scholarly journals Effect of Soil Coverage on Dual Crop Coefficient of Maize in a Region of Mato Grosso, Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Maria Carolina da Silva Andrea ◽  
Francielle Freitas Vieira ◽  
Rivanildo Dallacort ◽  
João Danilo Barbieri ◽  
Paulo Sérgio Lourenço de Freitas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
Soil Evaporation ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Dual Approach ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Crop Development

With the objective of determining maize’s specific water requirements in different soil cover conditions in a Cerrado region of Mato Grosso, Brazil, this study used the dual’s crop coefficient (Kc dual) approach, according to FAO methods. An experiment was carried out in 2016, with three treatments: without vegetation soil cover; soil cover of 4 t ha-1 and soil cover of 8 t ha-1 dry matter of brachiaria grass. The used methodology accounts for crop’s transpiration component (through its basal coefficient, Kcb) and soil evaporation component (through its coefficient, Ke), which were determined for initial, intermediate and final phases of crop development. Experiments were carried in lysimeters to determine crop’s evapotranspiration, and in microlysimeters to determine soil evaporation. Crop’s transpiration, on three soil coverage treatments, showed overall highest values for the treatment with greater coverage (Kcb maximum values of 0.88, 1.00 and 1.03 from the lowest to greater soil coverage), while between crop’s phases, coefficient values were always higher at the intermediate stage, presenting decreases with crop senescence. Soil evaporation was highest on treatment without coverage in all crop’s stages (Ke = 0.37-0.78) and lowest in the treatment with greater coverage (Ke = 0.11-0.35). Yields were higher on treatments with coverage (9929.18 and 9939.52 kg ha-1 for treatments with 4 and 8 t ha-1) and lower when cultivated in soil without cover (8264.67 kg ha-1). Despite relatively higher crop’s transpiration with greater soil coverage, this treatment was identified as the best management option in the assessed tropical region of Brazilian Cerrado, in terms of rational use of water, due to lowest losses through evaporation, as also providing the highest grain yields.

scholarly journals Evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of drip irrigated watermelon in Piaui coastline, Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 582-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edson A. Bastos ◽  
Cláudio R. Silva ◽  
Braz H. N. Rodrigues ◽  
Aderson S. Andrade Jr. ◽  
Lívia M. M. Ibiapina
Keyword(s):  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Crop Development ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Electronic Sensors

The knowledge of the evapotranspiration (ETc) and crop coefficient (Kc) is fundamental to plan and to manage the irrigation of any crop. The aim of this study was to determine the daily and hourly evapotranspiration of drip irrigated watermelon (Citrullus Lanatus, var. Crimson Sweet) and crop coefficient (Kc) in each crop development phase. The experiment was carried out in an experimental area of 1.27 ha of Embrapa Mid-North, localized in Parnaíba (02°54'S, 41°47'W and 46 m above of sea), State of Piauí, Brazil, from September to November, 2006. Electronic weighing lysimeters of 1.5 m x 1.5 m wide and long and 1.0 m deep were used to obtain the evapotranspiration. The plants were drip irrigated with a lateral row per plant row and drippers spaced 0.5 m from each other. The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was estimated using the Penman-Monteith equation from the climatic data obtained by electronic sensors. The total evapotranspiration during the watermelon crop cycle cultivated in the state of Piauí was 233.87 mm, with mean values of 3.7 mm day-1, minimum of 1.18 and maximum of 8.14 mm day-1. The Kc of the drip irrigated watermelon was 0.18 in the initial stage of crop growth; 0.18 to 1.3, in crop development stage; 1.3 in the intermediate stage and 0.43 in the final stage.

scholarly journals Desempenho agronômico de mandioca de mesa manejada com irrigação e uso de cobertura plástica do solo

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Jorge Cesar dos Anjos Antonini ◽  
Eduardo Alano Vieira ◽  
Josefino de Freitas Fialho ◽  
Fernando Antônio Macena ◽  
Krishna Naudin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Cover ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Root Yield ◽  
Cassava Root ◽  
Crop Development ◽  
Effective Depth ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Individual Use ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Sweet Cassava

