Barotropic energetics analysis of tropical cyclone Khai Muk

bl 'kks/k i= esa 11&14 uoEcj 2008 ds nkSjku caxky dh [kkM+h esa cuus vkSj mlds vkxs c<+us okys m".kdfVca/kh; pØokr dSeqd dh xfrdh; fLFkfr;ksa ds fo’kys"k.k ij fopkj&foe’kZ fd;k x;k tks fupys Lrj ij ifjofrZr ok;qnkc&m".kdfVca/k ¼csjksVªkfid½ mtkZ ij dsfUnzr FkkA bl nkSjku ;g ik;k x;k fd if’peh iz’kkar egklkxj ls miks".kh; iwohZ gok;sa e/; caxky dh [kkM+h ds mRrj rd c<+h vkSj Åij m)`r vof/k esa Hkwe/;js[kh; if’peh gok;sa ¼iNok¡½ vkbZ-Vh-lh-tsM+- ds nf{k.k rd c<+h ftlds dkj.k {kSfrt; vi:i.k izokg vR;kf/kd ek=k esa cukA blls pØokrh vi:i.k Hkzfeyrk mRiUu gqbZ vkSj fo{kksHk cuk] tks ckn esa m".kdfVca/kh; pØokr dSeqd esa fodflr gks x;kA fupys {kksHkeaM+y esa ewyHkwr {ks=h; izokg ok;qnkcm".kdfVca/k :i ls vfLFkj Fkk ftls fujis{k Hkzfeyrk ds ;kE;ksrjh forj.k ds y{k.k ds ifjorZu }kjk crk;k x;k gS ftlls coaMj ds cuus esa xfrdh; ÅtkZ feyhA bl nkSjku fujis{k Hkzfeyrk ds ek/; {ks=h; izokg vkSj ;kE;ksrjh izo.krk ds chp ldkjkRed lglaca/k Fkk ftlls ok;qnkcm".kdfVca/k }kjk coaMj ek/; izokg dh vUrjfØ;kvksa ds }kjk coaM+j dh xfrdh; ÅtkZ esa o`f) gqbZA ÅtZLoh fo’ys"k.k ls irk pyk gS fd coaM+j okyh xfrdh; ÅtkZ ds ldkjkRed ifjorZu ds mPp nj ds {ks= ifjorhZ ok;qnkc m".kdfVca/k ds ldkjkRed {ks=ksa ls esy [kkrs gSa vkSj ifjorhZ m".kdfVca/k ds ifjek.k Hkzfey mRifRr okys {ks= ds vkl&ikl coaM+j okyh xfrdh; ÅtkZ ds ifjorZu ds LFkkuh; le; ds lkFk esy [kkrs gaSA ewyHkwr {ks=h; izokg ds ;kE;ksrjh vi:i.k }kjk ifjofrZr ok;qnkc m".kdfVca/k ÅtkZ m".kdfVca/kh; pØokr dSeqd ds cuus vkSj mlds vkxs c<+us okys ,d egRoiw.kZ ÅtkZ L=ksr FkkA Analysis of dynamical conditions in respect of formation and growth of tropical cyclone Khai Muk over the Bay of Bengal during 11-14 November 2008 is discussed with focus on barotropic energy conversion at lower level. It is observed that the extension of subtropical easterlies from the Western Pacific in to central Bay of Bengal to the north and equatorial westerlies to the south of ITCZ during the above period constituted a large scale horizontal shear flow. This led to generation of cyclonic shear vorticity and initiation of disturbance which later developed in to tropical cyclone Khai Muk. The basic zonal flow in the lower troposphere was barotropically unstable as depicted by change of sign of meridional distribution of absolute vorticity which provided the kinetic energy for the growth of eddy. There existed positive correlation between mean zonal flow and the meridional gradient of absolute vorticity which favoured increase of eddy kinetic energy through barotropic eddy-mean flow interactions. Energetic analysis indicated that areas of high rate of positive change of eddy kinetic energy coincided with positive areas of barotropic conversion and the magnitude of barotropic conversion matched with local rate of change of eddy kinetic energy around the area of vortex generation. Barotropic energy conversion by meridional shear of basic zonal flow was an important energy source for the formation and initial growth of tropical cyclone Khai Muk.

