Analysis of spatial patterns of trends in the frequency and  intensity of Indian precipitation

bl ‘’kks/k Ik= esa lewps Hkkjr ds 129 ekSle dsanzksa ds fy, 1910 ls 2000 rd dh le;kof/k ds nSfud o"kkZ ds fjdkM+ksaZ dks ,df=r fd;k x;k gS A blds ckn fofHkUu ekSle foKkfud mi[kaM+ksa ds fy, ek/; okf"kZd o"kkZ ds ekuksa ds vuqlkj bu dsanzksa dks ukS fHkUu&fHkUu {ks=ksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS A izR;sd {ks= ds fy, gj ik¡p izfr’kr ds varjky ij dqy o"kkZ vkSj o"kkZ dh ckjackjrk dk foLr`r fo’ys"k.k fd;k gS A bu ifj.kkeksa ls lkekU;r% Hkkjr ds yxHkx lHkh Hkkxksa esa o"kkZ dh deh dk irk pyk gS tcfd dsoy mRrj if’peh Hkkxksa esa o"kkZ esa o`f) ns[kh xbZ gS A o"kkZ ds izfr lSadM+k oxZ varjkyksa ds vuqlkj fd, x, gekjs fo’ys"k.k ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd fo’ks"k :Ik ls ns’k ds vk/ks Hkkx if’peh {ks= esa vfro`f"V dh ?kVuk,¡ ckj&ckj gksrh gSa A Hkkjrh; o"kkZ ds LFkkfud vk;keksa ij izdk’k Mkyus okys gkmxVu bR;kfn (2001) ds vkbZ- ih- lh- lh- ds oSKkfud ewY;kadu vkSj vU; v/;;uksa ds lkFk gekjs ifj.kke O;kid :Ik ls esy [kkrs gSa A We assembled daily precipitation records for 129 weather stations spread all over India for the time period 1910 to 2000. Next we classified these stations into nine different regions according to the mean annual precipitation values for the different India meteorological sub-divisions. We conducted detailed analysis of total precipitation and the frequency of precipitation for each five-percentile interval for every region. In general, our results show a decrease in precipitation throughout much of India with only the northwest showing an increase. Our analyses by precipitation percentile class intervals show that the most extreme events have become more frequent, particularly in the western half of the country. Our results are broadly consistent with the IPCC Scientific Assessment by Houghton et al. (2001) and other studies focusing on the spatial dimensions of Indian precipitation over time.

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Disaggregative Invariance of Daily Precipitation

Journal of Applied Meteorology ◽

10.1175/1520-0450-36.6.721 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 36 (6) ◽

pp. 721-734 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Roman Krzysztofowicz ◽

Thomas A. Pomroy

Keyword(s):

Empirical Evidence ◽

Diurnal Cycle ◽

Daily Precipitation ◽

Precipitation Amount ◽

Total Precipitation ◽

Stochastic Independence ◽

Precipitation Forecasting ◽

Precipitation Timing ◽

Temporal Disaggregation ◽

Precipitation Records

Abstract Disaggregative invariance refers to stochastic independence between the total precipitation amount and its temporal disaggregation. This property is investigated herein for areal average and point precipitation amounts accumulated over a 24-h period and disaggregated into four 6-h subperiods. Statistical analyses of precipitation records from 1948 to 1993 offer convincing empirical evidence against the disaggregative invariance and in favor of the conditional disaggregative invariance, which arises when the total amount and its temporal disaggregation are conditioned on the timing of precipitation within the diurnal cycle. The property of conditional disaggregative invariance allows the modeler or the forecaster to decompose the problem of quantitative precipitation forecasting into three tasks: (i) forecasting the precipitation timing; (ii) forecasting the total amount, conditional on timing; and (iii) forecasting the temporal disaggregation, conditional on timing. Tasks (ii) and (iii) can be performed independently of one another, and this offers a formidable advantage for applications.

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Gender and Regional Differences in In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) in the United States: Results from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) 1993-2003.

