scholarly journals Entrepreneurship in Brazil: A Worthy Endeavor?

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Igor Serpa Moraes ◽  
Roque Pinto de Camargo Neto ◽  
Vivian S. Queiroz Orellana ◽  
Gabrielito Rauter Menezes
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Choice ◽  
Wage Differential ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Self Selection ◽  
Salaried Workers ◽  
Mincer Equation ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Wage Earners

This study analyzes if there are differences between the income of entrepreneurs and wage earners in Brazil. Using data from the 2015 National Household Sample Survey database, we estimate a Mincer equation, correcting for self-selection, which explains the choice of entrepreneurship in the function of earnings related to salaried work. Subsequently, the wage differential per category is decomposed using the Oaxaca-Blinder procedure. To complete the analysis, a detailed decomposition is used to identify the explained and unexplained components of the wage gap. The results indicate that personal, cultural, and demographic characteristics affect the entrepreneurial occupational choice as well the differential in the income of entrepreneurs and employees. On average, entrepreneurs earn approximately 19.68% more than salaried workers.

Wage Gap Between Formal and Informal Regular Workers in India: Evidence from the National Sample Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-121
Author(s):  
Manik Kumar ◽  
Sweety Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Wage Differential ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Wage Discrimination ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Informal Workers ◽  
National Sample Survey ◽  
Natural Logarithm ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Daily Wage

This article elucidates the wage differential between formal and informal workers across different sectors, gender, occupation, and industry by using the 61st (2004–2005) and 68th (2011–2012) Rounds of National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) unit-level data. The study emphasizes two things: first, identifying the existence of the absolute wage gap between formal and informal workers and, second, finding the intensity of discrimination in wage between formal and informal workers. The vast body of literature available on this issue identifies gender, caste, religion, and region as the factors causing wage discrimination. This literature makes a shift from these traditional concepts by explaining the importance of job contract as a basis of wage discrimination. This study utilizes the percentage relative gap (PGR) to work out the absolute wage gap between the two types of workers (formal and informal) and thereafter decomposes it to arrive at the source of the wage gap. The study applies the threefold Blinder–Oaxaca (B–O) decomposition method, which categorizes the total wage gap into three parts. The dependent variable chosen for the equation is the natural logarithm of daily wage. While the wage gap between formal and informal workers did not significantly fall during the study period, the results, on the other hand, indicate that the component of discrimination is larger than the component of endowment. This explains the discrimination perpetrated against informal workers in the Indian labor market. Tackling such discrimination necessitates implementation of more proactive policies for achieving wage equality in India.

Distribution of the gender wage gap with endogenous human capital: evidence for Spain

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucía Navarro-Gómez ◽  
Mario F. Rueda-Narvaez
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Distribution ◽  
Job Tenure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Education Experience ◽  
Female Wage ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Wage Earners

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide empirical evidence on gender wage discrimination and how it is distributed among women in the Spanish labour market, where female participation has been rising for decades. The empirical approach aims to assess to which extent discrimination is evenly distributed or not among women, and how different subgroups of workers are affected by it. Design/methodology/approach – Using data from the Spanish section of the European Community Household Panel (1994-2001) the authors estimate earnings equations for men and women using the instrumental variable (IV) method proposed by Hausman and Taylor (1981). This aims to avoid biases resulting from endogeneity of regressors. Building on these results, the authors follow the proposal of Jenkins (1994) and estimate a bivariate wage distribution for women, containing individual expected earnings with and without discrimination. Findings – The results show that discrimination is distributed unevenly across female workers and that the degree to which women are discriminated against grows as they move upward in the wage distribution. Also, when wage determinants are allowed to be endogenous, the results experience drastic changes, both in average and distributional terms. Research limitations/implications – The results point to a “glass ceiling” operating on female earnings and also show that endogeneity of human capital should be taken into account when analysing discrimination. Therefore, more empirical evidence in this line would be welcome. Originality/value – By using IV estimation of wages, the authors control for the existence of endogeneity in earnings equations. Also, the authors provide unexplained wage differentials for particular groups of female wage earners, specially according to education, experience and job tenure.

scholarly journals Analysis and Prediction of Pedestrians’ Violation Behavior at the Intersection Based on a Markov Chain

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5690
Author(s):  
Chengyuan Mao ◽  
Lewen Bao ◽  
Shengde Yang ◽  
Wenjiao Xu ◽  
Qin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Markov Chain ◽  
Markov Chain Model ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Chain Model ◽  
Behavior Prediction ◽  
Road Geometry ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Pedestrian Crossing ◽  
Prediction Approach

Pedestrian violations pose a danger to themselves and other road users. Most previous studies predict pedestrian violation behaviors based only on pedestrians’ demographic characteristics. In practice, in addition to demographic characteristics, other factors may also impact pedestrian violation behaviors. Therefore, this study aims to predict pedestrian crossing violations based on pedestrian attributes, traffic conditions, road geometry, and environmental conditions. Data on the pedestrian crossing, both in compliance and in violation, were collected from 10 signalized intersections in the city of Jinhua, China. We propose an illegal pedestrian crossing behavior prediction approach that consists of a logistic regression model and a Markov Chain model. The former calculates the likelihood that the first pedestrian who decides to cross the intersection illegally within each signal cycle, while the latter computes the probability that the subsequent pedestrians who decides to follow the violation. The proposed approach was validated using data gathered from an additional signalized intersection in Jinhua city. The results show that the proposed approach has a robust ability in pedestrian violation behavior prediction. The findings can provide theoretical references for pedestrian signal timing, crossing facility optimization, and warning system design.

