scholarly journals In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Tigecycline

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-38
Author(s):  
Sabita Bhatta ◽  
Babli Basu ◽  
Chandrasekhar Narharrao Chaudhary ◽  
Ashok Kumar Praharaj
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Agar Dilution ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant

Introduction: Tigecycline is a novel glycylcycline  derivative of the tetracycline with activity against a wide range of  organisms including Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin  resistant  Enterococcus , Extended spectrum beta lactamase   producing  (Escherichia coli , Klebsiella  pneumonia)  and Acinetobacter species.  The aim of the study was to assess effectiveness of the drug against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE), ESBL producers and carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and to compare the efficacy of different methods of antimicrobial susceptibility testing for Tigecycline.Methods: A total of 250 clinical isolates were processed and identified by conventional methods. In all the 250 isolates, antimicrobial susceptibility was carried out by disc diffusion method , Minimum inhibitory test by agar dilution method (MIC) and in 30 isolates of A baumannii  MIC was also done by E test.Results: Out of 250 isolates, 236 isolates were sensitive to tigecycline by agar dilution method while only 159 were sensitive by disk diffusion method.Conclusion: Marked discordance was observed between the results of two different methods (DDT & Agar dilution method) for E coli, Klebsiella spp and A baumannii, where significant number of isolates were resistant to tigecycline by DDT as compared to AD method. But results of MIC by agar dilution method & E test were in concordance for A. baumannii.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of community associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from faeces to antiseptics

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (04) ◽  
pp. 317-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezekiel Olugbenga Akinkunmi ◽  
Adebayo Lamikanra
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Property A ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Technique ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Agar Dilution

Introduction: The study aimed to investigate the resistance of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), an indicator used in hospitals but isolated from faecal samples of children in the community, to commonly used antibiotics and antiseptic agents. Methodology: S. aureus isolates were identified by phenotypic and genotypic techniques such as biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction. Antibiotic susceptibility was investigated using the disc diffusion technique while the agar dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antiseptics. Results: MRSA showed considerably higher resistance to other antibiotics than methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Twelve percent of the MSSA were susceptible to all the antibiotics studied while none of the MRSA had this property. A significant difference in susceptibility between MRSA and MSSA to the three antiseptic agents was observed as 68.8%, 75.0% and 100% of MRSA were less susceptible to benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine and cetrimide respectively, while 32.0%, 28.0% and 56.0% of MSSA respectively were less susceptible to these agents compared with S. aureus NCTC 6571. Overall, the MICs for the antiseptics were 2-3 times greater in the MRSA than in the MSSA (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Results show that the concentration of antiseptics used in the prevention of the transmission of infectious agents may have to be raised to cope with the possible presence of MRSA in patients coming into hospital.

scholarly journals The study of reduced susceptibility of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus to various antibiotics with special reference to glycopeptides in a tertiary care hospital in central India

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1426
Author(s):  
Swati S. Kale ◽  
Ashwini Patil
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Agar Dilution

Background: Staphylococcus aureus has emerged over the past several decades as a leading cause of hospital-associated and community acquired infections. Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), which are often resistant to several classes of antibiotics, is the most common cause of nosocomial infections and pose a great threat to the world. Vancomycin is regarded as the first-line drug for treatment of MRSA but resistance to this drug is being reported now a day.Methods: It was carried out for a period between January 2014 to June 2017 in the microbiology diagnostic laboratory. MRSA detection was performed by cefoxitin disk diffusion method. Screening for the vancomycin intermediate and the vancomycin resistant S. aureus (VISA and VRSA respectively) was carried out by using vancomycin screen. MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of vancomycin was tested by agar dilution method and E strip on all MRSA isolates.Results: A total of 287 S. aureus clinical isolates were included in the study. All MRSA were inoculated on vancomycin screen agar. Visible growth was present in 8 isolates. Five (3.73%) MRSA isolates with MIC of 4 were termed VISA (vancomycin intermediate S. aureus) by agar dilution method. Six isolates had the MIC of 4 and were termed as VISA.Conclusions: As disc diffusion method is not recommended by CLSI for S. aureus, vancomycin screen agar and MIC determination by either of the methods viz. agar dilution or E test can be used.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE IN- VITRO EVALUATION OF VANCOMYCIN MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATIONBY AGAR DILUTION AND E-STRIP IN METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-54
Author(s):  
Sheroze Ilyas ◽  
Tehmina Munir ◽  
Rabia Sadaf ◽  
Mehreen Gilani
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Military Hospital ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Medical College ◽  
National University ◽  
Agar Dilution

