KEANEKARAGAMAN TUMBUHAN SUKU PIPERACEAE DI KAWASAN AIR TERJUN LOMBONGO PROVINSI GORONTALO

Tumbuhan suku Piperaceae merupakan kelompok tumbuhan berbunga yang mempunyai ciri khas aromatik dan hidup di daerah hutan hujan tropika. Berdasarkan survei awal di kawasan air terjun Lombongo Provinsi Gorontalo, wilayah Taman Nasional Bogani Nani Wartabone, didapati berbagai spesies dari suku Piperaceae. Namun belum teridentifikasi jenis Piper apa saja serta bagaimana nilai indeks keanekaragaman di kawasan air terjun tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan suku Piperaceae yang ada di kawasan air terjun Lombongo Provinsi Gorontalo. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan metode eksploratif atau jelajah dengan menggunakan teknik sampling Probability Sample. Hasil penelitian menemukan 9 jenis tumbuhan suku Piperaceae dengan dua cara hidup yang berbeda yakni, terstrial dan epifit. Nilai indeks keanekaragaman tumbuhan suku Piperaceae yang terdapat di kawasan air terjun Lombongo adalah 2.17 dengan kriteria sedang yang menunjukan keadaan ekosistem yang cukup stabil.

Beyond Personal Empathy: Perceiving Inclusive Empathy as Socially Shared Predicts Support for Transitional Justice Mechanisms

In countries emerging from civil war, inclusive empathy is important for conflict resolution yet may be difficult to promote. Widening the predominant focus on personal inclusive empathy for conflict resolution, we examine whether support for transitional justice mechanisms (TJ) can be predicted by how much an individual perceives inclusive empathy as being shared in their local communities. Our results, based on a probability sample survey in post-war Sri Lanka (N = 580), reveal that the effects of this perceived communal inclusive empathy can be distinguished from those of personally experienced inclusive empathy, and that the more respondents perceive inclusive empathy as prevalent in their communities, the more they support TJ mechanisms. However, the results also indicate the contextual limits of perceived communal inclusive empathy as a resource for conflict resolution: participants tend to underestimate the prevalence of inclusive empathy, especially in militarized minority communities, and the more they underestimate it, the less they support TJ mechanisms. This study corroborates the importance of social influence in conflict resolution, suggesting that perception of inclusive empathy as shared in one’s community is a key determinant of popular support for conflict-transforming policies.

Differences in beliefs about COVID-19 by gun ownership: a cross-sectional survey of Texas adults

ObjectivesWe investigated the association between gun ownership and perceptions about COVID-19 among Texas adults as the pandemic emerged. We considered perceived likelihood that the pandemic would lead to civil unrest, perceived importance of taking precautions to prevent transmission and perceptions that the threat of COVID-19 has been exaggerated.MethodsData were collected from 5 to 12 April 2020, shortly after Texas’ stay-at-home declaration. We generated a sample using random digit dial methods for a telephone survey (n=77, response rate=8%) and by randomly selecting adults from an ongoing panel to complete the survey online (n=1120, non-probability sample). We conducted a logistic regression to estimate differences in perceptions by gun ownership. To account for bias associated with use of a non-probability sample, we used Bayesian data integration and ran linear regression models to produce more accurate measures of association.ResultsAmong the 60% of Texas adults who reported gun ownership, estimates of past 7-day gun purchases, ammunition purchases and gun carrying were 15% (n=78), 20% (n=100) and 24% (n=130), respectively. We found no evidence of an association between gun ownership with perceived importance of taking precautions to prevent transmission or with perceived likelihood of civil unrest. Results from the logistic regression (OR 1.27, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.63) and the linear regression (β=0.18, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.29) suggest that gun owners may be more likely to believe the threat of COVID-19 was exaggerated.ConclusionsCompared with those without guns, gun owners may have been inclined to downplay the threat of COVID-19 early in the pandemic.

