scholarly journals Estimating Generalised Flood Sew Coeficients for Peninsular Malaysia

2016 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hong Jer Lang ◽  
Amirah Hanim bt. Mohd Puad ◽  
INTAN SHAFILIAH BT. ABDULAZIA ◽  
HONG KEE AN
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prediction Equation ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Annual Peak ◽  
Pearson Type ◽  
Log10 Unit ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Peak Discharges

Flood estimations based on itting the frequency of occurrence of annual peak discharges using the Log-Pearson Type 3 distribution are commonly used but they are sensitive to the skew coeficients of the gauging stations. The estimation accuracy can be improved by using a weighted average population skew coeficient calculated from the sample station skew and the generalised unbiased skew. The U.S. Water Resources Council (WRC) has documented guidelines for estimating the generalised skew coeficients and published a map of generalised skew values for the United States. The map shows isolines of skew coeficient values and the average skew coeficient for each 1-degree quadrangle of latitude and longitude for the United States. Following the WRC guidelines, many of the state authorities in the US have developed the generalised skew coeficients separately on a state/regional basis. In Malaysia, the Log Pearson Type 3 distribution has been widely used for lood peakestimation but there are no guidelines available for estimating the generalised skew coeficients for use in con–unction with the distribution and as more accurate results can be obtained if these data are available, it is clear that a regional lood skew study is needed. With the regional sew data available, the peak low can be simply and easily calculated with the aid of a software such as HEC-SSP. The aim of this paper is to use the WRC guidelines to derive the generalised skew coeficients using the peakannual discharge data of Peninsular Malaysia for general use.The WRC recommended several techniques for estimating and evaluating generalised s—ew of the Log-Pearson Type 3 distribution for the annual peakdischarges. Station skews (skew coeficients computed from gauging station records) and unbiased and weighted skews derived from these station skews are to be used to develop these techniques. In this study, peak discharge records at 66 gauging stations having 16 or more annual peak discharges in Peninsular Malaysia were selected for computing station skews. Station skew values ranged from -0.831(log10 unit) to 1.475 (log10 unit).The three techniques recommended by WRC used for estimating the generalised skew of annual peak discharges were adopted for this study. These methods are: (1) An isoline map, (2) a prediction equation (3) a regional mean skew. Attempts to develop a prediction equation were unsuccessful. An error analysis showed that the regional mean skew method has a lower MSE (mean square error) than that obtained from the state wide generalised skew coeficient contour map. As a result, the mean station skew for the selected gauging stations can be used to estimate the generalised skew for any gauging site in the peninsula.The mean skew is -0.022 (log10 unit) and the associated mean square error is 0.05 (log10 unit).

scholarly journals Genetic Relatedness within Serotypes of Penicillin-Susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniaeIsolates

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 4548-4553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Overweg ◽  
Debby Bogaert ◽  
Marcel Sluijter ◽  
Janet Yother ◽  
Jacob Dankert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Horizontal Transfer ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
The United States ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Genetic Clusters ◽  
Genetic Clustering ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

The molecular epidemiological characteristics of allStreptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated in a nationwide manner from patients with meningitis in The Netherlands in 1994 were investigated. Restriction fragment end labeling analysis demonstrated 52% genetic clustering among these penicillin-susceptible strains, a value substantially lower than the percentage of clustering among Dutch penicillin-nonsusceptible strains. Different serotypes were found within 8 of the 28 genetic clusters, suggesting that horizontal transfer of capsular genes is common among penicillin-susceptible strains. The degree of genetic clustering was much higher among serotype 3, 7F, 9V, and 14 isolates than among isolates of other serotypes, i.e., 6A, 6B, 18C, 19F, and 23F. We further studied the molecular epidemiological characteristics of pneumococci of serotype 3, which is considered the most virulent serotype and which is commonly associated with invasive disease in adults. Fifty epidemiologically unrelated penicillin-susceptible serotype 3 invasive isolates originating from the United States (n = 27), Thailand (n = 9), The Netherlands (n = 8), and Denmark (n = 6) were analyzed. The vast majority of the serotype 3 isolates (74%) belonged to two genetically distinct clades that were observed in the United States, Denmark, and The Netherlands. These data indicate that two serotype 3 clones have been independently disseminated in an international manner. Seven serotype 3 isolates were less than 85% genetically related to the other serotype 3 isolates. Our observations suggest that the latter isolates originated from horizontal transfer of the capsular type 3 gene locus to other pneumococcal genotypes. In conclusion, epidemiologically unrelated serotype 3 isolates were genetically more related than those of other serotypes. This observation suggests that serotype 3 has evolved only recently or has remained unchanged over long periods.

scholarly journals The Korean Version of the Academic Cyberincivility Assessment Questionnaire for Nursing Students in South Korea: Validity and Reliability Study (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minjoo Hong ◽  
Jennie C De Gagne ◽  
Hyewon Shin ◽  
Suhye Kwon ◽  
Gum-Hee Choi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nursing Students ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Content Validity ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Fit Index ◽  
Assessment Questionnaire