Objective: To compare the in-vitro efficacy by determining Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Vancomycinusing the reference Agar Dilution to the E-Strip in Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Study Design: Validation study. Place and Duration of Study: The department of Microbiology Army Medical College/National University ofMedical Sciences in collaboration with Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi, from Dec 2016 to Dec 2017. Methodology: Non-duplicate 84 isolates of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus from various clinical specimens were included in the study. All these isolates were screened for susceptibility to glycopeptide by E-strips method (Bio mérieux) as well as Agar Dilution method, using vancomycin concentrations of 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00, 4.00 and 8.00µgm/ml respectively in two fold serial dilutions. Results: There was an overall agreement on 83 samples by both the methods i.e. 83 were Vancomycin SensitiveStaphylococcus aureus by both methods while one isolate with intermediate resistance to Vancomycin was onlydetected by Agar Dilution. The sensitivity of the E–strips compared to Agar Dilution was found to be 100%. Thepositive predictive value was 98.8% with a diagnostic accuracy of 98.8%. Specificity and negative predictive valuecould not be ascertained for E-strips because of the limitation of the method to detect the Vancomycin Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Conclusion: E-strip can be a convenient alternative to the gold standard Agar Dilution but its inability to identifyVISA challenges its reliability in determining the Vancomycin resistance in MRSA isolates.

scholarly journals PREPARATION OF COLD CREAM AGAINST CLINICAL PATHOGEN USING CARALLUMA ADSCENDENS VAR. ATTENUATA

2020 ◽  
pp. 120-123
Author(s):  
SUNDAR MADASAMY ◽  
SURESH SUNDAN ◽  
LINGAKUMAR KRISHNASAMY
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Cold Cream ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant

Objective: A simple formulation of cold cream from methanolic extract Caralluma adscendens var. attenuata (MECA) and their antimicrobial activity was tested against various clinical pathogens, namely, Escherichia coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, and Candida albicans. Methods: Methanol extract of these plant extract was prepared by the Soxhlet method. We analyzed phytochemical nature of theses plant, and subsequently, a cream was formulated cold-cream C. adscendens var. attenuata (FCA) different concentration such as FCA 50 mg, FCA 100 mg, and FCA 200 mg. In the present study, aimed to the antimicrobial activity of cold cream was measured by agar well diffusion method, and standard antibiotic Neosporin (market available) cream was used as positive control and dummy cold cream (without-MECA) were used as the negative control. Results: Phytochemical screening showed that the plant extracts were found a rich source of secondary metabolites. For more, the efficacy of cold cream from MECA extracts to against the clinical pathogen. Positive control Neosporin and 200 mg FCA cream was a highly significant difference in the zone of inhibition when compared to dummy cream. The 200 mg FCA was activity against Escherichia coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant E. faecium, and C. albicans highly significantly difference (p<0.05) compared FCA 50 mg and FAC 100 mg creams. Conclusion: The results from this study suggested that the cold cream form base of MECA crude had antimicrobial activity in the different clinical pathogen. They could be used as an alternative source to conventional antimicrobial agents for the treatment of pathological infection.

scholarly journals Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (mrsa) as a Cause of Nosocomial Wound Infections

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maida Šiširak ◽  
Amra Zvizdić ◽  
Mirsada Hukić
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Wound Infections ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Mrsa Infection

