scholarly journals Potential of Combustion of Poultry Litter for Space Heating in Poultry Production

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Mogomotsi J. Molefe ◽  
Isaac N. Simate
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Space Heating ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Heat Distribution ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Complete Combustion ◽  
Heating Systems

Confined poultry production, which is expected to double by 2050, produces a lot of litter. For successful and sustainable poultry production, litter management is prompted and should be prioritized. Poultry litter can serve as an energy feedstock for space heating and electricity generation. Currently, heating systems in use depend on electricity, charcoal or diesel which are very expensive leading to high energy costs in poultry production. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate the potential of combustion of poultry litter for space heating in poultry production. A brazier with 32 holes, of a diameter of 1cm, on its sides comprising of dimensions; Diameter=8 cm and Height=65 cm was used to burn 1kg of Poultry Litter Briquettes. The briquettes were made with a mincer which had a nozzle of dimensions, Length=11 cm and Diameter= 25 mm producing briquettes of a diameter of 25 mm and a length of 10 cm. The briquettes were made from poultry litter of chickens at the ages of 4, 5 and 6 weeks, and were either sun or solar dried. They were then directly combusted in the brazier and heat distribution was measured at distances of 30 cm, 60 cm and 90 cm from the brazier. Charcoal was used as a control. The maximum average temperatures recorded on the surface of the brazier for week 4, 5, 6 were 471oC, 491oC, 493oC respectively; whereas for charcoal was 555oC. However, the poultry litter briquettes were not able to sustain high temperatures for long compared to charcoal. Complete combustion took an average of 120 minutes while charcoal took an average of 180 minutes.

scholarly journals Physical-Rule Based Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inferential Sensor For Optimal Control Of Space Heating Systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Huang
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Prediction Model ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Space Heating ◽  
Indoor Temperature ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Neuro Fuzzy ◽  
Physical Sensors ◽  
Robust Prediction

The previous research on adaptive neuro-fuzzy inferential sensor (ANFIS) presented an approach to estimate the average indoor temperature and proposed a new method to measure process variables which are impossible to measure directly by using physical sensors in buildings. To achieve high energy efficiency in heating systems, an accurate and robust prediction model is essential. This thesis aims to improve the conventional ANFIS indoor temperature estimator and look for an optimal control of space heating systems. A physical-rule based ANFIS prediction model is proposed. The differences between this physical-rule based ANFIS prediction model and the conventional ANFIS prediction model are presented and analyzed. Three performance measures (RMSE, RMS, and R

scholarly journals Physical-Rule Based Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inferential Sensor For Optimal Control Of Space Heating Systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang Huang
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Prediction Model ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Space Heating ◽  
Indoor Temperature ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Neuro Fuzzy ◽  
Physical Sensors ◽  
Robust Prediction

The previous research on adaptive neuro-fuzzy inferential sensor (ANFIS) presented an approach to estimate the average indoor temperature and proposed a new method to measure process variables which are impossible to measure directly by using physical sensors in buildings. To achieve high energy efficiency in heating systems, an accurate and robust prediction model is essential. This thesis aims to improve the conventional ANFIS indoor temperature estimator and look for an optimal control of space heating systems. A physical-rule based ANFIS prediction model is proposed. The differences between this physical-rule based ANFIS prediction model and the conventional ANFIS prediction model are presented and analyzed. Three performance measures (RMSE, RMS, and R

Yttrium Implantation and Manganese Addition Element Effects on the High Temperature Oxidation Resistance of a Model Steel

2008 ◽  
Vol 595-598 ◽  
pp. 897-905
Author(s):  
Eric Caudron ◽  
Régis Cueff ◽  
Christophe Issartel ◽  
N. Karimi ◽  
Frédéric Riffard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidation Resistance ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Mixed Oxides ◽  
Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry ◽  
High Energy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Temperature Oxidation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Steel Oxidation ◽  
Yttrium Implantation

Manganese addition and subsequent yttrium implantation effects on extra low carbon steel were studied by Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS), Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Glancing Angle X-ray Diffraction (GAXRD). Thermogravimetry and in situ X-Ray Diffraction at 700°C and PO2=0.04 Pa for 24h were used to determine the manganese alloying addition and subsequent yttrium implantation effects on reference steel oxidation resistance at high temperatures. This study clearly shows the combined effect of manganese alloying addition and subsequent yttrium implantation which promotes the formation of several yttrium mixed oxides seem to be responsible for the improved reference steel oxidation resistance at high temperatures.

