Effects of isometric and eccentric preliminary muscle contractions on elbow flexion velocity : With special reference to load and range of motion during concentric contraction

The prostheses used by the majority of persons with hand/arm amputations today have a very limited range of motion. Transradial (below the elbow) amputees lose the three degrees of freedom provided by the wrist and forearm. Some myoeletric prostheses currently allow for forearm pronation and supination (rotation about an axis parallel to the forearm) and the operation of a powered prosthetic hand. Older body-powered prostheses, incorporating hooks and other cable driven terminal devices, have even fewer degrees of freedom. In order to perform activities of daily living (ADL), a person with amputation(s) must use a greater than normal range of movement from other body joints to compensate for the loss of movement caused by the amputation. By studying the compensatory motion of prosthetic users we can understand the mechanics of how they adapt to the loss of range of motion in a given limb for select tasks. The purpose of this study is to create a biomechanical model that can predict the compensatory motion using given subject data. The simulation can then be used to select the best prosthesis for a given user, or to design prostheses that are more effective at selected tasks, once enough data has been analyzed. Joint locations necessary to accomplish the task with a given configuration are calculated by the simulation for a set of prostheses and tasks. The simulation contains a set of prosthetic configurations that are represented by parameters that consist of the degrees of freedom provided by the selected prosthesis. The simulation also contains a set of task information that includes joint constraints, and trajectories which the hand or prosthesis follows to perform the task. The simulation allows for movement in the wrist and forearm, which is dependent on the prosthetic configuration, elbow flexion, three degrees of rotation at the shoulder joint, movement of the shoulder joint about the sternoclavicular joint, and translation and rotation of the torso. All joints have definable restrictions determined by the prosthesis, and task.

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Normal Range of Motion of the Joints of the Upper Extremity in Male Subjects, with Special Reference to Side*

The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American) ◽

10.2106/00004623-199609000-00017 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 78 (9) ◽

pp. 1401-4 ◽

Cited By ~ 92

Author(s):

IZGE GÜNAL ◽

NUSRET KÖSE ◽

ORAL ERDOGAN ◽

EROL GÖKTÜRK ◽

SINAN SEBER

Keyword(s):

Special Reference ◽

Range Of Motion ◽

Upper Extremity ◽

Normal Range ◽

Male Subjects

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Effects of Bat Grip on Baseball Hitting Kinematics

Journal of Applied Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/jab.25.3.203 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 203-209 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Rafael F. Escamilla ◽

Glenn S. Fleisig ◽

Coop DeRenne ◽

Marcus K. Taylor ◽

Claude T. Moorman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Angular Velocity ◽

Range Of Motion ◽

Elbow Flexion ◽

Linear Velocity ◽

Elbow Extension ◽

Kinematic Parameters ◽

Time Duration ◽

Motion System ◽

Ball Contact ◽

Pelvis Rotation

A motion system collected 120-Hz data from 14 baseball adult hitters using normal and choke-up bat grips. Six swings were digitized for each hitter, and temporal and kinematic parameters were calculated. Compared with a normal grip, the choke-up grip resulted in 1) less time during stride phase and swing; 2) the upper torso more opened at lead foot contact; 3) the pelvis more closed and less bat linear velocity at bat-ball contact; 4) less range of motion of the upper torso and pelvis during swing; 5) greater elbow flexion at lead foot contact; and 6) greater peak right elbow extension angular velocity. The decreased time during the stride phase when using a choke-up grip implies that hitters quicken their stride when they choke up. Less swing time duration and less upper torso and pelvis rotation range of motion using the choke-up grip supports the belief of many coaches and players that using a choke-up grip results in a “quicker” swing. However, the belief that using a choke-up grip leads to a faster moving bat was not supported by the results of this study.

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Biceps-to-Triceps Transfer in Tetraplegia

Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) ◽

10.1054/jhsb.1998.0184 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 235-237 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

M. REVOL ◽

E. BRIAND ◽

J. M. SERVANT

Keyword(s):

Range Of Motion ◽

Nerve Injury ◽

Radial Nerve ◽

Elbow Flexion ◽

Active Range Of Motion ◽

The Mean ◽

Radial Nerve Injury

Eight tetraplegic patients (13 elbows) were treated by biceps-to-triceps transfer. To avoid the risk of radial nerve injury, we chose a medial routing of the biceps. The mean follow-up after surgery was 17.8 months (range, 4–47 months). No complications were encountered. Active extension of the elbow was achieved in each case. The mean postoperative active range of motion of the elbow was 6° extension and 137° flexion. After the biceps-to-triceps transfer mean extension torque of the elbow was 3.7 Nm and mean flexion torque was 10 Nm. In eight elbows in which it was measured, there was a 47% reduction in elbow flexion power. Nevertheless no patient complained about that reduction, and all of them were satisfied.