Although cassava is recognized for its high tolerance to drought, irrigation is showing satisfactory results. However, few studies have been carried out to determine the effects of soil cover, irrigation and the combination of both on crop development. Theobjective of this study was to determine the influence of irrigation and plastic soil cover on the agronomic performance of sweet cassava. The planting was done in beds, in thedouble row system with the stem cutingsimplanted vertically, with 0.60m between rows and 0.80 m between plants. The following treatments were applied: naked non-irrigated bedding, bedding covered with non-irrigated black polyethylene plastic, naked bedding with irrigation and bedding covered with irrigated black polyethylene plastic. Irrigation wasperformedby conventional sprinkling, based on the daily soil water balance at the effective depth of the cassava root system in the different stages of crop development. The characters evaluated were: shoot weight, root yield, starch percentage in the roots and time for cooking. The expression of the characters shoot weight, root yield and starch percentage in the roots wassignificantly influenced by irrigation managementandsoil cover. The individual use of irrigation and plastic soilcover technologies led to increases in root yieldof 55% and 13%, respectively, and when used together, root yieldincreased by 89%.

scholarly journals Criteria for Decision Making and Economic Threshold Level for Wild Radish in Wheat Crop

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.C. TAVARES ◽  
E.S. LEMES ◽  
Q. RUCHEL ◽  
N.R. WESTENDORFF ◽  
D. AGOSTINETTO
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Wild Radish ◽  
Raphanus Raphanistrum ◽  
Economic Threshold

ABSTRACT: Weed competition limits wheat yield by reducing the availability of essential resources for its growth and development. In this sense, this study aimed to estimate the economic threshold level (ETL) of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) in competition with wheat cultivars. Treatments were arranged in a factorial scheme. The factor wheat cultivar consisted of early (BRS 328), medium (BRS 177), and late (BRS Umbu) cycles and the factor wild radish population ranged from 0 to 564 plants m-2 (10 populations) for the cultivar BRS 328, 0 to 472 plants m-2 for the cultivar BRS 177 (11 populations), and 0 to 724 plants m-2 for the cultivar BRS Umbu (10 populations). The early-cycle BRS 328 presented a higher competitive ability when compared to the medium-cycle BRS 177 and late-cycle BRS Umbu. Yield losses of wheat grains due to wild radish interference can be satisfactorily estimated by the rectangular hyperbola model using the variables plant population, shoot dry matter, soil cover, and leaf area of the weed. ETL values varied as a function of the cultivar cycle, being higher for the cultivar BRS 328 (early) > BRS 177 (medium) > BRS Umbu (late). Wild radish is competitive in wheat crop, requiring at least 1.6 plants m-2 for control to be justified.

scholarly journals Intercropping cover crops with a poplar short rotation coppice: Effects on nutrient uptake and biomass production

2018 ◽  
pp. 126-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Silvestri ◽  
Vittoria Giannini ◽  
Daniele Antichi
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Short Rotation