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v108.11.461.461 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 108 (11) ◽

pp. 461-461

Author(s):

Carlton Haywood ◽

Sophie Lanzkron

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Hospital Mortality ◽

Hospital Death ◽

Age At Death ◽

Patient Age ◽

Time Period ◽

Patient Âgé ◽

The Mean ◽

Over Time ◽

Age Of Death

Abstract Background: The purpose of this study was to use the NIS to describe hospital utilization and in-hospital mortality among adults with SCA in the US between 1993-2003. Methods: The NIS is designed to approximate a 20% stratified sample of U.S. community hospitals. We restricted our analyses to discharge records with ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes 28261 or 28262 (SCA without/with crisis), and where the age was listed as 18 or older. Analyses were conducted using tests of linear combinations of coefficients, χ2, and linear and logistic regression. Results: There were an estimated 705,080 hospitalizations over the time period (mean of 64,098 hospitalizations/year). 54% of all hospitalizations were for females. 50% of the hospitalizations were expected to be paid for by Medicaid. The mean patient age over the time period was 31.3 yrs. The mean patient age increased from 30.3 in 1993 to 32.1 in 2003 (p < 0.001). Mean age over time increased even after adjusting for the gender makeup and hospital region (β=0.162, p < 0.001). There were no gender differences in the median age (30) of patients. Mean length of stay (LOS) was 6.5 days for the time period. LOS decreased from 7.5 days in 1993 to 6.4 days in 2003 (p=0.001). Adult women experienced longer LOS than adult men (6.8 days vs. 6.3 days, p <0.001). This difference remained significant even after controlling for age, time, insurance status, and hospital region (β = 0.49, p<0.001). Mean charges/discharge increased from $16,799 in 1993 to $22,281 in 2003, even after adjusting for inflation (p < 0.001). There were an estimated 4497 in-hospital deaths during the time period (0.64% of hospitalizations). The median age at death was 38. The median age at death increased from 35 in 1993 to 42 in 2003 (p = 0.0061). This was due to an increase in age of death (39) for women (p=0.0052). In men the median age of death (37) did not change over time(p=0.4352). In bivariate analyses of median age at death, women were older than men (39 vs. 37 p=0.0056). A simple logistic regression of deaths over time found no significant trends in the odds of an in-hospital death over the time period. In a multivariate model of death over time patients in the South and the West experienced higher odds of an in-hospital death than patients in the Northeast and Midwest. Conclusions: Our analysis shows that women with SCA have longer in-hospital LOS than men, and are older in age at death than men. While the median age at death among persons hospitalized with SCA has been increasing since 1993, this increase is seen exclusively in women. There has been no change in longevity in men hospitalized with SCA over the time period studied.

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Transfusion Practice in the Intensive Care Unit: A Ten-Year Analysis.

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v114.22.2111.2111 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 114 (22) ◽

pp. 2111-2111

Author(s):

Giora Netzer ◽

Xinggang Liu ◽

Anthony Harris ◽

Bennett Edelman ◽

John Hess ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intensive Care Unit ◽

