scholarly journals E-5 The Glorious End of Climax with the Tragic Story of The Decline of Islamic World In Twentieth Century; A Historical Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-50
Author(s):  
Asmat Naz ◽  
Sohail Akhtar ◽  
Saliha Hameed Ullah
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
World War I ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Great Power ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Strong State ◽  
The World

Islam is a universal religion and it influenced all over the world with its dispensation. After the migration from Makkah to Madinah, the Holy prophet PBUH constituted a new welfare state. In 8th Hijri after the conquest of Makkah Islam became the dominant religion in Arabia. It provided a great power and Muslims challenged the strong and powerful state of Iran and Rome. Especially, during the pious caliphate from 632-661 A.D Islam spread rapidly and Muslims had become a strong nation of the world. They became powerful ruler of a state which was established in three continents Asia, Europe and Africa during Umayyad, Abbasid and Ottoman time respectively. This strong state was thought indeclinable till 18th century. But the start of 19th century changed this approach as the great Mughal state which was lasting its breath faced debacle in 1857. While the strong Ottoman Empire scattered in to several parts and was occupied by Great Britain, France, Italy and USSR after world War-I. The condition of the Muslim became miserable and they lost all the past glory. This paper highlights the basic causes of Muslim's decline in 20th century.

THE BRITISH MANDATE AND THE UPRISING OF 1920 IN IRAQ

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (73) (1) ◽  
pp. 140-153
Author(s):  
S. S. Shchevelev
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Middle East ◽  
World War I ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
British Mandate ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

The article examines the initial period of the mandate administration of Iraq by Great Britain, the anti-British uprising of 1920. The chronological framework covers the period from May 1916 to October 1921 and includes an analysis of events in the Middle East from May 1916, when the secret agreement on the division of the territories of the Ottoman Empire after the end of World War I (the Sykes-Picot agreement) was concluded before the proclamation of Faisal as king of Iraq and from the formation of the country՚s government. This period is a key one in the Iraqi-British relations at the turn of the 10-20s of the ХХ century. The author focuses on the Anglo-French negotiations during the First World War, on the eve and during the Paris Peace Conference on the division of the territory of the Ottoman Empire and the ownership of the territories in the Arab zone. During these negotiations, it was decided to transfer the mandates for Syria (with Lebanon) to the France, and Palestine and Mesopotamia (Iraq) to Great Britain. The British in Iraq immediately faced strong opposition from both Sunnis and Shiites, resulting in an anti-English uprising in 1920. The author describes the causes, course and consequences of this uprising.

scholarly journals The Documentation of the World War I Armenian Massacres in the Proceedings of the Turkish Military Tribunal

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahakn N. Dadrian
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
World War ◽  
Military Tribunal ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Entire Nation ◽  
Armenian Population

The deportation of the majority of the Armenian population from the Ottoman Empire during World War I and the massacres that accompanied it are of commanding interest. The paucity of scholarly contributions in this area, however, has impeded the development of interest in the subject, thereby contributing to the nebulous state surrounding the conditions that led to the disappearance of an entire nation from its ancestral territories. Some maintain that this nebulousness is compounded by the intrusion of political calculation.1 At issue is whether or not the disaster was intentionally organized by the Ottoman authorities, and whether or not the scope of Armenian losses bore any relationship to that intention.

The Naim-Andonian Documents on the World War I Destruction of Ottoman Armenians: The Anatomy of a Genocide

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahakn N. Dadrian
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
World War ◽  
American Missionaries ◽  
The World ◽  
Armenian Population

The protracted Turko-Armenian conflict, marked by intermittent massacres, was violently resolved during World War I. By governmental decree the bulk of the Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire was uprooted from its ancestral territories and was committed to a process of deportation that became a process of destruction. The provinces in the interior of Turkey with heavy concentrations of Armenians were thus completely denuded of their indigenous population.Volumes have been produced regarding the instruments and dimensions of this destruction. The carnage was attested to by multitudes of Armenian survivors; by German, Swiss, and American missionaries; and by European and American consuls in the provinces and their ambassadors in Istanbul, the Ottoman capital. The testimony of Austrian and German officers of all ranks who fought in and directed that war alongside the Turks as political and military allies is even more striking.

