Analysis of COVID-19 Prevention and Control Modes and Effects

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 628-665
Author(s):  
Jian Zhou ◽  
◽  
Xiaohui Lu ◽  
Liang Ye ◽  
Yu Shao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Treatment ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
And Control ◽  
First Contact ◽  
South Europe

This study evaluates COVID-19 prevention and control policies. Based on the simulation, we compare the effects of two major policies: contact restriction and active treatment. Through regression and cluster analysis, we classified 169 countries and regions in the world into 10 groups, among which five groups accounted for the major proportion: the ones with the labels “CHN (China) mode,” “SE (South Europe) mode,” “ENE-SSA (East & North Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa) mode,” “US (United States) mode,” and “DEU (Germany) mode”). Differences in the effects of the prevention and control of COVID-19 in typical countries in each mode are comprehensively investigated. The conclusions of this study can be summarized as follows: First, contact restriction outperforms active treatment in curbing the spread of COVID-19. Second, “CHN mode” ranks the highest level of epidemic control and emphasizes epidemic prevention and control more than economic stimulus, which is the opposite of the “US mode”. Regression analysis reveals that the differences in epidemics worldwide are caused by policy differences among modes.

scholarly journals Latent class evaluation of the performance of serological tests for exposure to Brucella spp. in cattle, sheep, and goats in Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. e0009630
Author(s):  
Rebecca F. Bodenham ◽  
Stella Mazeri ◽  
Sarah Cleaveland ◽  
John A. Crump ◽  
Folorunso O. Fasina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Parallel Testing ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
And Control

Background Brucellosis is a neglected zoonosis endemic in many countries, including regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Evaluated diagnostic tools for the detection of exposure to Brucella spp. are important for disease surveillance and guiding prevention and control activities. Methods and findings Bayesian latent class analysis was used to evaluate performance of the Rose Bengal plate test (RBT) and a competitive ELISA (cELISA) in detecting Brucella spp. exposure at the individual animal-level for cattle, sheep, and goats in Tanzania. Median posterior estimates of RBT sensitivity were: 0.779 (95% Bayesian credibility interval (BCI): 0.570–0.894), 0.893 (0.636–0.989), and 0.807 (0.575–0.966), and for cELISA were: 0.623 (0.443–0.790), 0.409 (0.241–0.644), and 0.561 (0.376–0.713), for cattle, sheep, and goats, respectively. Sensitivity BCIs were wide, with the widest for cELISA in sheep. RBT and cELISA median posterior estimates of specificity were high across species models: RBT ranged between 0.989 (0.980–0.998) and 0.995 (0.985–0.999), and cELISA between 0.984 (0.974–0.995) and 0.996 (0.988–1). Each species model generated seroprevalence estimates for two livestock subpopulations, pastoralist and non-pastoralist. Pastoralist seroprevalence estimates were: 0.063 (0.045–0.090), 0.033 (0.018–0.049), and 0.051 (0.034–0.076), for cattle, sheep, and goats, respectively. Non-pastoralist seroprevalence estimates were below 0.01 for all species models. Series and parallel diagnostic approaches were evaluated. Parallel outperformed a series approach. Median posterior estimates for parallel testing were ≥0.920 (0.760–0.986) for sensitivity and ≥0.973 (0.955–0.992) for specificity, for all species models. Conclusions Our findings indicate that Brucella spp. surveillance in Tanzania using RBT and cELISA in parallel at the animal-level would give high test performance. There is a need to evaluate strategies for implementing parallel testing at the herd- and flock-level. Our findings can assist in generating robust Brucella spp. exposure estimates for livestock in Tanzania and wider sub-Saharan Africa. The adoption of locally evaluated robust diagnostic tests in setting-specific surveillance is an important step towards brucellosis prevention and control.

Diabetes in Sub-Saharan Africa – Overview of a Looming Health Challenge

2009 ◽  
Vol 05 (0) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix K Assah ◽  
Jean-Claude Mbanya ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Recognition ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Health Challenge ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Health Challenge ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Imminent Threat ◽  
And Control

The number of people living with diabetes in the world is increasing rapidly. Most of the increase will occur in developing countries such as those in sub-Saharan Africa. Diabetes is currently recognised as a real and imminent threat to social and economic development globally and is set to be a major public health challenge in the 21st century. In sub-Saharan Africa, the challenge posed by diabetes is even more overwhelming since diabetes will have to share scarce resources with infections and malnutrition. Even worse, diabetes still has to gain sufficient political and social recognition in order to warrant aggressive national policies for prevention and treatment. In this article we present an overview of the burden of diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa and the specificities of care and control, and highlight the importance of developing effective national diabetes programmes.

scholarly journals Co-Circulation of Multiple Serotypes of Bluetongue Virus in Zambia

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 963
Author(s):  
Herman M. Chambaro ◽  
Michihito Sasaki ◽  
Edgar Simulundu ◽  
Isaac Silwamba ◽  
Yona Sinkala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
High Seroprevalence ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
And Control

Bluetongue (BT) is an arthropod-borne viral disease of ruminants with serious trade and socio-economic implications. Although the disease has been reported in a number of countries in sub-Saharan Africa, there is currently no information on circulating serotypes and disease distribution in Zambia. Following surveillance for BT in domestic and wild ruminants in Zambia, BT virus (BTV) nucleic acid and antibodies were detected in eight of the 10 provinces of the country. About 40% (87/215) of pooled blood samples from cattle and goats were positive for BTV nucleic acid, while one hartebeest pool (1/43) was positive among wildlife samples. Sequence analysis of segment 2 revealed presence of serotypes 3, 5, 7, 12 and 15, with five nucleotypes (B, E, F, G and J) being identified. Segment 10 phylogeny showed Zambian BTV sequences clustering with Western topotype strains from South Africa, intimating likely transboundary spread of BTV in Southern Africa. Interestingly, two Zambian viruses and one isolate from Israel formed a novel clade, which we designated as Western topotype 4. The high seroprevalence (96.2%) in cattle from Lusaka and Central provinces and co-circulation of multiple serotypes showed that BT is widespread, underscoring the need for prevention and control strategies.

scholarly journals What are the priorities for prevention and control of non-communicable diseases and injuries in sub-Saharan Africa and South East Asia?

BMJ ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 344 (mar02 1) ◽  
pp. e586-e586 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Chisholm ◽  
R. Baltussen ◽  
D. B. Evans ◽  
G. Ginsberg ◽  
J. A. Lauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals Infection-Related Cancers in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Paradigm for Cancer Prevention and Control

Oncology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Okuku ◽  
Abrahams Omoding ◽  
Victoria Walusansa ◽  
Martin Origa ◽  
Gerald Mutungi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Cancer Prevention And Control ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals AFRICAN HEARTLAND GEOPOLITICS OF THE FUTURE IN THE SUB-SAHARAN REGION

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Luca DIACONESCU ◽  
◽  
Loredana DRAGOMIR ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Total Population ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Limited Access ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Sub Saharan

Sub-Saharan Africa is still considered a land semi-isolated from the rest of the world, without many natural harbors or navigable rivers, or inland islands and seas, with 16 states that do not have access to the sea and D.R. Congo with limited access that is difficult to achieve. All these states that can be considered the Heartland of Africa, have now reached a total population exceeding the US population, will exceed the population of continent Europe by 2050 and will have a population similar to the continents of America and Europe taken together by 2100.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document