Self-reported sexually transmitted infections and healthcare in Slovenia: Findings from the second national survey of sexual lifestyles, attitudes and health, 2016-2017

Introduction Objectives were to estimate the lifetime prevalence of self-reported sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and describe STIs healthcare. Methods Data was collected in the period 2016-2017 from a probability sample of the general population, 18-49 years old, at respondents’ homes by a combination of face-to-face interviews and self-administration of more sensitive questions. Statistical methods for complex survey data were used to account for stratification, clustered sampling, and weighting. Results Approximately every tenth sexually experienced individual reported to have had genitourinary symptoms suggestive of STIs, but only a minority of them reported to have had those respective STIs diagnosed. The proportion of sexually experienced individuals that reported to have ever been diagnosed with an STI (excluding trichomoniasis, pubic lice for men and women, and pelvic inflammatory disease, vaginal thrush, bacterial vaginosis for women) was 2.4% for men and 6.7% for women (p<0.001). Independent risk factors associated with self-reported STIs in women included at least 10 lifetime sexual partners and having been forced into sex. The majority of the last STI episodes in women were treated by gynaecologists accessible at the primary healthcare level and in men by a dermatovenerologist, after referral by a general practitioner. Approximately half of STI patients were counselled for safer sex and majority reported to have notified their sexual contacts. Conclusions Our estimates for lifetime prevalence of self-reported STIs in a probability sample of Slovenian sexually experienced men and women, 18-49 years old, indicate a substantial national burden of STIs. The results will inform national STI prevention and control policies and strategies.

Integration of Nonprobability and Probability Samples via Survey Weights

Probability sample encounters the problems of increasing cost and nonresponse. The cost has rapidly been increasing in executing a large probability sample survey, and, for some surveys, response rate can be below the 10 percent level. Therefore, statisticians seek some alternative methods. One of them is to use a large nonprobability sample (S_1 ) supplemented by a small probability sample (S_2 ). Both samples are taken from the same population and they include common covariates, and a third sample (S_3 ) is created by combining these two samples; S_1&nbsp; can be biased and S_2&nbsp; may have large sample variance. These two problems are reduced by survey weights and combining the two samples. Although S_2&nbsp; is a small sample, it provides good properties of unbiasedness in estimation and of survey weights. With these known weights, we obtain adjusted sample weights (ASW), and create a sample model from a finite population model. We fit the sample model to obtain its parameters and generate values from the population model. Similarly, we repeat these processes for other two samples, S_1&nbsp; and S_3&nbsp; and for different statistical methods. We show reduced biases of the finite population means and reduced variances.as the combined sample size becomes large. We analyze sample data to show the reduction of these two errors.

Adequacy of sample size in a qualitative case study and the dilemma of data saturation: A narrative review

The consensus of many researchers on data saturation is that data saturation is a key driver for determining the adequacy of sample size in a qualitative case study. Despite these global consensuses, some researchers described data saturation as complex because the decision to stop data collection is solely dictated by the judgment and experience of researchers. Other researchers claimed that guidelines for determining non-probability sample sizes, used as an indication of data saturation are virtually non-existent, problematic, or controversial. Others claimed that data saturation hitched to sample size is practically weak, because data are never truly saturated, as there are always new data to be discovered. This narrative study highlights the dilemma of data saturation and strategies to adequately determine sample size in a qualitative case study. A narrative review of prior research that focused on the vast works of literature that revealed significant information on data saturation and strategies to adequately determine sample size was adopted. Peer-reviewed articles within the last five years from electronic databases, using some keywords such as “qualitative case study”, “sample size in a qualitative case study”, “data saturation”, etc., were also extracted. Results show that data saturation is very helpful especially at the conceptual stage, but its concept and standard is elusive, because it lacks practical guidance for estimating sample size for a robust research prior to data collection. Findings from this study may encourage researcher on better guidelines for determining non-probability sample sizes.