scholarly journals In the Shadow of Empire: States in an Ottoman System

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 811-834
Author(s):  
Jonathan Endelman
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Eastern State ◽  
Strong State ◽  
Colonial Experience ◽  
Tanzimat Reforms

What is the origin of the Middle Eastern state? Although social scientists have traditionally emphasized the role of the European colonial experience, especially the British and French mandates following World War I, the late Ottoman era from the Edict of Gülhane in 1839 that inaugurated the Tanzimat reforms until World War I represents a period at least as critical to understanding origins of the state in the region. Certain Ottoman provinces known as Eyalet-i Mümtaze or exceptional/special provinces developed under the aegis of the Ottoman Empire that acquired many statelike attributes without becoming independent polities. Moreover, the nature of the Ottoman Imperial center changed to become more similar to that of a territorially delimited state as opposed to the classic multifaceted polity that had been the earlier norm. These developments resulted in a blurring of lines that had traditionally defined state and empire during the nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire. To illustrate this change, economic, administrative, and political examples are presented from Egypt and Turkey. This comparative analysis will identify ways the evolution of the two states was similar as well as critical differences such as the extent of foreign intervention and the role played by representative assemblies. The formation of imperial states within the empire as well as the transformation of the empire to become more statelike resulted in strong state institutions in places such as Egypt and Turkey that long preceded the main European colonial intervention in the region after World War I.

Emergency Legislation in Great Britain

1939 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1073-1080
Author(s):  
James W. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
Emergency Powers ◽  
The World ◽  
General Strike

In the light of the recent enactment of the Emergency Powers (Defense) Bill into law, the question of how Great Britain has dealt with national crises in the past is both timely and significant. The crises which will be touched upon here are (1) the World War, 1914–18; (2) the coal strikes of 1921; (3) the general strike of 1926; and (4) the new war of 1939. All of these situations led Parliament to give virtually unlimited powers to the crown for purposes of defense of the realm.

scholarly journals Particular qualities of press in Transjordan and Arabian Peninsula between World War I and World War II

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-140
Author(s):  
Alexey Kimovich Malakhovsky ◽  
Al-Imad Fakeer
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
World War I ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
World War ◽  
The Press ◽  
The World ◽  
British Colonial

The article analyzed particular qualities of press in Transjordan and Arabian Peninsula which was making its first steps during the period of transition from Ottoman influence to British colonial dependency marked by formation of modern territorial configuration for the states of the region. At present the region attracts particular attention of the world mass media. Authors underscore peculiarities of Hashemite Transjordan’s press, as well as of that of Saudi Arabia, of North Yemen monarchy and of South Yemen colonized by Great Britain. The authors conclude that the press of the region is decades behind the press of advanced Arab states.

German-Bashing and the Theory of Democratic Modernization

1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall Collins
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
German Society ◽  
Ethnic Violence ◽  
World War ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Single Transition ◽  
Modernization Process

AbstractGerman society is often considered non-democratic and militaristic because of failure to undergo its own modernizing revolution; as a late modernizer, it has been antagonistic to advanced Western Societies, and prone to anticivilizing impulses manifested in Nazism. The underlying theory reduces 4 dimensions of modernization to a single transition, allegedly typified by England, the US, and to lesser degree France. On 2 dimensions, bureaucratization and religious secularization (especially in eduction), Germany led the modernization process since the 18th century; on the 3rd, capitalist industrialization, long-term differences were relatively minor; on the 4th, democratization, Germany did not lag as much as Anglo-oriented theory claims, as we see by examining separately the expansion of parliamentary power and of the voting franchise in each country. England and France were also in many respects undemocratic and authoritarian societies until the turn of the 20th century. The image of Germany as an anti-modernist society came from geopolitical causes: the reversal of alliances leading to World War I; and war defeat which laid the basis for fascist seizure of power. Analytically, the roots of militaristic movements of extreme ethnic violence are found in all societies; whether such movements become dominant depends on conditions independent of the modernization process. Given future conditions of geopolitical crisis and ethnic struggle, fascist-like movements are possible in any society in the world.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document