Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Some Components of the Essential Oils of Plants Used in the Traditional Medicine of the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, Puebla, México

In Tehuacán-Cuicatlán valley (Mexico), studies have been carried out on the essential oils of medicinal plants with antimicrobial activity and it was found that they present compounds in common such as: α-pinene, β-pinene, carvacrol, eugenol, limonene, myrcene, ocimene, cineole, methyl salicylate, farnesene, and thymol. The goal of this study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of essential oils’ compounds. The qualitative evaluation was carried out by the Kirby Baüer agar diffusion technique in Gram-positive bacteria (11 strains), Gram-negative bacteria (18 strains), and yeasts (8 strains). For the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), the agar dilution method was used. All the evaluated compounds presented antimicrobial activity. The compounds eugenol and carvacrol showed the largest inhibition zones. Regarding yeasts, the compounds ocimene, cineole, and farnesene did not show any activity. The compounds eugenol, carvacrol, and thymol presented the lowest MIC; bactericidal effect was observed at MIC level for S. aureus 75MR, E. coli 128 MR, and C albicans CUSI, for different compounds, eugenol, carvacrol, and thymol. Finally, this study shows that the essential oils of plants used by the population of Tehuacán-Cuicatlán valley share compounds and some of them have antibacterial and fungicidal activity.

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Antimicrobial activity of honeys from two stingless honeybee species and Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) against pathogenic microorganisms

Acta Amazonica ◽

10.1590/s0044-59672014000200015 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

pp. 287-290 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Carolinie Batista Nobre da Cruz ◽

Fabio Alessandro Pieri ◽

Gislene Almeida Carvalho-Zilse ◽

Patrícia Puccinelli Orlandi ◽

Carlos Gustavo Nunes-Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Apis Mellifera ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Therapeutic Approaches ◽

E Coli ◽

Agar Dilution ◽

Amazonas State

Honeys are described possessing different properties including antimicrobial. Many studies have presented this activity of honeys produced by Apis mellifera bees, however studies including activities of stingless bees honeys are scarce. The aim of this study was to compare the antimicrobial activity of honeys collected in the Amazonas State from Melipona compressipes, Melipona seminigra and Apis mellifera against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Chromobacterium violaceum, and Candida albicans. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined using the agar dilution method with Müller-Hinton agar (for bacteria) or Saboraud agar (for yeast). Staphylococcus aureus and E. faecalis were inhibited by all honeys at concentrations below 12%, while E. coli and C. violaceum were inhibited by stingless bee honeys at concentrations between 10 and 20%. A. mellifera honey inhibited E. coli at a concentration of 7% and Candida violaceum at 0.7%. C. albicans were inhibited only with honey concentrations between 30 and 40%. All examined honey had antimicrobial activity against the tested pathogens, thus serving as potential antimicrobial agents for several therapeutic approaches.

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ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF METHANOL EXTRACT FROM STEM BARK OF Cinnamomum sintoc

Jurnal Natural ◽

10.24815/jn.v0i0.8049 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 77

Author(s):

Nurdin Saidi ◽

Hira Helwati ◽

Lailatul Qhadariah Lubis ◽

Muhammad Bahi

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

E Coli ◽

Paper Disk ◽

Agar Dilution

Antimicrobial activity of methanol extract from stem bark of Cinnamomum sintoc has been evaluated against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The extraction of compound was carried out by maceration, then isolation by column chromatograph, which yielded five (5) subfractions (A-E). Activity against fungus C. albicans, S. aureus bacteria dan E. coli using agar dilution method in paper disk. Methanol extract was not potent against antifungal activity but shows antibacterial activity with medium category. Subfraction C showed that antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli with weak category, but subfractions D and E did not show any activity.

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Antibacterial activity of rosemary, caraway and fennel essential oils

Herba Polonica ◽

10.1515/hepo-2015-0029 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 61 (4) ◽

pp. 31-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Paweł Kwiatkowski ◽

Stefania Giedrys-Kalemba ◽

Małgorzata Mizielińska ◽

Artur Bartkowiak

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Future Research ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

E Coli ◽

Natural Medicine ◽

Agar Dilution ◽

Alternative Remedies

SummaryIntroduction:Recently, interest in essential oils used in natural medicine, has been increasing. Essential oils are still being tested for their potential uses as an alternative remedies for the treatment of many infectious diseases.Objective:The aim of the study was to evaluate antibacterial properties of commercial essential oils (rosemary, caraway and fennel) to reduce the number ofStaphylococcus aureusandEscherichia coli.Methods:The antibacterial activity of essential oils was investigated by agar dilution method.Results:The result of experiments showed that essential oils contained in microbiological media significantly reduced the number ofS. aureusandE. colicells. The best antibacterial properties possessed caraway oil: 1 mg/g forS. aureusand 10 mg/g forE. coli,weaker rosemary (5 mg/g) and fennel (20 mg/g) oils.Conclusion:Results confirmed the inhibiting effect of commercial essential oils onS. aureusandE. coliand provide a scientific ground for future research.