scholarly journals Patterns of sexual mixing with respect to social, health and sexual characteristics among heterosexual couples in England: analyses of probability sample survey data

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (7) ◽  
pp. 1500-1510 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. PRAH ◽  
A. J. COPAS ◽  
C. H. MERCER ◽  
A. NARDONE ◽  
A. M. JOHNSON
Keyword(s):  
General Health ◽  
Health Behaviours ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Heterosexual Couples ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Probability Sample ◽  
Living Together ◽  
Sexual Characteristics

SUMMARYPatterns of sexual mixing are major determinants of sexually transmitted infection (STI) transmission, in particular the extent to which high-risk populations mix with low-risk populations. However, patterns of mixing in the general population are poorly understood. We analysed data from a national probability sample survey of households, the Health Survey for England 2010. A total of 943 heterosexual couples living together, where at least one partner was aged between 16–44 years, were included. We used correlation coefficients to measure the strength of similarities between partners with respect to demographic characteristics, general health, health behaviours and sexual history. Males were on average 2 years older than their female partners, although this age difference ranged from a median of 0 years in men aged 16–24 years to a median of 2 years in men aged 35–44 years. A positive correlation between partners was found for all demographic characteristics. With respect to general health and health behaviours, a strongly positive correlation was found between men and women in reporting alcohol consumption at ⩾3 days a week and smoking. Men typically reported greater numbers of sexual partners than their female partner, although men and women with more partners were more likely to mix with each other. We have been able to elucidate the patterns of sexual mixing between men and women living together in England. Mixing based on demographic characteristics was more assortative than sexual characteristics. These data can better inform mathematical models of STI transmission.

Do Migrants Think Differently? Evidence from Eastern European and Post-Soviet States

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 831-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruxanda Berlinschi ◽  
Ani Harutyunyan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Aversion ◽  
International Migration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Risk Averse ◽  
Economic Liberalism ◽  
Self Selection ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Politically Active ◽  
Beliefs And Attitudes

This research investigates migrant self-selection on values, beliefs, and attitudes using data from Eastern European and former Soviet countries. We find that individuals who intend to emigrate are more politically active, more critical of governance and institutions, more tolerant toward other cultures, less tolerant of cheating, more optimistic, and less risk averse. With the exception of risk aversion, all selection patterns are heterogeneous across regions of origin. On the other hand, no self-selection pattern is detected on education, willingness to pay for public goods, and economic liberalism. These findings provide new insights into the determinants of international migration and reveal some of its less known consequences, such as a possible reduction of domestic pressure for political improvements in post-Soviet states due to politically active citizens’ higher propensity to emigrate.

Does Salaried Status Affect Human Capital Accumulation?

ILR Review ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheldon E. Haber ◽  
Robert S. Goldfarb
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Longitudinal Survey ◽  
Human Capital Accumulation ◽  
Hourly Wage ◽  
Program Participation ◽  
Salaried Workers ◽  
Hourly Workers ◽  
Using Data

Human capital studies do not usually consider whether an individual is paid an hourly wage or a salary. The authors of this paper develop a conceptual framework that explains why some workers are paid salaries and predicts that salaried workers will invest more in human capital than will hourly workers. In particular, this prediction hinges on the differing effort incentives facing hourly and salaried workers, and their employers, in jobs that are paced versus unpaced. Empirical evidence supporting this prediction and other hypotheses implied by the proposed framework is presented using data on individuals covering a 16-month period in 1984–85 from the Bureau of Census Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), a longitudinal survey.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Minimum Wage on Male and Female Employment and Earnings in India

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidhiya Menon ◽  
Yana van der Meulen Rodgers
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
The Impact

This study examines how employment and wages for men and women respond to changes in the minimum wage in India, a country known for its extensive system of minimum wage regulations across states and industries. Using repeated cross sections of India's National Sample Survey Organization employment survey data for the period 1983–2008 merged with a newly created database of minimum wage rates, we find that, regardless of gender, minimum wages in urban areas have little to no impact on labor market outcomes. However, minimum wage rates increase earnings in the rural sector, especially for men, without any employment losses. Minimum wage rates also increase the residual gender wage gap, which may be explained by weaker compliance among firms that hire female workers.

scholarly journals Co-benefits associated with public support for climate-friendly COVID-19 recovery policies and political activism

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (05) ◽  
pp. A08
Author(s):  
Jagadish Thaker ◽  
Brian Floyd
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Using Data

Scientists highlight that actions that address environmental protection and climate change can also help with reducing infectious disease threats. Results using data from a national sample survey in New Zealand indicate that perceptions of co-benefits of actions to address environmental protection that also protect against infectious disease outbreaks such as the coronavirus is associated with policy support and political engagement. This association was partly mediated through perceived collective efficacy. Local councils with higher level of community collective efficacy were more likely to declare climate emergency. Communication about potential co-benefits is likely to shape public engagement and enact policy change.

scholarly journals Are Women Really Less Competitive Than Men? Career Duration in Nordic and Alpine Skiing

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Frick ◽  
Katharina Moser
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Competitive Environment ◽  
Alpine Skiing ◽  
Random Assignment ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Corporate Executives ◽  
Career Length ◽  
Self Selection ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Nordic Skiing

Do women shy away from competition while men compete too much? The available, mostly experimental evidence generally supports these assumptions. However, in contrast to laboratory settings, labor markets do not have random assignment of workers. Instead, individuals—professional athletes and corporate executives—self-select into specific occupations. Using data from Alpine and Nordic skiing over 52 and 37 years respectively, we show that career length of men and women is virtually identical. Thus, when adequately controlling for self-selection into a highly competitive environment, differences between men and women with respect to competitiveness completely disappear.

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