal

ABSTRACT A 4 yr old, intact female cocker spaniel was presented for investigation of acute, progressive lethargy/hypersomnia; vestibular signs; and cataplexy. A narcolepsy-cataplexy episode with associated hypertension and bradycardia was triggered during examination. There was no evidence of arrhythmia on electrocardiography during the episode. Hematology, serum biochemistry, and thoracic and abdominal imaging were unremarkable. MRI of the brain and cerebrospinal fluid analysis were compatible with meningoencephalitis of unknown origin affecting the mesencephalon, pons and rostral medulla oblongata. The dog was started on immunosuppressive treatment with prednisolone and cytosine arabinoside, which was subsequently switched to cyclosporine. Narcolepsy-cataplexy episodes could initially still be triggered by offering food; however, they gradually became shorter and less frequent until they completely subsided along with all other clinical signs after 3 wk. No relapse occurred over a 32 mo follow-up period from the diagnosis. Repeated MRI revealed marked reduction in the lesion size; cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed no abnormalities. Although very rare, symptomatic narcolepsy/cataplexy can occur in dogs and can be secondary to brainstem encephalitis. Cardiovascular changes can occur in association with narcolepsy/cataplexy and should be considered when dealing with patients presenting with these specific clinical signs.

Cerebral Phaeohyphomycosis Caused by Cladosporium spp. in Two Domestic Shorthair Cats

2002 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher L. Mariani ◽  
Simon R. Platt ◽  
Timothy J. Scase ◽  
Elizabeth W. Howerth ◽  
Cheryl L. Chrisman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Auditory Evoked Potentials ◽  
Seizure Activity ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Fungal Culture ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis ◽  
Fluid Analysis ◽  
Central Nervous System Dysfunction

Two domestic shorthair cats presented for clinical signs related to multifocal central nervous system dysfunction. Both cats had signs of vestibular system involvement and anisocoria, and one had generalized seizure activity. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed a neutrophilic pleocytosis with protein elevation in one cat and pyogranulomatous inflammation in the second. Electroencephalography and brain-stem auditory-evoked potentials in the first cat confirmed cerebral cortical and brain-stem involvement. Euthanasia was performed in both cats, and postmortem diagnoses of phaeohyphomycosis secondary to Cladosporium spp. were made based on histopathology and fungal culture in both cats.

Arrhythmias and Elevated Troponin I in a Dog With Steroid-Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis

2010 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Snyder ◽  
Ashley B. Saunders ◽  
Jonathan M. Levine ◽  
Fred J. Clubb
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrhythmias ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Troponin I ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Elevated Troponin ◽  
Computed Tomography Scan ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis ◽  
Fluid Analysis ◽  
Tomography Scan

A 10-month-old dog was presented with clinical signs of fever, lethargy, inappetence, and cardiac arrhythmias. Computed tomography scan and cerebrospinal fluid analysis supported the diagnosis of steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis. Echocardiography, electrocardiogram, and elevated serum troponin I supported a diagnosis of myocarditis. The arrhythmias resolved during treatment of the primary neurological disease, and they were considered as secondary to the meningitis.

scholarly journals Diagnostic tools for neurosyphilis: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Henrique Pereira Boog ◽  
João Vitor Ziroldo Lopes ◽  
João Vitor Mahler ◽  
Marina Solti ◽  
Lucas Tokio Kawahara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Clinical Suspicion ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Test Accuracy ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis ◽  
Evaluation Methodologies ◽  
Fluid Analysis ◽  
Criteria For Diagnosis

Abstract Purpose Increasing incidences of syphilis highlight the preoccupation with the occurrence of neurosyphilis. This study aimed to understand the current diagnostic tools and their performance to detect neurosyphilis, including new technologies and the variety of existing methods. Methods We searched databases to select articles that reported neurosyphilis diagnostic methods and assessed their accuracy, presenting sensitivity and specificity values. Information was synthesized in tables. The risk of bias was examined using the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy recommendations. Results Fourteen studies were included. The main finding was a remarkable diversity of tests, which had varied purposes, techniques, and evaluation methodologies. There was no uniform criterion or gold standard to define neurosyphilis. The current basis for its diagnosis is clinical suspicion and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. There are new promising tests such as PCR tests and chemokine measurement assays. Conclusions The diagnosis of neurosyphilis is still a challenge, despite the variety of existing and developing tests. We believe that the multiplicity of reference standards adopted as criteria for diagnosis reveals the imprecision of the current definitions of neurosyphilis. An important next step for the scientific community is to create a universally accepted diagnostic definition for this disease.

scholarly journals New-Onset Seizure With Possible Limbic Encephalitis in a Patient With COVID-19 Infection: A Case Report and Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 232470962098630
Author(s):  
Riwaj Bhagat ◽  
Barbara Kwiecinska ◽  
Nolan Smith ◽  
Matthew Peters ◽  
Christopher Shafer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Onset Seizure ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis ◽  
Fluid Analysis ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Elevated Protein ◽  
T2 Hyperintensity ◽  
Elevated Protein Level ◽  
New Onset

With the outbreak of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) as a global pandemic, various of its neurological manifestations have been reported. We report a case of a 54-year-old male with new-onset seizure who tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 from a nasopharyngeal swab sample. Investigative findings, which included contrast-enhancing right posterior temporal lobe T2-hyperintensity on brain magnetic resonance imaging, right-sided lateralized periodic discharges on the electroencephalogram, and elevated protein level on cerebrospinal fluid analysis, supported the diagnosis of possible encephalitis from COVID-19 infection. The findings in this case are placed in the context of the existing literature.

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