The risks of soil erosion and nutrient leaching can be considered appreciable in short rotation coppices especially in the first growth phases because of the absence of any plant cover. The temporary intercropping with legumes or grasses used as cover crops can help to overcome these environmental issues. The present research work aims to evaluate the effects of the introduction of cover crops in a short rotation poplar (Populus deltoides W. Bartram ex Marshall) with two-year harvest cycle. The plantation was located in a Typic Xerofluvent, silty-loam soil of the coastal Central Italy. Two different species of cover crops, Trifolium subterraneum L. (TS) and Lolium perenne L. (LP), were compared along with an untreated control, colonised by spontaneous vegetation (CO). Several plant and soil parameters were evaluated: the above ground biomass and nutrient accumulation for the three different soil cover types, the nitrate and water content in two soil layers (0.00-0.30 and 0.30-0.60 m), the poplar yield and nutrient content in branches and leaves. TS returned to the soil about 70 kg ha–1 of nitrogen at the end of its biological cycle, thanks to the high N content (over 2%) and to the noticeable amount of dry matter produced (3.46 t ha–1 of dry matter). This value was considerably higher than those of the LP (23 kg ha–1 of N) or CO (10 kg ha–1). The different amount of nitrogen returned to the soil affected both nitrate concentration in topsoil (0.00-0.30 m) and accumulation of nitrogen in poplar organs. Concerning phosphorous, the differences among treatments were less evident and the amount of P returned to the soil ranged from 2 (CO) to 10 (TS) kg ha–1. However, the effect of soil cover type on P uptake in poplar was still appreciable. Generally, the soil water content was slightly affected by the soil cover types. Indeed, the differences between the cover crops and the control became significant only in the shallowest soil layer and over the summer season. In the first year, LP induced a significant decrease in poplar yield (10.1 t ha–1 of dry matter) in comparison with TS (14.7 t ha–1) and CO (13.4 t ha–1), whereas in the second year there were no significant differences among treatments due to the weak regrowth of cover crops. These results show how to make it feasible a long lasting coexistence between cover crops and SRC, a clever design of agro-forestry systems is therefore needed.

Water use and water use efficiency of old and modern wheat cultivars in a Mediterranean-type environment

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 431 ◽  
Author(s):  
KHM Siddique ◽  
D Tennant ◽  
MW Perry ◽  
RK Belford
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Evaporation ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Modern Cultivar ◽  
Modern Wheat ◽  
Use Efficiency

Water use and water use efficiency of old and modern wheat cultivars and one barley cultivar were measured in a Mediterranean environment at Merredin, W.A. Water use efficiency for grain increased substantially from old to modern cultivars, with little difference among modern cultivars. Water use efficiency for dry matter was similar between cultivars. Barley had the highest water use efficiency of both grain and dry matter. Improved water use efficiency for grain in modern cultivars was associated with faster development, earlier flowering, improved canopy structure and higher harvest index. Modern cultivars used slightly less water than old cultivars. The pattern of water use was also different, with late-maturing old cultivars using more water in the pre- than the post-anthesis period. The ratio of pre- to post-anthesis water use was highest with the late-maturing, old cultivar Purple Straw (5.2:1) and lowest with early-maturing, modern cultivar Gutha (3.0:1). Soil evaporation estimates showed that modern cultivars had lower rates of soil evaporation in the early part of the growing season. This was associated with their faster leaf area development and improved light interception. About 40% of the total water use was lost by soil evaporation with very little difference between wheat cultivars. Barley had 15% less soil evaporation than wheat. Water use efficiency for grain based on transpiration (transpiration efficiency) for the four modern cultivars was 15.8 kg ha-1 mm-1, similar to other studies in comparable environments. Some further improvement in water use efficiency appears possible through improvement in crop biomass and harvest index. However, given the frequent and severe limitations of total water supply at low rainfall sites such as Merredin, there appears to be more scope for improvement in yield and water use efficiency in the medium and high rainfall areas of the wheatbelt.

Modelling of crop response to nitrogen fertilizer

1982 ◽  
Vol 296 (1082) ◽  
pp. 351-362 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Critical Concentration ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Simulation Studies ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Field Simulation ◽  
Crop Development

Quantitative theories have been developed for some of the principal plant processes governing crop response to N fertilizer. One shows that the same simple equation governs the dry matter increase of many U. K. crops during May to September when there are ample supplies of water and nutrients. Another defines the decline in the critical concentration of N in plant material with crop development. Others cover root development in soil and uptake of nitrate by these roots. These theories have been combined to form a dynamic model for estimating day-to-day responses to N fertilizer of crops grown in the field. Simulation studies with the model indicate that failure to take account of variations in subsoil nitrate and rooting depth is a major cause of uncertainty in forecasting fertilizer requirements in the U. K.

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