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Contributions of Barotropic Energy Conversion to Northwest Pacific Tropical Cyclone Activity during ENSO

Monthly Weather Review ◽

10.1175/mwr-d-12-00084.1 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 141 (4) ◽

pp. 1337-1346 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Yao Ha ◽

Zhong Zhong ◽

Yimin Zhu ◽

Yijia Hu

Keyword(s):

Energy Source ◽

Tropical Cyclone ◽

Kinetic Energy ◽

Energy Conversion ◽

Large Scale ◽

Meridional Wind ◽

Eddy Kinetic Energy ◽

Northwest Pacific ◽

Enso Cycle ◽

Barotropic Energy Conversion

Abstract The contribution of barotropic energy conversion to tropical cyclone (TC) activity over the western North Pacific (WNP) during warm and cold phases of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is investigated by separating TC vortices from reanalysis data and using a linearized eddy kinetic energy tendency equation. By comparing the characteristics of TC disturbances with synoptic-scale disturbances, it is found that the modulation of ENSO on the WNP TC intensity is presented more objectively by using TC kinetic energy (EKETC) than eddy kinetic energy (EKE). Barotropic energy conversion (KmKe) into TC disturbances (KmKeTC) is an effective indicator in detecting the barotropic energy source of low-level cyclone genesis and maintenance during the ENSO cycle. However, its dynamical processes play different roles. Shear in large-scale zonal wind and convergence in large-scale meridional wind provide direct barotropic energy source for TC genesis, but make effects in different regions of the WNP. In contrast, convergence in large-scale zonal and shear in large-scale meridional wind exert little influence on TC genesis during ENSO.

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Transient eddy kinetic energetics on Mars in three reanalysis datasets

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences ◽

10.1175/jas-d-21-0038.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

J. Michael Battalio

Keyword(s):

Kinetic Energy ◽

Energy Conversion ◽

Northern Hemisphere ◽

Thermal Emission ◽

Ensemble Member ◽

Eddy Kinetic Energy ◽

Mean Flow ◽

Short Period ◽

Barotropic Energy Conversion ◽

Baroclinic Energy Conversion

AbstractThe ability of Martian reanalysis datasets to represent the growth and decay of short-period (1.5 < P < 8 sol) transient eddies is compared across the Mars Analysis Correction Data Assimilation (MACDA), Open access to Mars Assimilated Remote Soundings (OpenMARS), and Ensemble Mars Reanalysis System (EMARS). Short-period eddies are predominantly surface-based, have the largest amplitudes in the northern hemisphere, and are found, in order of decreasing eddy kinetic energy amplitude, in Utopia, Acidalia, and Arcadia Planitae in the northern hemisphere, and south of the Tharsis Plateau and between Argyre and Hellas Basins in the southern hemisphere. Short-period eddies grow on the upstream (western) sides of basins via baroclinic energy conversion and by extracting energy from the mean flow and long-period (P > 8 sol) eddies when interacting with high relief. Overall, the combined impact of barotropic energy conversion is a net loss of eddy kinetic energy, which rectifies previous conflicting results. When Thermal Emission Spectrometer observations are assimilated (Mars years 24–27), all three reanalyses agree on eddy amplitude and timing, but during the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) observational era (Mars years 28–33), eddies are less constrained. The EMARS ensemble member has considerably higher eddy generation than the ensemble mean, and bulk eddy amplitudes in the deterministic OpenMARS reanalysis agree with the EMARS ensemble rather than the EMARS member. Thus, analysis of individual eddies during the MCS era should only be performed when eddy amplitudes are large and when there is agreement across reanalyses.