Postoperative wound infections represent about 16% of hospital-acquired infections. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of nosocomial wound infections. Increased frequency of Methicillin-re- sistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hospitalized patients and possibility of vancomycin resistance requires permanent control of MRSA spread in the hospital.The purpose of this study was to analyse the frequency of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the swabs taken from the surgical wounds, the presence of MRSA infection in surgical departments and to examine antimicrobial susceptibility of MRSA isolates.Wound swabs were examined from January 2006 to December 2008. The isolates were identified by conventional methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion method as per NCCLS guidelines.A total of 5755 wound swabs were examined: 938 (16,3%) swabs were sterile and 4817 (83,7%) were positive. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 1050 (22,0%) swabs and it was the most common cause of wound infections. MRSA was isolated from 12,4% samples in 2006, from 6,7% samples in 2007 and from 3,7% samples during 2008. Wound infections caused by MRSA dominated in the department of plastic surgery (24,4%) and in the department of orthopaedic surgery (24,1%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that 73% of MRSA isolates were with the same antibiotic sensitivity pattern (antibiotyp)- sensitive only to vancomycin, tetracycline, fucid acid and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxasole.Our results show decreasing of MRSA infection in the surgical wards. These results appear to be maintained with strategies for preventing nosocomial infection: permanent education, strong application of protocols and urging the implementation of strict infection control policy.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Detection of Genes for Antimicrobial Resistance of Mycoplasma bovis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Aksoy
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Mycoplasma Bovis ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Agar Dilution

Background: Mycoplasma bovis (Gram-positive bacteria) belongs the class Mollicutes and to the family Mycoplasmataceae (Maunsell and Donovan, 2009). It is a cell wall-less bacterium and are instead enveloped by a complex plasma membrane. In cattle, M. bovis is widely known causes various diseases, such respiratory disease, mastitis, arthritis and otitis.Methods: The present study was aimed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility and identify the genes for antimicrobial resistance of Mycoplasma bovis PG45, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. M. bovis PG45, S. aureus and E.coli were subjected to test for their sensitivity to various clinically important antibiotics (Cefotaxime, Cefuroxime, Cefaclor Cefalexin, Ofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Nalidixic acid, Amikacin, Ampicillin, Oxacilin, Amoxyclav, Rifampicin, Penicillin G and Tylosin). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each antimicrobial agent was determined by applying an agar dilution method. Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify specific DNA fragments and thus to determine the presence or absence of a target gene (VspA, tet k and tetA). Result: Showed the MIC values and the presence of VspA, tetK and tetA in M. bovis PG45, S. aureus and E. coli respectively.

scholarly journals Growing Resistance to Vancomycin among Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates from Different Clinical Samples

2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (196) ◽  
pp. 977-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prakash Chandra Pahadi ◽  
Upendra Thapa Shrestha ◽  
Nabaraj Adhikari ◽  
Pradeep Kumar Shah ◽  
Ritu Amatya
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

Introduction: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), majorly associated with nosocomial and community infections worldwide, are emerging as resistant strains to many antibiotics narrowing down the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy. In order to investigate the changing resistant pattern of MRSA to empirical drugs, the study was carried out at KIST Medical College and Hospital, Nepal. It also aims to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of vancomycin among MRSA. Methods: Altogether 3500 clinical samples including 1303 blood, 1489 urine and 708 body fluids were collected and processed. Isolated S. aureus were further screened for methicillin resistance by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique using cefoxitin (30μg) disk. All MRSA were subjected to in vitro determination of MIC of vancomycin by agar dilution method as recommended by CLSI guidelines. Results: Total 287 S. aureus were isolated from the different clinical samples. Altogether 248 (86.41%) were found to be multidrug resistance (MDR) while 42 (14.63%) of the isolates were methicillin resistance with the highest prevalence in the age group of 16-30. All 42 (100%) MRSA isolates were resistant to ampicillin and penicillin followed by 41 (97.62%), 32 (76.19%), 31(73.81%), 29 (69.05%), 9 (21.43%) and seven (16.67%) to cefotaxime, gentamycin, cotrimoxazole, erythromycin, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin respectively. Although all MRSA strains were sensitive to vancomycin on disc diffusion, four isolates were intermediates in vitro determination of MIC of vancomycin. The break point for vancomycin was found to be 15mm. Conclusions: The increment in vancomycin MIC among MRSA is alarming. Strict control measures to prevent MRSA spread and a routine surveillance for VRSA must be incorporated in hospitals.  Keywords: mdr; mrsa; mic; visa; vrsa.