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Narrative review of injuries in powerlifting with special reference to their association to the squat, bench press and deadlift

BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine ◽

10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000382 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. e000382 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Victor Bengtsson ◽

Lars Berglund ◽

Ulrika Aasa

Keyword(s):

Special Reference ◽

Range Of Motion ◽

Bench Press ◽

Large Range ◽

Elite Athletes ◽

Narrative Review ◽

Previous Article ◽

Physical Demands ◽

Lifting Technique ◽

Heavy Loads

Pain and injuries are considered a common problem among elite athletes and recreational lifters performing the squat, bench press and deadlift. Since all three lifts engage multiple joints and expose the lifters’ bodies to high physical demands often several times a week, it has been suggested that their injuries might be related to the excessively heavy loads, the large range of motion during the exercises, insufficient resting times between training sessions and/or faulty lifting technique. However, no previous article has summarised what is known about specific injuries and the injury aetiology associated with the three lifts. Thus, the aim of this narrative review was to summarise what is known about the relationships between the powerlifting exercises and the specific injuries or movement impairments that are common among lifters and recreationally active individuals.

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Kinematic Comparison of Myoelectric and Body Powered Prostheses While Performing Common Activities

Prosthetics and Orthotics International ◽

10.1080/03093640802613229 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 179-186 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Stephanie Lutton Carey ◽

Rajiv V. Dubey ◽

Greg S. Bauer ◽

M. Jason Highsmith

Keyword(s):

Activities Of Daily Living ◽

Range Of Motion ◽

Elbow Joint ◽

Daily Living ◽

Elbow Flexion ◽

Myoelectric Prostheses ◽

Shoulder Flexion

This study examined the kinematic differences of a bilateral transradial amputee using myoelectric and body-powered prostheses during select activities of daily living. First in harness suspended, body powered then self-suspended externally powered prostheses, the subject's shoulder and elbow joint movements were calculated and compared while completing an elbow range of motion test, simulated drinking from an empty cup, and opening a door. In this case, body-powered prostheses allowed for greater range of elbow flexion but required more shoulder flexion to complete the tasks that required continuous grasp. While using myoelectric prostheses, the user was able to compensate for limited elbow flexion by flexing the shoulder.

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Changes in Medial Elbow Joint Space When Elbow Valgus Stress Is Applied at Different Limb Positions and Loads In Vivo

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/23259671211045981 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 232596712110459

Author(s):

Kanta Yoshioka ◽

Kanta Matsuzawa ◽

Tomoya Ikuta ◽

Sae Maruyama ◽

Mutsuaki Edama

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Elbow Joint ◽

Ulnar Collateral Ligament ◽

Elbow Flexion ◽

Sports Injury ◽

Joint Space ◽

Muscle Contractions ◽

Collateral Ligament ◽

Valgus Stress

Background: Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injury is a common sports injury among overhead-throwing athletes and causes medial elbow pain and instability. UCL injury is generally diagnosed based on symptoms, physical findings, and image evaluation. To standardize the method for evaluating elbow valgus instability, more information is needed regarding changes in the medial elbow joint space (JS) in healthy elbows. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to measure the JS during the application of elbow valgus stress at different elbow flexion angles and loads and to clarify the presence of defensive muscle contractions during elbow valgus stress. It was hypothesized that the JS will differ according to different limb positions and loads and that defensive contractions will occur when elbow valgus stress is >90 N. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Elbow joints on the nondominant side were examined in 20 healthy male university students (mean age, 21 ± 0.2 years) at 30°, 60°, and 90° of elbow flexion. To create valgus stress on the elbow, loads of 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 N were applied with a Telos stress device and with gravity stress on the forearm. The medial JS was measured ultrasonographically during the application of elbow valgus stress. Electrodes were attached to the pronator teres muscle, and defensive muscle contractions were measured using electromyography during the application of elbow valgus stress. Repeated-measures analysis of variance and paired t tests were used to compare the JS at each elbow angle and each valgus stress load, and the Bonferroni method was used as a post hoc test. Results: At 30° of elbow flexion, the JS was significantly higher at 30 N versus 0 N and at 60 N versus 0 or 30 N ( P ≤ .018 for all). At 60° of flexion, the JS was significantly higher at 30 N versus 0 N, at 60 N versus 0 and 30 N, and at 90 N versus 0, 30, and 60 N ( P ≤ .024 for all). At 90° of elbow flexion, the JS was significantly higher at 30 N versus 0 N and at 60 N versus 0 and 30 N ( P ≤ .028 for all). Defensive muscle contraction did not occur at any elbow flexion angles at elbow valgus stress ≤60 N. Conclusion: The lack of muscular contraction at elbow valgus stress ≤60 N may reflect the function of the medial collateral ligament. Clinical Relevance: Elbow valgus stress ≤60 N allows for the evaluation of the joint opening.