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Interactions between Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillations and Synoptic-Scale Disturbances over the Western North Pacific. Part I: Energetics Diagnosis*

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/2010jcli3833.1 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 927-941 ◽

Cited By ~ 77

Author(s):

Pang-chi Hsu ◽

Tim Li ◽

Chih-Hua Tsou

Keyword(s):

Kinetic Energy ◽

Energy Conversion ◽

Tropical Cyclones ◽

North Pacific ◽

Western North Pacific ◽

Intraseasonal Oscillation ◽

Active Phase ◽

Boreal Summer ◽

Synoptic Eddies ◽

Barotropic Energy Conversion

Abstract The role of scale interactions in the maintenance of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) during the extreme phases of the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) is examined through the construction of a new eddy energetics diagnostic tool that separates the effects of ISO and a low-frequency background state (LFBS; with periods longer than 90 days). The LFBS always contributes positively toward the EKE in the boreal summer, regardless of the ISO phases. The synoptic eddies extract energy from the ISO during the ISO active phase. This positive barotropic energy conversion occurs when the synoptic eddies interact with low-level cyclonic and convergent–confluent ISO flows. This contrasts with the ISO suppressed phase during which the synoptic eddies lose kinetic energy to the ISO flow. The anticyclonic and divergent–diffluent ISO flows during the suppressed phase are responsible for the negative barotropic energy conversion. A positive (negative) EKE tendency occurs during the ISO suppressed-to-active (active-to-suppressed) transitional phase. The cause of this asymmetric EKE tendency is attributed to the spatial phase relation among the ISO vorticity, eddy structure, and EKE. The southwest–northeast-tilted synoptic disturbances interacting with cyclonic (anticyclonic) vorticity of ISO lead to a positive (negative) EKE tendency in the northwest region of the maximum EKE center. The genesis number and location and intensification rate of tropical cyclones in the western North Pacific are closely related to the barotropic energy conversion. The enhanced barotropic energy conversion favors the generation and development of synoptic seed disturbances, some of which eventually grow into tropical cyclones.

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Numerical simulation and decomposition of kinetic energy in the Central Mediterranean: insight on mesoscale circulation and energy conversion

Ocean Science ◽

10.5194/os-7-503-2011 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 503-519 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

R. Sorgente ◽

A. Olita ◽

P. Oddo ◽

L. Fazioli ◽

A. Ribotti

Keyword(s):

Numerical Simulation ◽

Kinetic Energy ◽

Energy Conversion ◽

Ocean Model ◽

Eddy Kinetic Energy ◽

Tyrrhenian Sea ◽

Central Mediterranean ◽

Baroclinic Energy Conversion ◽

Sicily Channel ◽

Mean Kinetic Energy

Abstract. The spatial and temporal variability of eddy and mean kinetic energy of the Central Mediterranean region has been investigated, from January 2008 to December 2010, by mean of a numerical simulation mainly to quantify the mesoscale dynamics and their relationships with physical forcing. In order to understand the energy redistribution processes, the baroclinic energy conversion has been analysed, suggesting hypotheses about the drivers of the mesoscale activity in this area. The ocean model used is based on the Princeton Ocean Model implemented at 1/32° horizontal resolution. Surface momentum and buoyancy fluxes are interactively computed by mean of standard bulk formulae using predicted model Sea Surface Temperature and atmospheric variables provided by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast operational analyses. At its lateral boundaries the model is one-way nested within the Mediterranean Forecasting System operational products. The model domain has been subdivided in four sub-regions: Sardinia channel and southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Sicily channel, eastern Tunisian shelf and Libyan Sea. Temporal evolution of eddy and mean kinetic energy has been analysed, on each of the four sub-regions, showing different behaviours. On annual scales and within the first 5 m depth, the eddy kinetic energy represents approximately the 60 % of the total kinetic energy over the whole domain, confirming the strong mesoscale nature of the surface current flows in this area. The analyses show that the model well reproduces the path and the temporal behaviour of the main known sub-basin circulation features. New mesoscale structures have been also identified, from numerical results and direct observations, for the first time as the Pantelleria Vortex and the Medina Gyre. The classical kinetic energy decomposition (eddy and mean) allowed to depict and to quantify the permanent and fluctuating parts of the circulation in the region, and to differentiate the four sub-regions as function of relative and absolute strength of the mesoscale activity. Furthermore the Baroclinic Energy Conversion term shows that in the Sardinia Channel the mesoscale activity, due to baroclinic instabilities, is significantly larger than in the other sub-regions, while a negative sign of the energy conversion, meaning a transfer of energy from the Eddy Kinetic Energy to the Eddy Available Potential Energy, has been recorded only for the surface layers of the Sicily Channel during summer.

