scholarly journals RESEARCH PROGRAMME ON SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS: KEY RECOMMENDATIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-69
Author(s):  
Alex Shegay ◽  
Farhad Dashti ◽  
Lucas Hogan ◽  
Yiqiu Lu ◽  
Arsalan Niroomandi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Concrete Walls ◽  
Damage And Failure ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Walls ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Assessment Guidelines ◽  
Precast Walls

A wide range of reinforced concrete (RC) wall performance was observed following the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquakes, with most walls performing as expected, but some exhibiting undesirable and unexpected damage and failure characteristics. A comprehensive research programme, funded by the Building Performance Branch of the New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, and involving both numerical and experimental studies, was developed to investigate the unexpected damage observed in the earthquakes and provide recommendations for the design and assessment procedures for RC walls. In particular, the studies focused on the performance of lightly reinforced walls; precast walls and connections; ductile walls; walls subjected to bi-directional loading; and walls prone to out-of-plane instability. This paper summarises each research programme and provides practical recommendations for the design and assessment of RC walls based on key findings, including recommended changes to NZS 3101 and the NZ Seismic Assessment Guidelines.

Axial elongation in ductile reinforced concrete walls

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ericson Encina ◽  
Yiqiu Lu ◽  
Richard S. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Concrete Walls ◽  
Axial Elongation ◽  
Vertical Reinforcement ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Walls ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Floor Systems ◽  
Rc Frame Buildings ◽  
Global And Local

Axial elongation has been observed during tests of reinforced concrete (RC) members subjected to either monotonic or cyclic loading. The implications of elongating plastic hinges in beams on the seismic performance of RC frame buildings, and in particular the floor systems, has been extensively studied. However, few investigations have addressed axial elongation of RC walls. To expand on the existing knowledge of axial elongation in RC members, the measured axial elongations of 13 previously tested RC walls were investigated. These tests included a wide range of vertical reinforcement ratios, vertical reinforcement layouts, and axial loads. The procedures to estimate wall elongation that were proposed in the Public Comment Draft Amendment No. 3 of the New Zealand Concrete Structures Standard (NZS 3101:2006) were also evaluated and compared against the measured elongations from the tests. The experimental results showed that elongation magnitudes in the analysed walls were between 0.4-0.8% of the wall length at 1.5% lateral drift, and that the elongation equations proposed for NZS 3101:2006 provided an acceptable estimation of the expected elongation in RC walls. Additionally, numerical models were developed using distributed-plasticity fibre-based elements in OpenSees and membrane elements in VecTor2 to verify the ability of these commonly used modelling techniques to capture wall elongation. The numerical simulations were able to represent the global and local behaviour with good accuracy and both models were able to capture the peak elongations. However, the more sophisticated concrete material models in OpenSees allowed the fibre element models to more accurately represent the experimental wall elongations, especially when considering residual elongations.

scholarly journals Life cycle energy assessment and carbon dioxide emissions of wall systems for rural houses

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-50
Author(s):  
Renathielly Fernanda da Silva Brunetta ◽  
Samuel Nelson Melegari de Souza ◽  
Alessander Christopher Morales Kormann ◽  
Alexandre Haag Leite
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Structure ◽  
Concrete Walls ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Walls ◽  
Energy Assessment ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Wall systems have a wide range of embodied energy due to the diversity of materials available. This paper analyzes the expenditure of energy and carbon dioxide emissions in internal and external wall systems (IEWS) of a rural residence of social interest in Cascavel, state of Paraná, Brazil. The methodology proposed by NBR ISO 14040 was used to perform a life-cycle energy assessment (LCEA) and the carbon dioxide emissions assessment (LCCO2A) of these systems. Four scenarios were considered: reinforced concrete structure and ceramic blocks wall system, load-bearing masonry with concrete blocks, steel framing and reinforced concrete walls molded on site. As a result, it was found that it is possible to reduce energy consumption up to 25% by opting for reinforced concrete walls molded on site. In regards to CO2 emission, it was verified that the difference is even greater, being able to reduce emissions by almost 32% when opting for this same scenario.

