scholarly journals Diagnostic accuracy of toluidine blue in early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-94
Author(s):  
Muhammad Salman Chishty ◽  
Malik Ali Hassan Sajid ◽  
Shoaib - Younus ◽  
Usman Ul Haq
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Study Results

Background: Indian sub-continent (India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh) is one of the high-risk populations for oral cancer cases. Intraoral screening is critical to diagnosis and treating oral cancer at an early stage for a better prognosis. Among the diagnostic adjuncts, toluidine blue staining is considered a simplistic, cost-effective, and highly sensitive method. The objective of the current study was to find out the diagnostic accuracy of toluidine blue in the early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Patients and methods: This prospective observational study was undertaken at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Dentistry, CMH Lahore Medical College from15-09-2019 to 15-03-2020 after getting approval from IRB.  Based on inclusion criteria, a sample size of 100 was calculated and enrolled in the study. Non-probability convenient sampling technique was utilized. Oral staining of 100 patients was done with 1% toluidine blue on an OPD basis, and incisional biopsies were then performed. Staining pattern and histopathology reports of patients were evaluated to assess the diagnostic accuracy Results: The study results revealed the sensitivity of Toluidine Blue as 89.87%, and specificity of toluidine blue was found as 76.19%. Positive and negative predictive values of Toluidine Blue remained 93.42% and 66.67%, respectively. Conclusion: Toluidine blue has good diagnostic accuracy for early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

Role of Salivary Biomarkers for Early Detection of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-160 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Biological Fluid ◽  
Salivary Biomarkers

ABSTRACT Introduction Oral cancer is a potentially fatal disease, which constitutes an important portion of tumors of the head and neck region. Among head and neck cancers, oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) constitute 90% of total cancers. Regardless of the fact that the oral cavity is easily accessible to the accumulation of carcinogens, most oral cancers are typically detected at an advanced stage leading to lower survival rate among subjects. Abnormal cellular products elucidated from malignant cells can be detected and measured in various body fluids including saliva, which constitute tumor markers. Saliva, an aqueous biological fluid, is in direct contact with the oral cancer lesion. Hence, the saliva in any stage of oral cancer constitutes abnormal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), acid (RNA), and protein molecules. Saliva, being a noninvasive diagnostic aid, can be an alternative to serum for early detection, status of chemotherapy regime, and also patient prognosis. This article aims at providing a brief overview of various salivary biomarkers and their implications in oral cancer. How to cite this article Gupta P. Role of Salivary Biomarkers for Early Detection of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Adv Integ Med Sci 2017;2(3):155-160.

scholarly journals Anthocyanins: Promising Natural Compounds for Prevention and Treatment of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Pourshahidi ◽  
Mohaddeseh Davari
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Prevention And Treatment

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common oral cancer. In recent decades, numerous studies have focused on the effects of new herbal and natural bioactive substances or pharmaceutical products on different cancer types. Some investigations have shown that anthocyanins can inhibit carcinogenesis in various ways, and some others focused on the effects of anthocyanins on squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Methods: An electronic search of the literature was carried out in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases using the keywords “anthocyanins” and “oral cancer” or “oral squamous cell carcinoma”. Articles relevant to our topic (except for review articles) were included in this study. Results: The reviewed articles showed the inhibitory and suppressive effects of anthocyanins on OSCC, which were exerted by inhibiting NF-κB, p-Akt/PI3k, and JAK/STAT3 pathways, the induction of caspase-1 and caspase-3 overexpression, pyroptosis, mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, and reduction of expression and production of matrix metalloproteinases and urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Conclusions: Based on the results, the anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of anthocyanins on OSCC were dominant. Their antimetastatic effect was also reported. Therefore, anthocyanins seem to be promising natural compounds for the prevention and treatment of OSCC. In vivo studies and clinical trials are recommended to further confirm these results.

Zinc α-2 Glycoprotein (ZAG) a Novel Biomarker for the Detection of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehwish Feroz Ali
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Malignant Lesion ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Constant Stimulus ◽  
Dysplastic Lesion ◽  
Cancerous Lesion

Oral cancer, the most challenging and life threatening disease in the field of dentistry, may start as a reactive lesion due to constant stimulus from tobacco consumption, transform into a pre-malignant lesion (dysplastic lesion) and ultimately develop into a cancerous lesion (Invasive carcinoma). There is a fundamental revolution taking place in the analyzing methods; extraction of biological protein from the saliva rather than from tissues or blood. Several of the biomarkers have been studied with pro-carcinogenic effects like Interleukins (ILs), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and leptin, but only a few have been stated in the literature, which show anti-cancer characteristics like adiponectin and zinc alpha-2 glycoprotein. This review explored the diagnostic and prognostic values of a biomarkers zinc alpha-2 glycoprotein (ZAG) in adults suspected of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The PubMed, EMBASE and Google Scholar were searched for scientific studies reported on the potential mechanism of zinc alpha-2 glycoprotein. All the research articles were selected in which ZAG is applied solely or in conjunction with other biomarkers in oral cancer and other cancers. These literatures were carefully assessed to find out and compile the diagnostic and prognostic values and to inquire therapeutic action of ZAG in the process of carcinogenesis.

scholarly journals Downregulation of ceramide synthase 1 promotes oral cancer through endoplasmic reticulum stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Chen ◽  
Chenzhou Wu ◽  
Yafei Chen ◽  
Yuhao Guo ◽  
Ling Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Migration And Invasion ◽  
Ceramide Synthase

