Chemical Characterization of Soil with Superficial Application of Avian Bed in Succession to Canola Cultivation

Additions of poultry manure can promote improvements in the conditioning of the biological, physical and chemical properties of the soil. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate soil chemical attributes through the superficial application of linear doses of chicken litter. The experimental design was a randomized block design, with 4 replicates and 7 treatments: T1: Witness (without application of avian bed), T2: 1 Mg ha-1, T3: 2 Mg ha-1, T4: 4 Mg ha-1, T5: 8 Mg ha-1, T6: 16 Mg ha-1, T7: 32 Mg ha-1 avian bed. The results indicate that the application of avian bed doses has an influence on K+ results, where intermediate doses as 12 and 18 ton ha-1 have higher results in potassium content in the analyzed soil. The doses of aviary bed alter the total organic carbon content. It can be said that higher doses of avian bed result in higher values of phosphorus and calcium. The calcium contents were higher than the magnesium content, potential acidity (H+ + Al3+) and Sulfur had a similar behavior to that of Calcium and Magnesium, a negative quadratic behavior. The values for pH measured did not vary greatly in relation to the doses of poultry bed applied and from the statistical data it was possible to determine that only pHCaCl2 had a significant difference. All other chemical attributes analyzed were not significantly influenced by the addition of the organic fertilizer when compared to the control, regardless of the application form in the soil.

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Effect of Different Sources of Fertilization on Chemical Properties of Soil Under Cassava Cultivation in Western Pará, Brazil

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v12n9p106 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 106

Author(s):

Marcelo Laranjeira Pimentel ◽

Iolanda Maria Soares Reis ◽

Victor Sousa Portela ◽

Maria Lita Padinha Correa Romano ◽

Carlos Ivan Aguilar Vildoso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Management ◽

Block Design ◽

Poultry Manure ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Production Costs ◽

Organic Fertilizers ◽

Natural Fertility ◽

Organic Carbon Content ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Properties Of Soil

Nutrient management becomes essential in soils with low natural fertility, so the use of organic fertilizers can improve chemical properties of soil and reduce production costs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different fertilization sources on the chemical properties of soil under cassava cultivation. The experiment was conducted between 2017/2018 in the community of Boa Esperança, Santarém-PA using the cultivar Bem-te-vi, in the randomized block design with 4 treatments: T1 (without fertilization), T2 (fertilization NPK), T3 (organic fertilization with poultry manure), T4 (fertilization with cattle manure), with 5 replicates. The soil samples were analyzed for the contents K+, Ca²+, pH in H2O and KCl, Al³+ and soil organic carbon content (TOC). The data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability, using the software MINITAB© version 18. There were statistical differences between the treatments for all the chemical properties analyzed. The findings of the analysis were that fertilization with catle manure and NPK were the same and differed from the other treatments for the contents of K+, pH in H2O and KCl, for Ca²+ and TOC. The treatment without fertilization obtained the lowest values differing from the others, for Al³+. The source from NPK obtained the lowest content in the soil. The treatments with organic fertilizers had higher levels of the above nutrients in the soil. The chemical properties of the soil were altered from the different management systems for the cultivation of cassava.

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Chemical Properties of Inceptisol and Rice Yields Applied with Mixed Source Fertilizer (MSF)

Journal of Tropical Soils ◽

10.5400/jts.2018.v23i1.1-9 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Jauhari Syamsiyah ◽

Sumarno Sumarno ◽

Suryono Suryono ◽

Winda Sari ◽

Muhammad Anwar

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Block Design ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Total N ◽

Organic C ◽

Exchangeable K ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Rice Yields ◽

The Impact

One effort that can be done to improve soil fertility and crop yields is fertilization. Fertilization using a mixed source fertilizer (MSF) is an option to overcome the impact of inorganic fertilizer use and organic fertilizer drawbacks. This study aims to evaluate the effects of MSF application on the chemical properties of Inceptisol and rice yields. A field experiment was conducted using a completely randomized block design (RCBD) with two factors and three replications. The first factor was the three formulas of MSF (F1, F2, F3) and the second factor was MSF doses (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 Mg ha-1). The results show that there is no significant difference on the total soil N, available soil P, plant height and total number of tillers of rice plants applied with the three MSF formulas. The increased MSF doses applied significantly improve the soil chemical properties of Inceptisol and rice yields. The application of 10 Mg ha-1 MSF increases total- N (57.89%), available-P (29.13%), exchangeable-Ca and -Mg (117% and 250%, respectively), plant height (40%) and total number of tillers (43.2%) in comparison to those without MSF application. There are interaction effects between formulas and doses of MSF on the amount of exchangeable-K, organic-C content, and CEC of the soil and rice yields. The application of 10 Mg ha-1 MSF F3 results in better effects on the amount of exchangeable-K, organic-C content and CEC of the soil, and number of productive tillers and rice yields than the application of other MSF formulas. The MSF can be used as an alternatif fertilizer that can improve Inceptisol productivity.