Intensive Care ◽

Single Unit ◽

Medical Center ◽

Transfusion Practice ◽

Transfusion Strategy ◽

Time Period ◽

The Mean ◽

Restrictive Transfusion Strategy ◽

Over Time

Abstract Abstract 2111 Poster Board II-88 Introduction: Since the 1990s, there has been increasing evidence to support a restrictive transfusion strategy in the intensive care unit. While prior studies have evaluated transfusion practice in the short term, the impact of the Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care (TRICC) recommendations and related guidelines over the course of a prolonged time period has not been evaluated. We describe and assess transfusion practice during the period 1997-2007 in a large, academic medical center medical intensive care unit (MICU). Patients and Methods: We conducted a single center, retrospective, observational study of 3533 patients with single admissions to the University of Maryland Medical Center MICU between 1997 and 2007. Patients with acute coronary syndromes, hemorrhage and hemoglobinopathies were excluded, as were patients less than 13 years of age. Baseline characteristics of transfused and non-transfused patients were compared. We described the mean MICU admission hemoglobin (Hgb) levels, percentages of patients transfused as a whole and by MICU admission Hgb strata, mean pre-transfusion Hgb levels in transfused patients and nadir Hgb in the non-transfused, proportion of patients transfused with pre-transfusion Hgb<7.0 g/dL, mean number of units transfused in patients receiving transfusion, and the proportion of single unit transfusion episodes over time. Changes over 9 intervals of time between 1997-2007 were assessed with linear or logistic regression. Results: MICU admission Hgb did not change in any important way over the study period (-0.022 g/dL per interval, 95% CI -0.0051–0.007, p=0.13). The proportion of transfused patients decreased over time from 31.0% in 1997-1998 to 18.0% in 2006-2007 (p<0.001). The strongest and most consistent evidence of a steep decline in percentage of patients transfused was in the first half of the decade studied, among patients whose MICU admission Hgb levels were ≥7.0 g/dL and <10.0 g/dL. Among patients receiving transfusion, the mean pre-transfusion Hgb decreased over time from 7.9±1.3 to 7.3±1.3 g/dL (p<0.001). The nadir Hgb in non-transfused patients also decreased from a mean Hgb 11.2±2.2 g/dL in 1997-1999 to Hgb10.4±2.3 in 2006–2007 (p<0.001). The mean number of units transfused decreased during this time period from 4.3 to 3.0 units per patient transfused (p<0.001). The proportion of patients transfused at Hgb<7.0 g/dL increased by an absolute increment of 3.2% (95%CI: 2.1-4.3%) per interval (p<0.001), as did the proportion of single unit transfusions during the first transfusion episode with an absolute proportion of 1.4% per year (95% CI:0.2-2.6%, p=0.03) from 40.2% in 1997-1998 to 53.1% in 2006-2007. Conclusions: Between 1997 and 2007, important and sustained changes have occurred in MICU physician transfusion behavior, with overall reductions in the proportion of patients transfused, mean pre-transfusion Hgb level, and nadir Hgb level in patients who were not transfused. While physicians moved closer to the restrictive transfusion strategy reflected in guidelines and tested in a multi-center clinical trial, there may still be room for improvement. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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New precipitation and accumulation maps for Greenland

Journal of Glaciology ◽

10.3189/s0022143000042891 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 37 (125) ◽

pp. 140-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Atsumu Ohmura ◽

Niels Reeh

Keyword(s):

Ice Sheet ◽

Coastal Region ◽

Greenland Ice Sheet ◽

Annual Precipitation ◽

Mean Annual Precipitation ◽

Total Precipitation ◽

Annual Total Precipitation ◽

Annual Total ◽

The Mean ◽

Liquid Precipitation

Abstract Annual total precipitation and the annual accumulation on the Greenland ice sheet are evaluated and presented in two maps. The maps are based on accumulation measurements of 251 pits and cores obtained from the upper accumulation zone and precipitation measurements made at 35 meteorological stations in the coastal region. To construct the accumulation map, the annual precipitation was split into solid and liquid precipitation components. Annual total precipitation exceeding 2500mmw.e. occurs on the southeastern tip of Greenland, while the minimum precipitation is estimated to occur on the northeastern slope of the ice sheet. The mean annual precipitation for all of Greenland is 340 mm w.e. The largest annual accumulation of about 1500 mm w.e. is found on the glaciers in the southeastern corner of Greenland, while the smallest accumulation is found on the northeastern slope of the ice sheet west of Danmarkshavn. The mean accumulation on the Greenland ice sheet is estimated at 310mmw.e. The regional difference in accumulation is examined with respect to the 850hPa(mbar) level circulation. The present surface topography is found to play an important role in determining regional accumulation on the ice sheet.

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Trends and Spatial Variability in Dry Spells across the South-Central United States

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology ◽

10.1175/jamc-d-14-0319.1 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 54 (11) ◽

pp. 2261-2272 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Jill C. Trepanier ◽

Michael J. Roberts ◽

Barry D. Keim

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Daily Precipitation ◽

Southern United States ◽

Annual Average ◽

South Central ◽

Dry Spells ◽

Central United States ◽

Weather Stations ◽

Precipitation Records ◽

Consecutive Dry Days

AbstractAnnual average and maximum spells with no precipitation in the southern United States are analyzed. In this study, dry spells are defined as consecutive days with no measurable rainfall. The study area includes 70 weather stations in Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Tennessee. Interarrival times between daily precipitation records for each station provide the data for this analysis. All 70 stations were analyzed from 1950 to 2013. Six stations that each have data for more than 100 years were analyzed for the period from 1908 to 2013. Approximately 25% of stations in the region show significant negative trends through time, indicating that dry spells have become shorter through time at these locations. The strongest geographical indicator for the number of consecutive dry days across this region was longitude. Dry spells tend to have had longer durations at the westernmost stations because of natural climatological controls.