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Numerical simulation and decomposition of kinetic energies in the Central Mediterranean Sea: insight on mesoscale circulation and energy conversion

Ocean Science Discussions ◽

10.5194/osd-8-1161-2011 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 1161-1214 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

R. Sorgente ◽

A. Olita ◽

P. Oddo ◽

L. Fazioli ◽

A. Ribotti

Keyword(s):

Numerical Simulation ◽

Kinetic Energy ◽

Energy Conversion ◽

Mediterranean Sea ◽

Ocean Model ◽

Eddy Kinetic Energy ◽

Central Mediterranean ◽

Central Mediterranean Sea ◽

Baroclinic Energy Conversion ◽

Mean Kinetic Energy

Abstract. The spatial and temporal variability of eddy and mean kinetic energy of the Central Mediterranean Sea has been investigated, from January 2008 to December 2010, by mean of a numerical simulation mainly to quantify the mesoscale dynamics and their relationships with physical forcing. In order to understand the energy redistribution processes, the baroclinic energy conversion has been analysed, suggesting hypotheses about the drivers of the mesoscale activity in this area. The ocean model used is based on the Princeton Ocean Model implemented at 1/32° horizontal resolution. Surface momentum and buoyancy fluxes are interactively computed by mean of standard bulk formulae using predicted model Sea Surface Temperature and atmospheric variables provided by the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast operational analyses. At its lateral boundaries the model is one-way nested within the Mediterranean Forecasting System operational products. The model domain has been subdivided in four sub-regions: Sardinia channel and southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Sicily channel, eastern Tunisian shelf and Libyan Sea. Temporal evolution of eddy and mean kinetic energy has been analysed, on each of the four sub-regions composing the model domain, showing different behaviours. On annual scales and within the first 5 m depth, the eddy kinetic energy represents approximately the 60 % of the total kinetic energy over the whole domain, confirming the strong mesoscale nature of the surface current flows in this area. The analyses show that the model well reproduces the path and the temporal behaviour of the main known sub-basin circulation features. New mesoscale structures have been also identified, from numerical results and direct observations, for the first time as the Pantelleria Vortex and the Medina Gyre. The classical the kinetic energy decomposition (eddy and mean) allowed to depict and to quantify the stable and fluctuating parts of the circulation in the region, and to differentiate the four sub-regions as function of relative and absolute strength of the mesoscale activity. Furthermore the Baroclinic Energy Conversion term shows that in the Sardinia Channel the mesoscale activity, due to baroclinic instabilities, is significantly larger than in the other sub-regions, while a negative sign of the energy conversion, meaning a transfer of energy from the Eddy Kinetic Energy to the Eddy Available Potential Energy, has been recorded only for the surface layers of the Sicily Channel during summer.

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Origins of Eddy Kinetic Energy in the Bay of Bengal

Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans ◽

10.1002/2017jc013455 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 123 (3) ◽

pp. 2097-2115 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Gengxin Chen ◽

Yuanlong Li ◽

Qiang Xie ◽

Dongxiao Wang

Keyword(s):

Kinetic Energy ◽

Bay Of Bengal ◽

Eddy Kinetic Energy

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The Role of Multiscale Interaction in Synoptic-Scale Eddy Kinetic Energy over the Western North Pacific in Autumn

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-13-00380.1 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 27 (10) ◽

pp. 3750-3766 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Chih-Hua Tsou ◽

Huang-Hsiung Hsu ◽

Pang-Chi Hsu

Keyword(s):

