Evaluation of P53 gene expression by immunohistochemistry to diagnosis oral precancerous lesions

Oral Precancerous lesions include leukoplakia, erythroplakia, and mucosa palate changes due to reverse smoking. Assessing the prevalence of these lesions in a cross-sectional study can be effective in the timely prevention and treatment of lesions, in any community. Hence, in the present study, evaluation of P53 gene expression was done by immunohistochemistry method to diagnosis oral precancerous lesions. For this purpose, 111 Chinese patients (54 women and 57 men) were selected for examination. The age range of these patients was 22 to 69 years, and their average age was 32.6 years. All patients were examined by one physician. Oral mucosa was used for immunohistochemical evaluations. All samples taken from patients' mucosa were evaluated by one pathologist under a light microscope. 80 cases of the 111 patients were smokers and 27 were non-smokers. Among the 80 smokers, 56.25% had leukoplakia, 3.75% had erythroplakia, and 40% had mucosa palate changes. Regarding non-smokers, 74.07% had leukoplakia and 25.93% had erythroplakia. None of the non-smokers had mucosa palate changes. In terms of the lesion location, in patients with leukoplakia 89.23%, and patients with erythroplakia 90% of the lesion was located in the cheek mucosa and buccal vestibule. Also, in patients with leukoplakia 9.23%, and patients with erythroplakia 10% of the lesion was located in the lips vestibular mucosa. Only 1.54% of leukoplakia had a lesion in the vermilion border, and none of the erythroplakia patients had a lesion on the vermilion border. 76 patients (68.46%) showed positive expression of the P53 gene. The expression level of the P53 gene did not show a significant relationship with age, and the genders did not have a statistically significant difference in terms of gene expression. The expression level of the P53 gene was 59.8% in leukoplakia, 70% in erythroplakia, and 40% in Mucosa palate changes. The present study showed that the evaluation of P53 gene expression was well able to detect oral precancerous lesions and their severity by increasing their expression rate.

Correlation between plasma lipid levels in patients with different oral pre-cancerous lesions

<p class="abstract"><strong><span lang="EN-US">Background:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US"> Oral precancerous lesions could be defined as the lesions present in oral cavity that have a potential to become cancer. Recognition of precancerous lesions has its own significance as it helps in early detection of risk of cancer which in itself is quite useful for formulating appropriate preventive strategies that could assure better survival rates. The aim of the study was to assess the correlation of lipid levels in patients with different oral precancerous lesions.</span></p><p class="abstract"><strong><span lang="EN-US">Methods:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US"> A total of 150 patients with oral lesions attending the department of otorhinolaryngology at Era’s Lucknow Medical college and Hospital, Lucknow, were included in the study. A biopsy specimen was taken from each patient along with 5 ml fasting blood sample for serum lipid estimation which was done by dry chemistry Chemino Heinz method.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong><span lang="EN-US">Results:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US"> A total of 150 patients with age ranging from 13-70 years and a male is to female ratio of 1.68 was studied. Burning sensation was the most common symptom and OSMF being the most common diagnosis. All the components of lipid profile except HDL of patients with different histopathological diagnosis were found to be comparable. No association of derangement in any of the components of lipid levels and histopathological diagnosis was observed.</span></p><p class="abstract"><strong><span lang="EN-US">Conclusions:</span></strong><span lang="EN-US"> The findings of present study showed that lipid levels in patients with precancerous oral lesions are generally of lower order. However, the present study could not assess a significant association between lipid levels and different types of oral premalignant lesions.</span></p>

Treg: A Promising Immunotherapeutic Target in Oral Diseases

With the pandemic of COVID-19, maintenance of oral health has increasingly become the main challenge of global health. Various common oral diseases, such as periodontitis and oral cancer, are closely associated with immune disorders in the oral mucosa. Regulatory T cells (Treg) are essential for maintaining self-tolerance and immunosuppression. During the process of periodontitis and apical periodontitis, two typical chronic immune-inflammatory diseases, Treg contributes to maintain host immune homeostasis and minimize tissue damage. In contrast, in the development of oral precancerous lesions and oral cancer, Treg is expected to be depleted or down-regulated to enhance the anti-tumor immune response. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the distribution, function, and regulatory mechanisms of Treg cells may provide a prospect for the immunotherapy of oral diseases. In this review, we summarize the distribution and multiple roles of Treg in different oral diseases and discuss the possible mechanisms involved in Treg cell regulation, hope to provide a reference for future Treg-targeted immunotherapy in the treatment of oral diseases.

Complete Blood Count as a Diagnostic Marker in Oral Lichen Planus

Oral precancerous lesions and conditions like oral lichen planus, leukoplakia, or oral submucous fibrosis have the potential to develop into oral cancer. Oral cancer accounts for approximately 3 % of all malignancies. Oral lichen planus is a premalignant condition occurring in the oral cavity due to various factors. Blood investigations are routinely done minimally invasive procedures carried out for various diagnostic purposes. The study aims to identify if the complete blood count (CBC) can be used as a pathologic diagnostic marker in an oral premalignant disorder like oral lichen planus. A total of 64 patients (38 female, 26 male) were taken into the study between the period July 2019 - March 2020. Each patient is exposed to blood investigations, and their results are studied. The results of the study show a minimal variation in the blood results. In conclusion, to determine if it can be used as a pathological diagnostic marker in premalignant disorders like oral lichen planus, further studies must be carried out in larger populations.

Bilateral pre cancerous lesions: A case report

Oral precancerous lesions are potentially malignant disorders, consisting of a group of diseases, which should be diagnosed in the early stage. Oral leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, oral erythroplakia and lichen planus are the most common oral mucosal diseases that have a very high malignant transformation rate. There are various etiological factors amongst which consumption of tobacco or alcohol, chewing betel nut are the predominant factors. Early diagnosis is very important and can be lifesaving, because in late stages, they may be progressed to severe dysplasia and even carcinoma in situ and/or squamous cell carcinoma. The following case report highlights the treatment outcome using retinoids and antioxidants in treating erythroplakia and leukoplakia in a 55 year old male patient. Key Words: Leukoplakia, erythroplakia, pre-cancerous lesions, pre-malignant lesions, malignant transformation