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Ulnar Collateral Ligament Laxity After Repetitive Pitching: Associated Factors in High School Baseball Pitchers

The American Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/03635465211002507 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 036354652110025

Author(s):

Hiroshi Hattori ◽

Kiyokazu Akasaka ◽

Takahiro Otsudo ◽

Toby Hall ◽

Katsunobu Sakaguchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Range Of Motion ◽

Ulnar Collateral Ligament ◽

Elbow Flexion ◽

Strain Ratio ◽

Collateral Ligament ◽

Change Rate ◽

Elbow Injury ◽

Specific Effects ◽

Baseball Pitchers

Background: Medial elbow injury is common in baseball pitchers, with evidence of elbow valgus instability after only 60 consecutive pitches. However, the tissue-specific effects of repetitive pitching on medial elbow stabilizers are largely unknown. Purpose/Hypothesis: This study aimed to investigate changes in the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) and forearm flexor-pronator muscles (FPMs) during repetitive pitching and factors that relate to identified change. We hypothesized that repetitive pitching would increase elasticity of the medial elbow stabilizers and therefore induce laxity. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: A total of 30 high school baseball pitchers participated (mean ± SD age, 16.6 ± 0.5 years). Each participant pitched 100 times (5 blocks of 20 pitches). The strain ratio, indicating elasticity in the UCL and FPMs, was measured using ultrasound before pitching and after every 20-pitch block. Data for each pitch block were compared using analysis of variance. Multiple regression analysis was used to investigate factors related to the change rate of the strain ratio. Results: The strain ratio of the UCL after 100 pitches was significantly less than that before pitching (before pitching, 4.83 ± 1.70; after 100 pitches, 3.59 ± 1.35; P = .013), but this was not the case for the FPMs (before pitching, 0.57 ± 0.24; after 100 pitches, 0.43 ± 0.18; P = .07). The ratio of the strain ratio in the UCL and FPMs (UCL/FPMs) before pitching (β = −0.385; P = .031) and the elbow flexion range of motion before pitching (β = −0.352; P = .046) were significantly and independently correlated with the change rate of the UCL. Conclusion: Elasticity significantly increased for the UCL, indicating laxity, but not for the FPMs after 100 pitches. Furthermore, the ratio of elasticity (UCL/FPMs) and the elbow flexion range of motion before pitching were significantly related to the change rate of UCL elasticity. Clinical Relevance: To reduce laxity of the UCL, pitchers should be limited to <100 pitches per game. Sustaining a lower level of relative FPMs to UCL elasticity at rest and maintaining a large muscle volume to avoid excessive elbow flexion range of motion may prevent UCL laxity that develops during repetitive pitching.

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Full Range of Motion Induces Greater Muscle Damage Than Partial Range of Motion in Elbow Flexion Exercise With Free Weights

The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research ◽

10.1519/jsc.0000000000001562 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 31 (8) ◽

pp. 2223-2230 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Bruno M. Baroni ◽

Marcelo G. Pompermayer ◽

Anelize Cini ◽

Amanda S. Peruzzolo ◽

Régis Radaelli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Range Of Motion ◽

Muscle Damage ◽

Full Range ◽

Elbow Flexion

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Validity and Reliability of Elbow Range of Motion Measurements Using Digital Photographs, Movies, and a Goniometry Smartphone Application

Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1155/2018/7906875 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Renée Keijsers ◽

Elisa L. Zwerus ◽

Dagmar R. M. van Lith ◽

Koen L. M. Koenraadt ◽

Pjotr Goossens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Range Of Motion ◽

Home Environment ◽

Elbow Flexion ◽

Smartphone Application ◽

Measurement Methods ◽

Intraobserver Reliability ◽

Alternative Methods ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Stiff Elbow ◽

Flexion Extension

Introduction. Range of motion (ROM) is closely monitored before and after surgery for stiff elbow and during rehabilitation. Measurements in the home environment may be helpful to increase involvement and adherence of the patient. Therefore, our objective is to investigate the validity and inter- and intraobserver reliability of 3 alternative methods to assess the ROM by the patient in a home-based situation, in comparison to the universal goniometer (UG). We hypothesize that all 3 alternative methods will be valid alternatives and show a level of reliability equivalent to UG. Methods. Goniometric measurements of elbow flexion, extension, pronation and supination using photography, movie, and a smartphone application were obtained. The validity of these measurement methods was compared to UG. The interobserver and intraobserver reliability were calculated for all measurement methods. Results. Photography and movie based goniometry of the elbow showed good validity in flexion and extension. The interobserver and intraobserver reliability were found to be good to excellent for photo and movie but moderate to poor for UG and the smartphone application. Conclusions. Photo or movie based goniometry seems to be a useful option for initial and follow-up measurement of the elbow ROM, both in the outpatient clinic and in a home environment. Based on our study, the smartphone application we used is not recommended.

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