scholarly journals The role of the dental surgeon in the early diagnosis of oral cancer: a concise systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Altrão ◽  
Alvaro da Rocha Mendes Filho ◽  
Leandro Moreira Tempest
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Toluidine Blue Staining ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Oral Cancers

Introduction: Oral cancers (OC) represent more than 90% of cases. It is estimated that more than 400,000 new cases of oral cancer are diagnosed each year worldwide. OC is preventable as most of the different identified risk factors, such as tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and betel nut chewing, are behaviors that increase the likelihood of the disease. Surgical biopsy remains the gold standard, but adjunctive tools have been developed to aid diagnoses, such as vital toluidine blue staining and autofluorescence imaging. Objective: To emphasize and present the importance of the dental surgeon in the early diagnosis and prevention of oral cancer. Methods: The survey was conducted from July 2021 to August 2021 and developed based on Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar, following the rules of Systematic Review-PRISMA. Study quality was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results: Early detection and treatment of OC were found to be important predictors for improving survival and reducing mortality. A thorough clinical inspection of the oral cavity can detect up to 99% of oral cancers. Other diagnostic types have been developed to help overcome the limits of standard oral clinical examination, highlighting toluidine blue staining, light-based detection techniques, and salivary biomarkers. Self-examination is an effective strategy to reduce the levels of mortality and morbidity caused by this pathology. A gain of 8.09% more in sensitivity and 11.36% more in specificity was observed with the fluorescence test. Conclusion: The findings clearly showed that early diagnosis of oral cancer is essential to increase the chances of cure and survival of patients, avoiding invasive surgical intervention. Currently, there are several diagnostic tools for screening and visual devices for the early detection of oral lesions through auxiliary methods, logically maintaining biopsy as the gold standard.

The study of use of toluidine blue as an adjunctive tool to clinical examination in early diagnosis of clinically suspicious oral premalignant and malignant lesions: a study of fifty cases

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 1585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Himanshu Chhagan Bayad ◽  
Sanjeev Bhagat ◽  
Dimple Sahni ◽  
Navneet Kaur ◽  
Ravinder Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Positive Predictive Value ◽  
Negative Predictive Value ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Histopathological Diagnosis ◽  
Toluidine Blue Staining ◽  
Malignant Lesions

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Oral carcinoma is among the most prevalent malignancies of head and neck region and is often diagnosed in the advanced stage with significant morbidity and treatment cost. Thus, there is a need for early detection of oral premalignant and malignant lesions. Toluidine blue staining can be used for early detection of these lesions.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> The study included 50 patients with clinically suspicious oral premalignant and malignant lesions. These lesions were subjected to toluidine blue staining and biopsy. Diagnoses were confirmed by histopathological examination.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Sensitivity and specificity of toluidine blue for oral premalignant lesions was 92.30% and 80% respectively with the positive predictive value of 92.30%, negative predictive value of 80% and accuracy of 88.88%. Sensitivity and specificity of toluidine blue for oral malignant lesions was 96.30% and 80% respectively with the positive predictive value of 96.30%, negative predictive value of 80% and accuracy of 93.75%.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The simplicity of toluidine blue staining and its accuracy suggest that it can be a useful adjunctive tool to diagnosis of oral lesions. Results should be carefully evaluated and correlated with clinical findings and histopathological diagnosis.</p>

scholarly journals Usefulness of Oral Exfoliative Cytology in Dental Practice

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Saxena ◽  
M Kaur ◽  
YP Samantha ◽  
G Chawla ◽  
G Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Precancerous Lesions ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Exfoliative Cytology ◽  
Oral Cancers ◽  
Cytological Smear ◽  
Oral Exfoliative Cytology

ABSTRACT Early detection of oral cancers is not easy, because oral precancerous lesions and early oral cancers can mimic many benign conditions in the mouth, leading to delays in diagnosis and treatment. There is a need to emphasize the early diagnosis of oral cancers in order to reduce the unacceptably high morbidity and mortality. Oral exfoliative cytology can be a powerful tool for early detection of malignant and premalignant lesions as well as for some viral and fungal infections. The use of oral exfoliative cytology in clinical practice declined due to the subjective nature of its interpretation and because there may be only a small number of abnormal cells identifiable in a smear. The more recent application of quantitative techniques, together with advances in immunocytochemistry, has refined the potential role of cytology, stimulating a reappraisal of its value in the diagnosis of oral cancer. The limitations of the method should be thoroughly understood and appreciated by the dental clinician. The aim of the publication is to encourage maximum participation of dental professional in early detection and control of oral cancer by means of early diagnosis through use of cytological smear.

scholarly journals Diagnostic accuracy of toluidine blue in early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-94
Author(s):  
Muhammad Salman Chishty ◽  
Malik Ali Hassan Sajid ◽  
Shoaib - Younus ◽  
Usman Ul Haq
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Study Results

Background: Indian sub-continent (India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh) is one of the high-risk populations for oral cancer cases. Intraoral screening is critical to diagnosis and treating oral cancer at an early stage for a better prognosis. Among the diagnostic adjuncts, toluidine blue staining is considered a simplistic, cost-effective, and highly sensitive method. The objective of the current study was to find out the diagnostic accuracy of toluidine blue in the early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Patients and methods: This prospective observational study was undertaken at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Dentistry, CMH Lahore Medical College from15-09-2019 to 15-03-2020 after getting approval from IRB.  Based on inclusion criteria, a sample size of 100 was calculated and enrolled in the study. Non-probability convenient sampling technique was utilized. Oral staining of 100 patients was done with 1% toluidine blue on an OPD basis, and incisional biopsies were then performed. Staining pattern and histopathology reports of patients were evaluated to assess the diagnostic accuracy Results: The study results revealed the sensitivity of Toluidine Blue as 89.87%, and specificity of toluidine blue was found as 76.19%. Positive and negative predictive values of Toluidine Blue remained 93.42% and 66.67%, respectively. Conclusion: Toluidine blue has good diagnostic accuracy for early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

Ultrafast Toluidine Blue Staining for Rapid On-Site Evaluation of Cytological Smears

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-377
Author(s):  
Ekkehard Hewer ◽  
Anja M. Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Nuclear Morphology ◽  
Hazardous Chemicals ◽  
Toluidine Blue Staining ◽  
Site Evaluation ◽  
The Rose

Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) is one of cytopathology’s “unique selling propositions.” The quality, speed, and ease of handling of the staining used is a critical factor for the efficacy of the ROSE procedure. Here, we describe a modification of rapid toluidine blue staining that can be performed within 25 s, provides excellent nuclear morphology, and is compatible with subsequent Papanicolaou staining of the slides. Furthermore, exposure to hazardous chemicals is minimized, as no organic solvents other than the alcohol-based fixative and glycerin for temporary mounting and coverslipping are required. We have used this protocol successfully in our ROSE practice and have not observed any discrepancies between toluidine blue- and permanent Papanicolaou-stained slides.

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