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Trends, Variability, and Seasonality of Maximum Annual Daily Precipitation in the Upper Vistula Basin, Poland

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos9080313 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 313 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Dariusz Młyński ◽

Marta Cebulska ◽

Andrzej Wałęga

Keyword(s):

Daily Precipitation ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Kendall Test ◽

Total Precipitation ◽

Predictability Index ◽

Precipitation Seasonality ◽

Significance Levels ◽

Seasonality Index ◽

Summer Half ◽

Weather Stations

The aim of this study was to detect trends in maximum annual daily precipitation in the Upper Vistula Basin. We analyzed data from 51 weather stations between 1971 and 2014. Then we used the Mann–Kendall test to detect monotonical trends of the precipitation for three significance levels: 1, 5, and 10%. Our analysis of weather conditions helped us describe the mechanism behind the formation of maximum annual daily precipitation. To analyze precipitation seasonality, we also used Colwell indices. Our study identified a significant trend of the highest daily precipitation for the assumed significance levels (0.01, 0.05, 0.1) for 22% of the investigated weather stations at different elevations. The significant trends found were positive and an increase in precipitation is expected. From 1971 to 2014, the maximum daily total precipitation most often occurred in the summer half-year, i.e., from May until September. These months included a total of 88% of days with the highest daily precipitation. The predictability index for the highest total precipitation within the area was high and exceeded 5%. It was markedly affected by the coefficient of constancy (C) and to a lesser degree by the seasonality index (M). Our analysis demonstrated a convergence of the Colwell indices and frequency of cyclonic situation and, therefore, confirmed their usability in the analysis of precipitation seasonality.

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Mass balance, runoff and surges of the Bering Glacier, Alaska

The Cryosphere Discussions ◽

10.5194/tcd-6-5095-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 6 (6) ◽

pp. 5095-5117

Author(s):

W. Tangborn

Keyword(s):

Daily Precipitation ◽

Ablation Rate ◽

Ice Volume ◽

Bering Glacier ◽

Glacier Surges ◽

The Mean ◽

Weather Stations ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Annual Balance ◽

Temperature Area

Abstract. The historical net, ablation and accumulation daily balances and runoff of the Bering Glacier, Alaska are determined for the 1951–2011 period with the PTAA (precipitation-temperature-area-altitude) model, using daily precipitation and temperature observations collected at the Cordova and Yakutat weather stations, together with the area-altitude distribution of the glacier. The mean annual balance for this 61-yr period is −0.6 mwe, the accumulation balance is +1.4 and the ablation balance is −2.0 mwe. Periodic surges of this glacier transport large volumes of ice to lower elevations where the ablation rate is higher, producing more negative balances and increasing runoff. During the 1993–1995 surge the average ablation balance is −3.3 mwe, over a meter greater than the 1951–2011 average. Runoff from the Bering Glacier (derived from simulated ablation and precipitation as rain) is highly correlated with the four glacier surges that have been observed since 1951. Ice volume loss for the 1972–2003 period measured with the PTAA model is 2.3 km3 we a−1 and closely agrees with losses for the same period measured with the geodetic method.

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New precipitation and accumulation maps for Greenland

Journal of Glaciology ◽

10.1017/s0022143000042891 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 37 (125) ◽

pp. 140-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 309

Author(s):

Atsumu Ohmura ◽

Niels Reeh

Keyword(s):