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Essential oils as potential anti-staphylococcal agents

Acta veterinaria ◽

10.2478/acve-2018-0008 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 68 (1) ◽

pp. 95-107 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Szweda Piotr ◽

Zalewska Magdalena ◽

Pilch Joanna ◽

Kot Barbara ◽

Milewski Sławomir

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Bactericidal Effect ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Kinetic Assay ◽

Cinnamon Oil ◽

Microtiter Plates ◽

Cure Rates ◽

Time Kill

Abstract Antibiotic therapy of staphylococcal mastitis is characterized by significantly lower cure rates compared to infections caused by other microorganisms. Thus, it is necessary to search for new, alternative, non-antibiotic agents that are effective in the eradication of these bacteria. The aim of our research was to investigate the antimicrobial, especially anti-staphylococcal potential of a large collection (n=36) of essential oils (EOs). Investigation of the antimicrobial activity of tested oils was determined by using a serial, twofold dilution method in 96-wells microtiter plates under conditions recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The preliminary analysis revealed that six oils, namely: Manuka, Thyme, Geranium, Cedar, Cinnamon (from bark) and Patchouli exhibited the highest activity against reference strains of bacteria. Significant anti-staphylococcal potential of these oils has been also confirmed for a group of 18 Staphylococcus aureus, 8 Staphylococcus epidermidis and 5 Staphylococcus xylosus strains isolated from cases of bovine mastitis. Especially high activity was observed for Cedar, Patchouli, Thyme and Manuka oils. The MIC (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration) values for Patchouli oil were in the concentrations range of 0.01 to 0.313% (v/v). The three other oils inhibited the growth of staphylococci isolated from mastitis in the concentrations range of 0.01 to 0.625% (v/v). Oils isolated from Cinnamomum cassia and Pelargonium graveolens revealed a bit lower, but still satisfactory activity (MIC values in the concentrations range of 0.02 to 1.25% (v/v) and from 0.078 to 1.25% (v/v), respectively). In many cases a slightly higher concentration of oils was required to obtain the bactericidal effect in comparison to growth inhibition. The time – kill kinetic assay revealed that the bactericidal effect was achieved after two hours incubation of the reference strain S. aureus PCM 2051 cells with Thyme oil at concentration equal to 2xMIC (1.25% (v/v)) or MIC (0.625% (v/v)). A slightly lower activity was observed in the case of Cinnamon oil, the bactericidal effect was achieved after 8 hours of incubation. The results of our research clearly indicate that some essential oils exhibit a promising antimicrobial activity and can be considered as alternative antistaphylococcal agents.

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Characterization of Clinical Isolates ofEnterococciwith Special Reference to Glycopeptide Susceptibility at a Tertiary Care Center of Eastern Nepal

International Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2019/7936156 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Aasish Karna ◽

Ratna Baral ◽

Basudha Khanal

Keyword(s):

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Disc Diffusion ◽

Diffusion Technique ◽

Agar Dilution

Background. Enterococci, once considered as a harmless commensal of intestine, have now emerged as medically important pathogens and are associated with both community-acquired and nosocomial infections. They bear the potential to exhibit resistance against all commonly used antibiotics either by inherent or acquired mechanism, posing a therapeutic challenge.Objectives. This study aimed to characterize enterococci up to the species level and study their antibiogram with special regard to vancomycin.Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal, from February to May 2017. A total of 91 enterococcal isolates recovered from clinical specimens were investigated in this study. Their identification and speciation were done according to standard microbiological guidelines. Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion technique was used to study antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, whereas minimum inhibitory concentration of vancomycin was determined by the agar dilution method, with reference to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines.Results. Seven different species of enterococci were isolated,E. faecalisandE. faeciumaccounting about 45% each. The other species encountered wereE.avium,E.cecorum,E.dispar,E.durans, andE.raffinosus. Highest proportion of antimicrobial susceptibility was recorded for linezolid (97.8%), followed by teicoplanin (95.6%) and high-level gentamicin (81.3%). Sensitivity to vancomycin was seen in 79.1% isolates. Likewise, 82.1% of urinary strains were susceptible to nitrofurantoin. A total of 4 disparities were observed between the disc diffusion technique and agar dilution method in determining vancomycin resistance. Multidrug resistance was observed in 31.9% isolates. The overall prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci based on the standard minimum inhibitory concentration method was 25.3%.Conclusions.Enterococcus faecalisandE. faeciumwere the predominant species in causing enterococcal infections. The alarming rise in prevalence of vancomycin and multidrug resistance strains warrants immediate, adequate, and efficient surveillance program to prevent and control its spread.