AbstractC18 ceramide plays an important role in the occurrence and development of oral squamous cell carcinoma. However, the function of ceramide synthase 1, a key enzyme in C18 ceramide synthesis, in oral squamous cell carcinoma is still unclear. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between ceramide synthase 1 and oral cancer. In this study, we found that the expression of ceramide synthase 1 was downregulated in oral cancer tissues and cell lines. In a mouse oral squamous cell carcinoma model induced by 4-nitroquinolin-1-oxide, ceramide synthase 1 knockout was associated with the severity of oral malignant transformation. Immunohistochemical studies showed significant upregulation of PCNA, MMP2, MMP9, and BCL2 expression and downregulation of BAX expression in the pathological hyperplastic area. In addition, ceramide synthase 1 knockdown promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. Overexpression of CERS1 obtained the opposite effect. Ceramide synthase 1 knockdown caused endoplasmic reticulum stress and induced the VEGFA upregulation. Activating transcription factor 4 is responsible for ceramide synthase 1 knockdown caused VEGFA transcriptional upregulation. In addition, mild endoplasmic reticulum stress caused by ceramide synthase 1 knockdown could induce cisplatin resistance. Taken together, our study suggests that ceramide synthase 1 is downregulated in oral cancer and promotes the aggressiveness of oral squamous cell carcinoma and chemotherapeutic drug resistance.

Oral Cancer: Raising Awareness of the Importance of Suspicion in Early Detection

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-12
Author(s):  
Farooq Ahmed ◽  
Honieh Bolooki ◽  
Senathrajah Ariyaratnam ◽  
Michael N. Pemberton
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Verrucous Carcinoma ◽  
Mucosal Lesion ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Suspicious Lesions

Oral cancer is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this article we present two cases of potentially innocuous looking lesions, initially thought to be traumatic in origin, but later diagnosed as cancer. The first patient presented with a persistent laceration thought to be caused by an accidental shaving injury, which was subsequently diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma. The second patient presented with a hyperplastic mucosal lesion, suspected as forming due to denture-clasp irritation, which was subsequently diagnosed as proliferative verrucous carcinoma. The importance of early detection and palpation of suspicious lesions is emphasised in this article.

scholarly journals A comparative analysis of toluidine blue with frozen section in oral squamous cell carcinoma

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Montasir Junaid ◽  
Moaz M Choudhary ◽  
Zain A Sobani ◽  
Ghulam Murtaza ◽  
Sadaf Qadeer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Frozen Section

scholarly journals Salivary LDOC1 is a gender-difference biomarker of oral squamous cell carcinoma

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chung-Ji Liu ◽  
Jen-Hao Chen ◽  
Shih-Min Hsia ◽  
Chiu-Chu Liao ◽  
Hui-Wen Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Suppressor Gene ◽  
Clinicopathological Characteristics ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Low Levels

Background The X-linked tumor suppressor gene LDOC1 is reported to be involved in oral cancer. The detection of biomarkers in salivary RNA is a non-invasive strategy for diagnosing many diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of salivary LDOC1 as a biomarker of oral cancer. Methods We determined the expression levels of LDOC1 in the saliva of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) subjects, and investigated its correlation with various clinicopathological characteristics. The expression levels of salivary LDOC1 were detected in 53 OSCC subjects and 43 healthy controls using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. We used Fisher’s exact test to analyze the correlations between expression levels and clinicopathological characteristics. Results Salivary LDOC1 was significantly upregulated in females with OSCC (p = 0.0072), and significantly downregulated in males with OSCC (p = 0.0206). Eighty-nine percent of male OSCC subjects who smoked expressed low levels of LDOC1. OSCC cell lines derived from male OSCC subjects expressed low levels of LDOC1. Conclusions A high level of salivary LDOC1 expression is a biomarker of OSCC in females. A high percentage of male OSCC subjects who smoke express low levels of salivary LDOC1. A low level of salivary LDOC1 expression is a biomarker of OSCC in males.

scholarly journals Saliva protein biomarkers to detect oral squamous cell carcinoma in a high-risk population in Taiwan

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (41) ◽  
pp. 11549-11554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jau-Song Yu ◽  
Yi-Ting Chen ◽  
Wei-Fan Chiang ◽  
Yung-Chin Hsiao ◽  
Lichieh Julie Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Protein Biomarkers

Most cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) develop from visible oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). The latter exhibit heterogeneous subtypes with different transformation potentials, complicating the early detection of OSCC during routine visual oral cancer screenings. To develop clinically applicable biomarkers, we collected saliva samples from 96 healthy controls, 103 low-risk OPMDs, 130 high-risk OPMDs, and 131 OSCC subjects. These individuals were enrolled in Taiwan’s Oral Cancer Screening Program. We identified 302 protein biomarkers reported in the literature and/or through in-house studies and prioritized 49 proteins for quantification in the saliva samples using multiple reaction monitoring-MS. Twenty-eight proteins were successfully quantified with high confidence. The quantification data from non-OSCC subjects (healthy controls + low-risk OPMDs) and OSCC subjects in the training set were subjected to classification and regression tree analyses, through which we generated a four-protein panel consisting of MMP1, KNG1, ANXA2, and HSPA5. A risk-score scheme was established, and the panel showed high sensitivity (87.5%) and specificity (80.5%) in the test set to distinguish OSCC samples from non-OSCC samples. The risk score >0.4 detected 84% (42/50) of the stage I OSCCs and a significant portion (42%) of the high-risk OPMDs. Moreover, among 88 high-risk OPMD patients with available follow-up results, 18 developed OSCC within 5 y; of them, 77.8% (14/18) had risk scores >0.4. Our four-protein panel may therefore offer a clinically effective tool for detecting OSCC and monitoring high-risk OPMDs through a readily available biofluid.

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