scholarly journals Incidence of Vancomycin Resistant Phenotype of the Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Lahore

Antibiotics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aqib Saeed ◽  
Fatima Ahsan ◽  
Muhammad Nawaz ◽  
Khadeja Iqbal ◽  
Kashif Rehman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Vancomycin Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)-associated infections are one of the major threats to public health. The aim of the present study was to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern as well as the genetic characterization of methicillin and vancomycin resistant S. aureus (VRSA) isolated from a tertiary care hospital in Lahore. The S. aureus isolates were isolated from different clinical samples, identified by biochemical testing, and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing via the disc diffusion method or broth microdilution method. The methicillin resistance gene (mecA) and vancomycin resistance gene (vanA) were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. The S. aureus isolates showed high incidences of resistance against methicillin (76%) and moderate incidences of resistance to vancomycin (14%). Isolates were also resistant to several other drugs, such as cefoxitin (76%), ertapenem (83%), ampicillin (81%), tobramycin (78%), moxifloxacin (76%), and tetracycline (74%). An encouraging finding was that 98% of isolates were susceptible to tigecycline, indicating its possible role in the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and VRSA, as well as the multi-drug resistant S. aureus. The mecA gene was detected in 33.3% of tested isolates (10/30), while the vanA gene was also detected in 30% (9/30) of the tested isolates. In conclusion, the frequent presence of methicillin and vancomycin resistance in S. aureus appraises the cautious use of these antibiotics in clinical practices. Furthermore, it is suggested that there should be continuous monitoring of tigecycline treatments in clinical setups in order to delay the development of resistance against it.

scholarly journals In Vitro Activities of Ceftobiprole, Tigecycline, Daptomycin, and 19 Other Antimicrobials against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains from a National Survey of Belgian Hospitals

2006 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 2680-2685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Denis ◽  
Ariane Deplano ◽  
Claire Nonhoff ◽  
Marie Hallin ◽  
Raf De Ryck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Agar Dilution Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Excellent Activity ◽  
Agar Dilution

ABSTRACT The in vitro activities of 22 antimicrobial agents, including ceftobiprole, daptomycin, and tigecycline, against 511 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from 112 Belgian hospitals were studied by using the CLSI agar dilution method. Isolates were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis and by PCR detection of determinants of resistance to aminoglycosides, macrolides-lincosamides-streptogramins, and tetracyclines. A representative set of isolates with different PFGE genotypes was further characterized by multilocus sequence typing, determination of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type, and multiplex PCR for toxic shock syndrome type 1 (TSST-1) and Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes. MRSA isolates belonged to nine epidemic MRSA clones, of which sequence type 45 (ST45)-SCCmec IV and ST8-SCCmec IV were predominant, accounting for 49 and 20% of isolates, respectively. The distribution of antimicrobial resistance and TSST-1 genes was strongly linked to clonal types. Ceftobiprole, daptomycin, and tigecycline showed high activity against all isolates of these sporadic and epidemic MRSA clones, as indicated by MIC90s of 2 mg/liter, 0.5 mg/liter, and 0.25 mg/liter, respectively. The MIC distribution of daptomycin and tigecycline was not different in isolates with decreased susceptibility to glycopeptides or tetracyclines, respectively. Ceftobiprole MICs were not correlated with oxacillin and cefoxitin MICs. These data indicate excellent activity of the newly developed agents ceftobiprole, daptomycin, and tigecycline against MRSA isolates recently recovered from hospitalized patients in Belgium, supporting their therapeutic potential for nosocomial MRSA infections.

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