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Chemical Compositions and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oils of Piper abbreviatum, P. erecticaule and P. lanatum (Piperaceae)

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1400901235 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 1934578X1400901 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan Salleh ◽

Farediah Ahmad ◽

Khong Heng Yen

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Aerial Parts ◽

Ms Analysis ◽

Weak Activity

The study was designed to examine the chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of essential oils extracted from the aerial parts of three Piper species: Piper abbreviatum, P. erecticaule and P. lanatum, all from Malaysia. GC and GC/MS analysis showed qualitative and quantitative differences between these oils. GC and GC-MS analysis of P. abbreviatum, P. erecticaule and P. lanatum oils resulted in the identification of 33, 35 and 39 components, representing 70.5%, 63.4% and 78.2% of the components, respectively. The major components of P. abbreviatum oil were spathulenol (11.2%), ( E)-nerolidol (8.5%) and β-caryophyllene (7.8%), whereas P. erecticaule oil mainly contained β-caryophyllene (5.7%) and spathulenol (5.1%). Borneol (7.5%), β-caryophyllene (6.6%) and α-amorphene (5.6%) were the most abundant components in P. lanatum oil. Antimicrobial activity was carried out using disc diffusion and broth micro-dilution method against nine microorganisms. All of the essential oils displayed weak activity towards Gram-positive bacteria with MIC values in the range 250–500 μg/mL. P. erecticaule oil showed the best activity on Aspergillus niger (MIC 31.3 μg/mL), followed by P. lanatum oil (MIC 62.5 μg/mL). This study demonstrated that the essential oils have potential as antimicrobial agents and may be useful in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries.

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Resistansi Escherichia coli terhadap Kolistin dan Deteksi Gen Mobilized Colistin Resistance-1 pada Ayam Pedaging Akibat Pemberian Kolistin Sulfat

jurnal veteriner ◽

10.19087/jveteriner.2018.19.2.196 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 196

Author(s):

Maria Fatima Palupi ◽

Hera Maheshwari ◽

Huda Salahuddin Darusman ◽

Etih Sudarnika ◽

I Wayan Teguh Wibawan

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Salmonella Enteritidis ◽

Control Group ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

E Coli ◽

Agar Dilution ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Meat Samples ◽

Cooked Meat

Colistin sulphate is the ultimate antimicrobial choice for the treatment of multidrug resistance gram negative bacteria infections with in human. The purposes of this study were to detect the presence of colistin resistant E. coli and mcr-1 gene in broiler and to transfer the mcr-1 gene to Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076. A total of 54 one day old broilers were divided into three groups that consists of 18 chicks broiler per group and raised up to 40 days old. The first group was used as control. The first treatment group was given colistin sulphate 5 ìg/g feed for 40 days and broilers in second treatment group was given 80.000 IU/kg body weight for first three days. Swab cloaca samples were taken every 10 days from each broiler. At age 40 days all chickens were slaughtered and meat samples were collected. Samples of cloacal swabs, fresh and cooked meat were examined for the presence of colistin resistant E. coli and mcr-1 gene. Susceptibility to colistin sulfate was conducted by agar dilution method, and detection of mcr-1 gene was conducted using polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that no colistin resistant E. coli was detected in the control group. Colistin resistant E. coli (27.78%) and mcr-1 gene (20.00%) were detected in animals in the first treatment group, respectively. Whilst 11.11% colistin resistant E. coli and 5.56% were carriying mcr-1 gene in the second treatment group. Colistin resistant E. coli were found 5.56% from raw meat samples and 3.70% had mcr-1 gene. Transfer of mcr-1 gene from colistin resistant E. coli to Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076 was success. These results showed the necessity of limitation usage of colistin sulphate in food animal.

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Synthesis, antimicrobial and antioxidative activity of some new isatin derivatives

Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society ◽

10.2298/jsc140709084s ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 79 (11) ◽

pp. 1347-1354 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Gavrilo Sekularac ◽

Jasmina Nikolic ◽

Predrag Petrovic ◽

Branko Bugarski ◽

Boban Djurovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antioxidative Activity ◽

Primary Amines ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Spectroscopic Methods ◽

Significant Activity ◽

Agar Dilution ◽

Different Strains ◽

Isatin Derivatives

The isatin derivatives, Schiff bases, were synthesized by the reaction of isatin and various substituted primary amines and characterized by several spectroscopic methods. Investigation of the antimicrobial activity of the synthesized compounds was performed by the agar dilution method, against different strains of bacteria and one fungi. The antioxidative activity of the synthesized compounds was also determined. Some of the compounds have shown the significant activity against the selected strains of microorganisms and the antioxidative activity.