Kinetic Energy ◽

Energy Conversion ◽

North Pacific ◽

Western North Pacific ◽

Intraseasonal Oscillation ◽

Lower Troposphere ◽

Synoptic Scale ◽

Multiscale Interactions ◽

Barotropic Energy Conversion ◽

Mean Circulation

Abstract This study formulates a synoptic-scale eddy (SSE) kinetic energy equation by partitioning the original field into seasonal mean circulation, intraseasonal oscillation (ISO), and SSEs to examine the multiscale interactions over the western North Pacific (WNP) in autumn. In addition, the relative contribution of synoptic-mean and synoptic-ISO interactions to SSE kinetic energy was quantitatively estimated by further separating barotropic energy conversion (CK) into synoptic-mean barotropic energy conversion (CKS−M) and synoptic-ISO barotropic energy conversion (CKS−ISO) components. The development of tropical SSE in the lower troposphere is mainly attributed to CK associated with multiscale interactions. Mean cyclonic circulation in the lower troposphere consistently provides kinetic energy to SSEs (CKS−M > 0) during the ISO westerly and easterly phases. However, CKS−ISO during the ISO westerly and easterly phases differs considerably. During the ISO westerly phase, the enhanced ISO cyclonic flow converts energy to SSEs (CKS−ISO > 0). The magnitude of the downscale energy conversion from mean and ISO to SSEs is related to the strength of the SSEs. During the ISO westerly phase, a stronger SSE extracts more kinetic energy from mean and ISO circulation. This positive feedback between SSE-mean and SSE–ISO interactions causes further strengthening of SSEs during the ISO westerly phase. By contrast, upscale energy conversion from SSEs to ISO anticyclonic flow (CKS−ISO < 0) was observed during the ISO easterly phase. The weaker SSE activity during the ISO easterly phase occurred because the mean circulation provides less energy to SSEs and, at the same time, SSEs lose energy to ISO during the ISO easterly phase. The two-way interaction between the ISO and SSEs has considerable effects on the development of tropical SSEs over the WNP in autumn.

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Using TIGGE Data to Diagnose Initial Perturbations and Their Growth for Tropical Cyclone Ensemble Forecasts

Monthly Weather Review ◽

10.1175/2010mwr3176.1 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 138 (9) ◽

pp. 3634-3655 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Munehiko Yamaguchi ◽

Sharanya J. Majumdar

Keyword(s):

Tropical Cyclone ◽

Energy Conversion ◽

Japan Meteorological Agency ◽

Initial Time ◽

Ensemble Spread ◽

Ensemble Forecasts ◽

Large Perturbation ◽

Barotropic Energy Conversion ◽

Baroclinic Energy Conversion ◽

Perturbation Growth

Abstract Ensemble initial perturbations around Typhoon Sinlaku (2008) produced by ECMWF, NCEP, and the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) ensembles are compared using The Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment (THORPEX) Interactive Grand Global Ensemble (TIGGE) data, and the dynamical mechanisms of perturbation growth associated with the tropical cyclone (TC) motion are investigated for the ECMWF and NCEP ensembles. In the comparison, it is found that the vertical and horizontal distributions of initial perturbations as well as the amplitude are quite different among the three NWP centers before, during, and after the recurvature of Sinlaku. In addition, it turns out that those variations cause a difference in the TC motion not only at the initial time but also during the subsequent forecast period. The ECMWF ensemble exhibits relatively large perturbation growth, which results from 1) the baroclinic energy conversion in a vortex, 2) the baroclinic energy conversion associated with the midlatitude waves, and 3) the barotropic energy conversion in a vortex. Those features are less distinctive in the NCEP ensemble. A statistical verification shows that the ensemble spread of TC track predictions in NCEP (ECMWF) is larger than ECMWF (NCEP) for 1- (3-) day forecasts on average. It can be inferred that while the ECMWF ensemble starts from a relatively small amplitude of initial perturbations, the growth of the perturbations helps to amplify the ensemble spread of tracks. On the other hand, a relatively large amplitude of initial perturbations seems to play a role in producing the ensemble spread of tracks in the NCEP ensemble.