BACKGROUND Cybercivility, the practice of what to say and how to say it in online environments, encourages individuals to treat each other with respect. However, the anonymity of online communities may lead some individuals to behave in ways that violate social and cultural norms. These individuals treat others with a lack of regard and even bully others in faceless online confrontations. This practice of cyberincivility can be found across the internet, on commercial sites, and in schools offering online courses. Research on cybercivility and cyberincivility has increased in the United States, where instruments have been developed to measure the impact of cyberincivility in health profession education. However, there is no available instrument that measures nursing students’ online behaviors in South Korea. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a Korean version of the Academic Cyberincivility Assessment Questionnaire developed in the United States. METHODS Data were collected from 213 nursing students in three South Korean colleges. The Academic Cyberincivility Assessment Questionnaire developed by De Gagne and colleagues was adapted to measure students’ knowledge of cybercivility, and their experiences with and acceptability of cyberincivility. Content validity was tested using the content validity index (CVI). Criterion validity was tested using the digital citizenship scale. Reliability was evaluated using Cronbach alpha. The goodness-of-fit of construct validity was determined through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. RESULTS The CVI was 0.8 or higher for all items. Kuder–Richardson Formula 20, measuring reliability of the knowledge scale, was 0.22 and Cronbach alpha, measuring reliability of the experience scale, was .96. The goodness-of-fit of the model was Chi square=5568.63 (<i>P</i>&lt;.001), the comparative fit index (CFI) was 0.92, and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) was 0.08, which satisfied the criteria. The reliability of the acceptability scale was .96, and the goodness-of-fit indices satisfied the criteria (minimum Chi square/df=2.34, Tucker-Lewis Index =0.92, incremental fit index=0.93, root mean square residual=0.05, CFI=0.93, and RMSEA=0.08). CONCLUSIONS This study extended and reevaluated the US version of cybercivility scales in a culturally distinct context. The three dimensions of cybercivility include knowledge, experience, and acceptability. Acceptability is well-validated as a dimension, whereas the knowledge dimension requires reexamination for application to Koreans. A revision of the instrument is needed that considers the cultural differences between South Korea and the United States. This paper calls for more attention to be paid to contextualized cybercivility scales among health professions in countries outside the United States.

Oral poliovirus vaccine in the United States: Molecular characterization of sabin type 3 after replication in the gut of vaccinees

1991 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne M. Tatem ◽  
Carolyn Weeks-Levy ◽  
Steven J. Mento ◽  
Susan J. Dimichele ◽  
Alice Georgiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
The United States ◽  
Oral Poliovirus Vaccine ◽  
Type 3

scholarly journals 93. Trends in the Laboratory Detection of Rotavirus Before and After Implementation of Routine Rotavirus Vaccination: the United States, 2000–2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S8-S8
Author(s):  
Benjamin D Hallowell ◽  
Umesh D Parashar ◽  
Aaron Curns ◽  
Nicholas DeGroote ◽  
Jacqueline Tate
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Annual Peak ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Long Term Impact

Abstract Background Before the introduction of rotavirus vaccine in the United States in 2006, rotavirus infection was the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis among US children. Methods To evaluate the long-term impact of rotavirus vaccination on disease burden in the United States, CDC analyzed national laboratory testing data for rotavirus from laboratories participating in CDC’s National Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Surveillance System (NREVSS) during the pre- (2000–2006) and post-vaccine (2007–2018) periods. Results Nationally, the median annual percentage of positive rotavirus tests declined from 25.6% (range: 25.2–29.4%) in the pre-vaccine era to 6.1% (range: 2.6–11.1%) in the post-vaccine period. When comparing the pre- and post-vaccine era, the annual peak in rotavirus positivity declined from a median of 43.1% (range: 43.8–56.3%) to a median 14.0% (range: 4.8–27.3%) while the season duration was reduced from a median of 26 weeks (range: 23–27 weeks) to 9 weeks (range: 0–18 weeks). In the post-vaccine period, a biennial pattern emerged with alternating years of low and high rotavirus activity. Conclusion The implementation of rotavirus vaccine has dramatically reduced the disease burden and altered seasonal patterns of rotavirus in the United States; these changes have been sustained over 11 post-vaccine introduction seasons. Disclosures All Authors: No reported Disclosures.

scholarly journals Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Porcine Circovirus Type 3 Strain, PCV3/CN/Hubei-618/2016, Isolated from China

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengxian Fan ◽  
Xugang Ku ◽  
Fangzhou Chen ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Xuexiang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome Sequence ◽  
Complete Genome ◽  
The United States ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Type 3

ABSTRACT In October 2016, porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) was identified as a pathogen agent for pigs in the United States. Here, we report the genome sequence of a Chinese PCV3 strain, PCV3/CN/Hubei-618/2016. This will help us better understand the epidemiology and genetic characteristics of PCV3.

scholarly journals The Probability Distribution of Daily Precipitation at the Point and Catchment Scales in the United States

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Ye ◽  
Lars S. Hanson ◽  
Pengqi Ding ◽  
Dingbao Wang ◽  
Richard M. Vogel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Daily Precipitation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
The United States ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Precipitation Frequency ◽  
Climate Trend ◽  
Pearson Type

Abstract. Choosing a probability distribution to represent daily precipitation depths is important for precipitation frequency analysis, stochastic precipitation modeling and in climate trend assessments. Early studies identified the 2-parameter Gamma (G2) distribution as a suitable distribution for wet-day precipitation based on traditional goodness of fit tests. Here, probability plot correlation coefficients and L-moment diagrams are used to examine distributional alternatives for the full-record and wet-day series of daily precipitation at the point and catchment scales in the United States. Importantly, the G2 distribution performs poorly in comparison to either the Pearson Type-III (P3) or Kappa (KAP) distributions. The analysis indicates that the P3 distribution fits the full record of daily precipitation at both the point and catchment scales remarkably well; while the KAP distribution best describes the distribution of wet-day precipitation at the point scale, and the performance of KAP and P3 distributions is comparable for wet-day precipitation at the catchment scale.

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