Ice Sheet ◽

Coastal Region ◽

Greenland Ice Sheet ◽

Annual Precipitation ◽

Mean Annual Precipitation ◽

Total Precipitation ◽

Annual Total Precipitation ◽

Annual Total ◽

The Mean ◽

Liquid Precipitation

AbstractAnnual total precipitation and the annual accumulation on the Greenland ice sheet are evaluated and presented in two maps. The maps are based on accumulation measurements of 251 pits and cores obtained from the upper accumulation zone and precipitation measurements made at 35 meteorological stations in the coastal region. To construct the accumulation map, the annual precipitation was split into solid and liquid precipitation components. Annual total precipitation exceeding 2500mmw.e. occurs on the southeastern tip of Greenland, while the minimum precipitation is estimated to occur on the northeastern slope of the ice sheet. The mean annual precipitation for all of Greenland is 340 mm w.e. The largest annual accumulation of about 1500 mm w.e. is found on the glaciers in the southeastern corner of Greenland, while the smallest accumulation is found on the northeastern slope of the ice sheet west of Danmarkshavn. The mean accumulation on the Greenland ice sheet is estimated at 310mmw.e. The regional difference in accumulation is examined with respect to the 850hPa(mbar) level circulation. The present surface topography is found to play an important role in determining regional accumulation on the ice sheet.

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Measuring the improving quality of outpatient care in medical oncology practices in the United States.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2012.30.34_suppl.66 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 30 (34_suppl) ◽

pp. 66-66

Author(s):

Michael N. Neuss ◽

Jennifer Malin ◽

Stephanie Chan ◽

Pamela Kadlubek ◽

John L. Adams ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Information ◽

The United States ◽

Time Period ◽

Medical Oncologists ◽

The Mean ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

American Society ◽

Oncology Practice ◽

Over Time

66 Background: The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Quality Oncology Practice Initiative (QOPI) has provided a method for measurement of process based practice quality since 2006. We sought to determine whether QOPI participants show improvement in measured quality over time, and if change is demonstrated, those factors in either the measures or participants which are associated with change. Methods: 156 participant medical practice groups, which did not submit trainee data, participated in at least two collection rounds from 2006 through 2010, and reported on ≥30 patients per round from were included in analysis from a larger group of 306 participants from this time period. A database of these reports was used to evaluate trends in scoring among participants. A linear regression model, which controlled for varied initial performance, was used to estimate the effect of participation over time and evaluate participant and measure characteristics. Measures were aggregated into categories to evaluate which factors correlated with change. Results: Participants completed a mean of 5.71 (S.D. 1.84) rounds of data collection. Adjusted mean quality scores improved from 0.71 (95% C.I. 0.42 – 0.91) to 0.85 (95% C.I. 0.60 – 0.95). Overall odds ratio of improvement over time was 1.09 (p < 0.0001). The greatest improvement was seen in measures assessing newly introduced clinical information, where the mean scores improved from 0.05 (95% C.I. 0.01 – 0.17) to 0.69 (95% C.I. 0.33 – 0.91), (p ≤ 0.0001). Many measures showed no change over time. Conclusions: QOPI has gained widespread adoption and approximately 15% of U.S. medical oncologists participate. Participation over time is highly correlated with improvement in measured performance. Much of this improvement is the result of the adoption of newly introduced clinical information. Some measures show no change despite significant opportunity for improvement.

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An Alternative Index for the Contribution of Precipitation on Very Wet Days to the Total Precipitation

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-13-00144.1 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 1365-1378 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

R. Leander ◽

T. A. Buishand ◽

A. M. G. Klein Tank

Keyword(s):

Weibull Distribution ◽

Extreme Precipitation ◽

Daily Precipitation ◽

Northern Europe ◽

Precipitation Series ◽

Total Precipitation ◽

Southern Europe ◽

Monthly Basis ◽

Alternative Index ◽

The Mean

Abstract Daily precipitation series from more than 1800 stations across Europe are analyzed for the fraction of the total precipitation due to very wet days: that is, days with precipitation amounts exceeding the 95th percentile. This fraction is calculated on a seasonal (3-monthly) basis for the period 1961–2010. A new index S95pTOT is introduced as an alternative to the frequently used index R95pTOT. Contrary to R95pTOT, which uses a fixed climatological 95th percentile, the new index assumes a separate 95th percentile for each year. Based on a Weibull distribution fit to the wet-day precipitation amounts, an analytical expression for S95pTOT is derived. It is shown that R95pTOT is strongly influenced by changes in the mean wet-day precipitation, whereas S95pTOT is more representative of changes in the distributional shape. The results for S95pTOT do not support the conclusion for a disproportional increase of extreme precipitation over northern Europe as was concluded from the trend in R95pTOT in earlier studies. Also, the contrast between trends in northern and southern Europe in winter is less pronounced for S95pTOT than for R95pTOT.

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