scholarly journals Comparative Assessment of Antibacterial Efficacy of four popular hand sanitizers sold in Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M B Odebisi-Omokanye
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Resistant Organism ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Susceptible Organism ◽  
Broth Dilution

Despite the increase in popularity of hand sanitizers (HS) in Nigeria, there is a dearth of literature on the efficacies of these products. This study assessed the efficacies of four popular brands of HS in Nigeria against some clinically important bacterial pathogens. Using the well variant of the agar dilution method to determine antimicrobial susceptibility and the broth dilution method to determine minimum inhibitory concentration, the activities of the HS (HSF, HSM, HDT, and HSK) were evaluated against Staphyl ococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumonia . Each of the products displayed varying activities against the test organisms. HSM had the highest inhibitory effect against all the test organisms, while HSF was the least effective. S. aureus was the most susceptible organism, with the highest susceptibility to HSM (12.0 mm). P. aeruginosa was the most resistant organism, with the highest resistance to HSM (9.0 mm). Each of the HS was bacteriostatic against all of the test bacteria and none displayed bactericidal activity. HSM and HDT reduced the mean colonyforming unit (cfu) counts of bacteria on the hands of subjects by 72% and 62%, respectively. A onetailed t-test showed that HSM was more effective than HDT in this regard. None of the products could reduce bacterial counts by 99.9%, as the manufacturers claim. Such claims need to be verified to ensure that these products contain the correct quantities of active ingredients, and sellers need to store such products according to the manufacturers’ instructions.

Screening of antifungal and antimycotoxigenic activity of plant phenolic extracts

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. dos Santos Oliveira ◽  
E. Badiale Furlong
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Orange Peel ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Potato Peel ◽  
Fungal Development ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
Aflatoxin B

The antifungal and antimycotoxigenic activities of extracts from edible plants were tested by the agar dilution method using the growth diameter of Aspergillus flavus as response and the determination of aflatoxins B1 and B2 in the culture medium. On the 7th incubation day, the greatest fungal inhibitions were reached by the extracts from potato peel; rice and wheat; lemon peel and pulp; eggplant peel; orange peel and pulp; and apple pulp. After the 14-day incubation, the extracts from banana (30 µg phenol/ml agar), eggplant (30 µg phenol/ml agar), and potato (50 and 67 µg phenol/ml agar) pulp reduced the production of aflatoxin B1 by 3.2%/µg phenol/ml agar, 2.9%/µg phenol/ml agar, 1.8%/µg phenol/ml agar and 0.85%/µg phenol/ml agar, respectively, in relation to the control. The extracts from the other vegetables fully inhibited the synthesis of the mycotoxin. These results point to the studied plants and their residues as potential sources of phenolic compounds that may have an inhibitory effect on fungal development and the production of mycotoxins in food.

Antimicrobial activity of the extracts from fruits of Rumex L. species

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 1036-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Wegiera ◽  
Urszula Kosikowska ◽  
Anna Malm ◽  
Helena Smolarz
Keyword(s):  
Total Content ◽  
Trichophyton Mentagrophytes ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
Anthracene Derivatives ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal

AbstractThis study was designed primarily to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal activity of the extracts from fruits of six Rumex L. species: R. acetosa L., R. acetosella L., R. confertus Willd., R. crispus L., R. hydrolapathum Huds. and R. obtusifolius L. The 7 Grampositive and 7 Gram-negative bacteria strains and 5 fungal ones were tested by agar and broth dilution method. Determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) revealed that the extracts from R. confertus, R. crispus, R. hydrolapathum and R. obtusifolius exerted differential inhibitory effect on the growth of Gram-positive bacteria — staphylococci (MIC=62.5–125 µg/mL) and Gramnegative bacteria — Escherichia coli ATCC 3521, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC=125→500 µg/mL); MIC values determined by agar dilution method were somewhat higher. The same extracts inhibited also the growth of fungi — Candida spp. or Trichophyton mentagrophytes ATCC 9533 (MIC=250–500 µg/mL), as found by agar dilution method. The total content of polyphenols (11.66–78.36 mg/g), anthracene derivatives (0.26–12.93 mg/g) and tannins (4.00–11.16%) was also determined.

scholarly journals In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Tigecycline

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-38
Author(s):  
Sabita Bhatta ◽  
Babli Basu ◽  
Chandrasekhar Narharrao Chaudhary ◽  
Ashok Kumar Praharaj
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant

Introduction: Tigecycline is a novel glycylcycline  derivative of the tetracycline with activity against a wide range of  organisms including Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin  resistant  Enterococcus , Extended spectrum beta lactamase   producing  (Escherichia coli , Klebsiella  pneumonia)  and Acinetobacter species.  The aim of the study was to assess effectiveness of the drug against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE), ESBL producers and carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and to compare the efficacy of different methods of antimicrobial susceptibility testing for Tigecycline.Methods: A total of 250 clinical isolates were processed and identified by conventional methods. In all the 250 isolates, antimicrobial susceptibility was carried out by disc diffusion method , Minimum inhibitory test by agar dilution method (MIC) and in 30 isolates of A baumannii  MIC was also done by E test.Results: Out of 250 isolates, 236 isolates were sensitive to tigecycline by agar dilution method while only 159 were sensitive by disk diffusion method.Conclusion: Marked discordance was observed between the results of two different methods (DDT & Agar dilution method) for E coli, Klebsiella spp and A baumannii, where significant number of isolates were resistant to tigecycline by DDT as compared to AD method. But results of MIC by agar dilution method & E test were in concordance for A. baumannii.

scholarly journals Effects of selected Taiwanese endemic plants on anti-lipid peroxidation and antibacterial activities against clinically isolated extended-spectrum-β-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Po-Wei Tsai ◽  
Pei-Chin Lin ◽  
Ling-Ling Yang ◽  
Ming Shun Wu
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Kidney Mitochondria ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Agar Dilution

Abstract It has been a challenge for many clinicians to treat a complicated extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Klebsiella Pneumoniae (Kp) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) infection due to widespread antibiotic abuse with renal damage as one of its common side effects. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the antibacterial activity of extracts from several Taiwanese folk medicinal plants against ESBL- Kp and E. coli. with renal protecting ability against lipid peroxidation (LPO) on mice kidney mitochondria. Preliminary antibacterial activities of ethanol extracts from twenty (20) Taiwanese folk medicinal plants were measured by agar-dilution method against standard ESBL strains of E. coli (ATCC 25922, ATCC 35218) and Kp (ATCC 23856, ATCC 700603). Rhus semialata var. roxburghiana DC. (RSR) exerted the most inhibitory effect and then further extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, and water, respectively. Each extract also evaluated against the four standard ATCC microorganisms. Their MIC50, MIC90, and time kill assay were adapted with detecting the maximum inhibitory activities and the antibacterial spectrum range of each extract was measured against twenty-four (24) kinds of microbes. Which were used including gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and fungus by agar dilution method. Finally, renal protective ability was detected inhibitory effect of ferrous induced lipid peroxidation on mice mitochondria. Among 20 Taiwanese folk medicinal plants tested, Rhus semialata var. roxburghiana DC. (RSR) exhibited maximum inhibition against clinical ESBL-producing Kp and E. coli strains with acetone extracts showing MIC50/MIC90 values at 1000 µg/mL, the course of antimicrobial action was bacteriostatic and with inhibitions to all 24 kinds of microbial including Gram positive and negative bacteria and fungi. Furthermore, result of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay from this extract showed high lipid peroxidative (LPO) protective capability on mice kidney mitochondria (IC50: 29.29 ± 0.35µg/mL). RSR acetone extract, with its maximum activity against clinical isolated ESBL-producing Kp and E. coli, antimicrobial effect against other wide spectral range bacteria and relatively high LPO protective ability on mice kidney mitochondria, is a potential source, albeit further studies have yet to be conducted, to develop an antimicrobial drug against ESBL-Kp and E. coli.

scholarly journals Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Ophiurasaponin Extracted fromOphiopholis mirabilis

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongzhen Wang ◽  
Xiaoyu Xue ◽  
Jingrong Zhen ◽  
Chenghua Guo
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Column Chromatography ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Macroporous Resin ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
Antioxidant And Antimicrobial Activity