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Antifungal activity of essential oils on Aspergillus parasiticus isolated from peanuts

Journal of Plant Protection Research ◽

10.1515/jppr-2016-0021 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 56 (2) ◽

pp. 139-142 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Mina M. Yooussef ◽

Quyen Pham ◽

Premila N. Achar ◽

Marikunte Yanjarappa Sreenivasa

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Mycelial Growth ◽

Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Practical Application ◽

Cinnamon Oil ◽

Antifungal Effect ◽

Agar Dilution

AbstractAspergillus parasiticus is one of the most common fungi which contaminates peanuts by destroying peanut shells before they are harvested and the fungus produces aflatoxins. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activities of seventeen essential oils on the growth of the aflatoxigenic form of A. parasiticus in contaminated peanuts from commercial outlets in Georgia. The agar dilution method was used to test the antifungal activity of essential oils against this form of A. parasiticus at various concentrations: 500; 1,000; 1,500; 2,000; 2,500 ppm. Among the seventeen essential oils tested, the antifungal effect of cinnamon, lemongrass, clove and thyme resulted in complete inhibition of mycelial growth. Cinnamon oil inhibited mycelial growth at ≥ 1,000 ppm, lemongrass and clove oils at ≥ 1,500 ppm and thyme at 2,500 ppm. However, cedar wood, citronella, cumin and peppermint oils showed partial inhibition of mycelial growth. Eucalyptus oil, on the other hand, had less antifungal properties against growth of A. parasiticus, irrespective of its concentration. Our results indicate that the aflatoxigenic form of A. parasiticus is sensitive to selected essential oils, especially cinnamon. These findings clearly indicate that essential oils may find a practical application in controlling the growth of A. parasiticus in stored peanuts.

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Detection of Plasmid-Mediated Colistin Resistant mcr-1 Gene in Escherichia coli Isolated from Infected Chicken Livers in Nepal

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10112060 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 2060

Author(s):

Sayara Bista ◽

Upendra Thapa Shrestha ◽

Binod Dhungel ◽

Pragya Koirala ◽

Tulsi Ram Gompo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Human Pathogens ◽

Colistin Resistance ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

E Coli ◽

Agar Dilution

Background: Plasmid-mediated resistance to the colistin in poultry is considered as an emerging problem worldwide. While poultry constitutes the major industry in Nepal, there is a paucity of evidence on colistin resistance in Escherichia coli isolates causing natural infections in poultry. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene, mcr-1 in E. coli isolated from liver samples of dead poultry suspected of E. coli infections. Methods: A total of two hundred and seventy liver samples (227 broilers and 43 layers) from dead poultry suspected of colibacillosis were collected from post-mortem in the Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), Kathmandu, between 1 February and 31 July 2019. The specimens were processed to isolate and identify E. coli; an antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) using disk diffusion method was performed with 12 different antibiotics: Amikacin (30 µg), ampicillin (10 µg), ciprofloxacin (5 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg), cefoxitin (30 µg), ceftazidime (30 µg), ceftriaxone (30 µg), cotrimoxazole (25 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), imipenem (10 µg), levofloxacin (5 µg) and tetracycline (30 µg). Colistin resistance was determined by agar dilution method and colistin-resistant strains were further screened for plasmid-mediated mcr-1 gene, using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Out of 270 liver samples, 53.3% (144/270) showed growth of E. coli. The highest number (54%; 109/202) of E. coli isolates was obtained in the liver samples from poultry birds (of both types) aged less than forty days. In AST, 95.1% (137/144) and 82.6% (119/144) of E. coli isolates were resistant against tetracycline and ciprofloxacin, respectively, while 13.2% (19/144) and 25.7% (37/144) isolates were resistant to cefoxitin and imipenem, respectively. In the same assay, 76.4% (110/144) E. coli isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR). The phenotypic prevalence of colistin resistance was 28.5% (41/144). In the PCR assay, 43.9% (18/41) of colistin-resistant isolates were screened positive for plasmid-mediated mcr-1. Conclusion: The high prevalence of mcr-1 in colistin-resistant E. coli isolates in our study is a cause of concern for the probable coming emergence of colistin resistance in human pathogens, due to horizontal transfer of resistant genes from poultry to human isolates.

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