Tests on Thin Reinforced Concrete Walls Subjected to In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Cyclic Loading

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 323-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Almeida ◽  
Ovidiu Prodan ◽  
Angelica Rosso ◽  
Katrin Beyer
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Concrete Walls ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
Displacement Ductility ◽  
Lap Splices ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Walls ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Response Organization

The present data paper describes an experimental campaign on five thin T-shaped reinforced concrete walls (DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.3490754.v2), which includes: details on the test units, materials, test setup, loading protocol, instrumentation, main features of each unit's response, organization of the provided test data, and examples of derived data. The tests aimed at assessing the influence of wall thickness on member stability, the role of lap splices on damage distribution and displacement ductility, and the effects of the simultaneous application of out-of-plane loading on the member response. A set of five companion test reports, one for each of the tested units, are included in the data set and supplement the present manuscript.

Boundary Elements of Special Reinforced Concrete Walls Tested under Different Loading Paths

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 1267-1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana G. Haro ◽  
Mervyn Kowalsky ◽  
Y. H. Chai ◽  
Gregory W. Lucier
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Plastic Hinge ◽  
Axial Loading ◽  
Boundary Elements ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Concrete Walls ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Walls ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Plastic Hinge Length

Large inelastic tensile strains and wide horizontal cracks primarily caused by in-plane loading, may lead to local out-of-plane deformations of the end regions of reinforced concrete (RC) walls within a buckled zone that comprises the plastic hinge length. Critical parameters that influence the onset of this failure mode have been studied through past experimental tests on RC prisms subjected to axial loading, which simulates the response of end regions of RC walls under in-plane demands. Missing from those studies is the effect of bidirectional loading protocols and the effect of the longitudinal reinforcement ratio on the hysteretic response. Therefore, 12 RC prisms with 3 longitudinal steel ratios representative of prototype boundary elements of typical special RC walls and piers walls were tested. The experimental results showed that the longitudinal steel content and the in-plane loading demands mainly govern the onset of out-of-plane buckling instability of planar RC walls.

scholarly journals Out-of-Plane Shear Strength of Steel-Plate-Reinforced Concrete Walls Dependent on Bond Behavior

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung-Gul Hong ◽  
◽  
Wonki Kim ◽  
Kyung-Jin Lee ◽  
Namhee Kim Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Steel Plate ◽  
Shear Behavior ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Plane Shear ◽  
Concrete Walls ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Walls ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Strength Models

This paper investigates the out-of-plane shear behavior of composite steel-plate-reinforced concrete walls (SC walls) and proposes their shear-strength-models based on plasticity theory limit analysis. For speedy, modular construction, SC walls are fabricated using double-skin steel plates with welded shear studs and sandwiching concrete between them. A review of current design formulas provides better understanding of bond-stress-dependent shear behavior relying on studs of SC walls. We conducted experiments on bondstrength-dependent arch and/or truss action to verify proposed shear-strength models with test results. Test results, including those from literature, agreed well with the strength anticipated by proposed formulas.

scholarly journals Temperature and shrinkage cracking in reinforced concrete walls

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan James Matin
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Temperature Drop ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Shrinkage Strain ◽  
Moisture Loss ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
Shrinkage Cracking ◽  
Concrete Walls ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Walls ◽  
Formation Of Cracks

Concrete cracking due to restrained thermal and shrinkage strain is a widespread problem that could happen to any structural element including base restrained walls. This type of crack usually occurs in structures with rigidly interconnected parts cast after their adjacent parts are hardened. As concrete undergoes volumetric deformations right after casting, the developing strains due to temperature drop and moisture loss get restrained by neighboring parts which causes stress development and could lead to formation of cracks. Cracking could reduce the structure’s integrity and serviceability, cause deterioration which could also lead to esthetical concerns. Therefore, structures should be designed to limit cracks to an acceptable level depending on the functionality requirements of the structure and its exposure conditions. Although it has been proven that it is almost impossible to completely eliminate cracking, providing an adequate amount of appropriately positioned reinforcement can reduce the width of cracks significantly. This study aims to investigate the behavior of base restrained reinforced concrete (RC) walls under volumetric changes due to thermal and shrinkage strains and providing a procedure to determine the amount of reinforcement needed to control the width of cracks. The ABAQUS finite element (FE) program is used to simulate the structures used in this study. The models are verified by comparing the results with previous experimental studies. Based on the performed parametric study, a procedure is suggested to determine the amount of steel reinforcement required to satisfy the cracking limitations based on major parameters that affect the crack width.

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