scholarly journals Bacterial growth laws reflect the evolutionary importance of energy efficiency

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 406-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arijit Maitra ◽  
Ken A. Dill
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Fast Growth ◽  
Growth Speed ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Growth Laws

We are interested in the balance of energy and protein synthesis in bacterial growth. How has evolution optimized this balance? We describe an analytical model that leverages extensive literature data on growth laws to infer the underlying fitness landscape and to draw inferences about what evolution has optimized inEscherichia coli. IsE. colioptimized for growth speed, energy efficiency, or some other property? Experimental data show that at its replication speed limit,E. coliproduces about four mass equivalents of nonribosomal proteins for every mass equivalent of ribosomes. This ratio can be explained if the cell’s fitness function is the the energy efficiency of cells under fast growth conditions, indicating a tradeoff between the high energy costs of ribosomes under fast growth and the high energy costs of turning over nonribosomal proteins under slow growth. This model gives insight into some of the complex nonlinear relationships between energy utilization and ribosomal and nonribosomal production as a function of cell growth conditions.

scholarly journals Technological Innovation in the Aspect of Safety in the Process of Heat Supply

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 412-418
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Wrzalik ◽  
Matevž Obrecht
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Heat Supply ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
District Heating ◽  
High Energy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Network Operation ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn recent years heating in Poland has been transformed as a result of the priorities of the country's energy policy implemented within the European Union. The increase in energy security, the development of renewable energy sources and the fulfilment of legal and environmental requirements are very important. Exploitation of district heating systems should ensure reliable and safe heat supplies for industrial and municipal customers with high energy efficiency and reduction of environmental impact. The article discusses the conditions and directions of centralized heating systems development as well as technical and economic issues, which are important for the security of heat supply. The Author describes selected technological innovations used in the technical infrastructure for heat transfer and modern IT systems which are improving the management of heating systems. The article includes the results of simulation research with use of IT tools showing the impact of selected innovations on the improvement of network operation conditions. Directions of modernization of heating systems in the aspect of increasing energy efficiency and security of heat supply have also been indicted here.

Growth of Niobium Films at High Temperatures on Sapphire

1996 ◽  
Vol 440 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Basal Plane ◽  
Misfit Strain ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Total Density ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Island Size ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Orientation Density

AbstractThe growth and microstructural evolution of Nb thin films on the basal plane of α-Al2O3 were studied at different growth temperatures. The influence of island orientation, density, and misfit strain energy on the growth behavior of Nb films on (0001)α-Al2O3 at high temperatures has been investigated. The films were grown by MBE at 900°C and 1100°C. At these temperatures the Nb grows in the Volmer-Weber growth mode on the basal plane. In-situ reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations revealed that in the initial growth stage, Nb nuclei with different epitaxial orientations were formed. This leads to different orientations of thicker Nb films at different growth temperatures. At a growth temperature of 900°C the Nb{111} planes are parallel to the sapphire basal plane whereas at 1100°C Nb grows with the {110) planes parallel to the basal plane of sapphire. The formation of two different epitaxial orientations of thick Nb films can only be explained by considering both the change in the total density of Nb islands with temperature and the influence of island size on their total energy.

Germany’s Renewable Energy Law, State Aid and the Internal Market

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz von Unger
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
European Commission ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Internal Market ◽  
State Aid ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Subsidy Scheme ◽  
Renewable Energy Law ◽  
Energy Law ◽  
Energy Intensive Industries

Germany’s Renewable Energy Law (eeg) has come under pressure. The European Commission announced in December 2013 that it would perform an investigation for violation of state aid rules. The eeg subsidizes the production of renewable energy and requires electricity consumers to pay an “eeg surcharge”. The Commission is concerned that energy-intensive industries are largely exempt from paying the eeg surcharge and considers the privileges as illegal state aid. Germany disagrees arguing that they are a necessary means to balance the interest of the environment and those of industry burdened with high energy costs. Compromise is feasible, however, and negotiations are ongoing. Arguably more threatening is the legal prospect from Ålands Vindkraft, a case in which the Court will judge whether the restriction of feed-in-tariffs to domestic sources violates Article 34 tfeu. If the Court follows the opinion of General Advocate Bot, Germany may have to open the eeg subsidy scheme to renewable sources outside the country, surely leading German voters to question the legitimacy of the eeg altogether.

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