The aim of this study was to analyze antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of ophiurasaponin extracted fromOphiopholis mirabilis(overall). Ophiurasaponin was extracted with solvent extraction and purified through AB-8 macroporous resin, silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 gel column chromatography, and C18 ODS column chromatography. The antioxidant activity of ophiurasaponin was detected by the chemiluminescence assay. The paper filtering method and the modified agar dilution method were used to determine antimicrobial activity. The results showed that the content of crude ophiurasaponin and the refined ophiurasaponin was 46.75% and 96.72%, respectively. The values of the IC50of hydroxyl-radicals, superoxide anions, and peroxide were 25.54 mg/mL, 9.98 mg/mL, and 1.37 mg/mL, respectively. The refined ophiurasaponin had a good inhibitory effect onEscherichia coli,Bacillus subtilis,Staphylococcus aureus,Aerobacter aerogenes,andProteusbacillus vulgaris, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 0.0443 mg/mL. In conclusion, ophiurasaponin fromOphiopholis mirabilishad obvious antioxidant activities and antimicrobial activities which could provide the theoretical basis for further research and development of antioxidant and antimicrobial marine drugs.

scholarly journals Modified agar dilution susceptibility testing method for determining in vitro activities of antifungal agents, including azole compounds.

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1349-1351 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Yoshida ◽  
K Jono ◽  
K Okonogi
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
National Committee ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
Weak Growth ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Broth Dilution

In vitro activities of antifungal agents, including azole compounds, against yeasts were easily determined by using RPMI-1640 agar medium and by incubating the plates in the presence of 20% CO2. The end point of inhibition was clear by this method, even in the case of azole compounds, because of the almost complete inhibition of yeast growth at high concentrations which permitted weak growth of some Candida strains by traditional methods. MICs obtained by the agar dilution method were similar to those obtained by the broth dilution method proposed by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Some Components of the Essential Oils of Plants Used in the Traditional Medicine of the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, Puebla, México

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
Sebastián Candelaria-Dueñas ◽  
Rocío Serrano-Parrales ◽  
Marisol Ávila-Romero ◽  
Samuel Meraz-Martínez ◽  
Julieta Orozco-Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Qualitative Evaluation ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Diffusion Technique ◽  
Agar Dilution

In Tehuacán-Cuicatlán valley (Mexico), studies have been carried out on the essential oils of medicinal plants with antimicrobial activity and it was found that they present compounds in common such as: α-pinene, β-pinene, carvacrol, eugenol, limonene, myrcene, ocimene, cineole, methyl salicylate, farnesene, and thymol. The goal of this study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of essential oils’ compounds. The qualitative evaluation was carried out by the Kirby Baüer agar diffusion technique in Gram-positive bacteria (11 strains), Gram-negative bacteria (18 strains), and yeasts (8 strains). For the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), the agar dilution method was used. All the evaluated compounds presented antimicrobial activity. The compounds eugenol and carvacrol showed the largest inhibition zones. Regarding yeasts, the compounds ocimene, cineole, and farnesene did not show any activity. The compounds eugenol, carvacrol, and thymol presented the lowest MIC; bactericidal effect was observed at MIC level for S. aureus 75MR, E. coli 128 MR, and C albicans CUSI, for different compounds, eugenol, carvacrol, and thymol. Finally, this study shows that the essential oils of plants used by the population of Tehuacán-Cuicatlán valley share compounds and some of them have antibacterial and fungicidal activity.

scholarly journals Antibiotic sensitivities of Neisseria meningitidis isolates from patients and carriers in Greece

1992 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Tzanakaki ◽  
C. C. Blackwell ◽  
J. Kremastinou ◽  
C. Kallergi ◽  
G. Kouppari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neisseria Meningitidis ◽  
School Children ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
Of Greece

SUMMARYUsage of antibiotics in southern Europe is less well regulated than in northern countries. The proportion (48%) of meningococci in Spain insensitive to penicillin (MIC ≥ 0·1 mg/l) prompted this investigation of antibiotic sensitivities of isolates from Greek patients with meningitis (31) and carriers (47 school-children and 472 recruits). The agar dilution method was used to determine MIC to penicillin G (PN), sulphamethoxazole (SU), rifampicin (RF), cefaclor (CF) and ciprofloxacin (CP).The proportion of isolates insensitive to PN was 48% for isolates from patients, 19% from school-children and 36·6% from recruits. Resistance to SU (MIC ≥ 16 mg/l) was found in 16% of those from patients, 10·6% from children and 40% from recruits. None of the isolates from patients was resistant to RF (≥ 1 mg/l) but 6% of those from carriers were. Resistance to CF (≥ 4 mg/l) was found in 9·2% of patient isolates, 6·4% from children and 23·7% from recruits. All isolates except one were sensitive to CP (MIC range < 0·0015–0·125 mg/l).Resistances to PN, SU and RF were analysed by serogroup, serotype and subtype of the bacteria. The proportion of resistant isolates showed some variation between different areas of Greece, but it was not statistically significant.

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