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Generation and seasonal variability of eddy kinetic energy in the central Indian Ocean

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-2157 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Georgy I. Shapiro ◽

Jose Maria Gonzalez-Ondina

Keyword(s):

Indian Ocean ◽

Kinetic Energy ◽

Seasonal Variability ◽

Open Ocean ◽

Eddy Kinetic Energy ◽

Horizontal Shear ◽

Data Set ◽

Central Indian Ocean ◽

The Indian Ocean ◽

Meso Scale

The breakthrough in our knowledge of ocean eddies came with the results of the POLYGON-67 experiment in the central Indian Ocean carried out in January-April 1967 (see Koshlyakov et al, 2016). It was the first direct and unambiguous observation that proved an earlier hypothesis by V. B. Shtockman of the existence of mesoscale eddies in open ocean, not only next to strong jet-stream currents. Now it is well known that the currents in open ocean are almost everywhere dominated by meso-scale eddies also known as synoptic eddies (Robinson, 1983). POLYGON-67 experiment covered a rectangle bounded by 10-15&#176;N and 63-66.5&#176;E. The purpose of this work is to analyse the seasonal variability of meso-scale eddy activity in the area covered by POLYGON-67 using a modern and comprehensive data set produced by an operational data assimilation model over a period from 1998 to 2017.The 20-year long eddy resolving reanalysis of velocity fields in the Indian Ocean allows the study of seasonal variability, dynamics and generating mechanisms of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) in the tropical Indian Ocean, including the area covered by the original survey of POLYGON-67. In contrast to some other areas of the World Ocean, the EKE seasonality shows two maxima, the large one in April and the secondary one in October. The main mechanism of EKE generation is the barotropic instability which is evidenced by high correlation between EKE and enstrophy of large-scale currents, representing the strength of horizontal shear. It is found that the main contributor to the EKE variability within POLYGON-67 area is the advection of EKE across the boundaries during January-October, while the local generation has a comparable magnitude during August-December. The direction and strength of surface currents is consistent with the monsoon wind pattern in the area.ReferencesKoshlyakov, M.N., Morozov, E.G., and Neiman, V.G., 2016. Historical findings of the Russian physical oceanographers in the Indian Ocean. Geoscience Letters, 3:19; doi:10.1186/s40562-016-0051-6Robinson, A.R. (Ed), 1983. Eddies in Marine Science. Springer, ISBN 978-3-642-69003-7, 612p.

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An Eddy Kinetic Energy View of Physical and Dynamical Processes in Distinct Forecast Scenarios for the Extratropical Transition of Two Tropical Cyclones*

Monthly Weather Review ◽

10.1175/mwr-d-13-00219.1 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 142 (8) ◽

pp. 2751-2771 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Julia H. Keller ◽

Sarah C. Jones ◽

Patrick A. Harr

Keyword(s):

Tropical Cyclone ◽

Kinetic Energy ◽

Tropical Cyclones ◽

Wave Pattern ◽

Eddy Kinetic Energy ◽

Ensemble Prediction ◽

Extratropical Transition ◽

Ensemble Prediction System ◽

Development Scenarios

Abstract The extratropical transition (ET) of Hurricane Hanna (2008) and Typhoon Choi-Wan (2009) caused a variety of forecast scenarios in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Ensemble Prediction System (EPS). The dominant development scenarios are extracted for two ensemble forecasts initialized prior to the ET of those tropical storms, using an EOF and fuzzy clustering analysis. The role of the transitioning tropical cyclone and its impact on the midlatitude flow in the distinct forecast scenarios is examined by conducting an analysis of the eddy kinetic energy budget in the framework of downstream baroclinic development. This budget highlights sources and sinks of eddy kinetic energy emanating from the transitioning tropical cyclone or adjacent upstream midlatitude flow features. By comparing the budget for several forecast scenarios for the ET of each of the two tropical cyclones, the role of the transitioning storms on the development in downstream regions is investigated. Distinct features during the interaction between the tropical cyclone and the midlatitude flow turned out to be important. In the case of Hurricane Hanna, the duration of baroclinic conversion from eddy available potential into eddy kinetic energy was important for the amplification of the midlatitude wave pattern and the subsequent reintensification of Hanna as an extratropical cyclone. In the case of Typhoon Choi-Wan, the phasing between the storm and the midlatitude flow was one of the most critical factors for the future development.

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