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Effects of poultry litter and inorganic fertilizer on growth and productivity of Rhizobia inoculated and non-inoculated beans

East African Journal of Science, Technology and Innovation ◽

10.37425/eajsti.v2i3.226 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Eunice Olet ◽

David Mubiru

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Block Design ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Poultry Litter ◽

Poultry Manure ◽

Inorganic Fertilizer ◽

Shoot Height ◽

Significant Difference

Agriculture has been the most contributing sector towards Uganda’s economy. However, its output has always been hampered by declining soil fertility leading to reduced yields, increased agricultural losses, and malnourishment among low-income earners. In Uganda, there is scanty research about the effectiveness of either organic or inorganic fertilizers in crop production. Therefore, there was a need to establish the effectiveness of inorganic fertilizer (N: P: K; 17:17:17) and organic fertilizer (poultry manure/litter) on the growth, and productivity of rhizobia inoculated and non-inoculated bio-fortified NAROBEAN 2 variety, which is rich in iron and zinc, high yielding and drought resistant. A randomized complete block design experiment was conducted at Mbarara Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MBAZARDI). Poultry litter was applied at the rate of (10t/ha), N: P: K 17:17:17 at 20.3 kg ha-1, and Rhizobia at 250g per 15 kg of beans. Treatments were; Rhizobia + N: P: K 17:17:17 (M 1), Rhizobia + Poultry litter (M 2), Rhizobia only (M 3), Poultry litter only (M 4), N: P: K 17:17:17 only (M 5) and the control (M 6). Growth parameters included the number of leaves, branches, and shoot height; and productivity parameters included the number of pods produced per plant and economic yield. Statistical analyses were done at 5% level of significance. The growth parameters showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) while the bean grain yield and productivity were significantly different (p < 0.05) under the various treatments. Rhizobia + Poultry litter and N: P: K 17:17:17 only, produced the highest effect on both growth and productivity as compared to other treatments. Application of rhizobia with poultry manure was the best soil treatment for increasing the growth and productivity of NAROBEAN 2. This will increase production, food security, abate malnutrition, and sustainably improve soil quality.

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Effect of Different Manure Sources on Soil Chemical Properties, Performance and Yield of Maize on a Degraded Land

International Journal of Plant & Soil Science ◽

10.9734/ijpss/2020/v32i1330358 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 48-58

Author(s):

O. A. Denton ◽

I. O. Fademi ◽

K. S. Are ◽

A. O. Ojo ◽

O. D. Adeoyolanu

Keyword(s):

Soil Properties ◽

Block Design ◽

Poultry Manure ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Soil Chemical Properties ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Organic Carbon Content ◽

Degraded Land ◽

Positive Effects

Application of manure for soil amendment plays important roles in reclaiming and improving soil properties of degraded soils. This study assessed the effects of composted and non-composted manures on a degraded soil under continuous maize production. The treatments applied consisted of composted manures in form of cassava based compost (CBM) and verticompost (VC) at the rate of 0, 30, 60 and 120 tons/ha, non-composted manure (NC) applied as poultry manure (PM), and an un-amended control plot. These treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design replicated three times. Soil physical and chemical properties were determined for two consecutive seasons, with maize (SUWAN 1-SYR) planted as test crop. The CBM, VC and PM treatments increased the soil organic carbon content by 18.2, 24.1, and 22.3 % respectively. Corresponding increases observed in cation exchange capacity (CEC) were 13.6, 15.7, and 15.2 %. The comparison of the soil chemical properties measured indicated positive effects from the amendments on the soil properties in the order: CBM < PM < VC. The maize grain yield of cassava based fertilized plot consistently and significantly was higher than the other treatments in both cropping seasons. However, both the composted and non-composted manures favored improved maize growth and resulted in higher grain yields (4.62 – 6.03 t ha-1) than the un-amended control treatment (3.69 t ha-1). The study therefore showed that the incorporation of manures, whether composted or non-composted, is beneﬁcial to soils, improving one or more essential soil attributes thus reducing soil degradation.

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Comparative effect of organic fertilizers on growth and yield of long cayenne pepper in two agro-ecological zones of Nigeria

Journal of Agricultural Sciences Belgrade ◽

10.2298/jas1801001a ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Akindele Akinfasoye ◽

Julius Fagbayide ◽

Oluwakayode Ajayi ◽

Dotun Ogunniyan

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Poultry Manure ◽

Organic Fertilizers ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Cow Dung ◽

Yield Data ◽

Ecological Zones ◽

Significant Difference

The objective of this study was to improve the growth and yield of long cayenne pepper using 10 organic fertilizers. Organic fertilizers including tithonia compost (TC), poultry manure from a battery cage (PMB), poultry manure from dip-litter (PMD), pacesetter organic fertilizer (POF), sunshine organic fertilizer (SOF), ayeye organic fertilizer (AOF), brewery waste (BW), cow dung (CD), oil palm bunch ash (OPBA), cocoa pod husk (CPH) were collected at some specific locations in Oyo, Osun and Ondo States of Nigeria. The experiment was a 2?11 factorial experiment fitted into a randomized complete block design consisting of 10 organic fertilizers and the control at two locations (Ibadan and Ogbomoso) in 2008. The dosage of 130 kg N ha-1 of each of organic fertilizer was applied one week before transplanting. Six-week-old pepper seedlings were transplanted into a plot of 3m?2m (6m2) with one seedling per hill. Growth and yield data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the least significant difference (LSD) at p<0.05 was used to compare the means. The results of the experiment reveal that the overall macronutrient content of the ten evaluated organic fertilizer sources was presented in the following order: SOF>OPBA=CPH>AOF>TC>POF>PMB=CD>BW>PMD. All the organic fertilizers more significantly enhanced the growth and yield of pepper than the control. The best three organic fertilizers at both locations in terms of fruit length were TC=SOF=PM. Fruit size at Ogbomoso was relatively bigger than that of Ibadan. The total fruit yield was highest under TC, SOF, PM and PMD at both locations. In conclusion, variations existed in the nutrient composition of the organic fertilizer. Meanwhile, TC, PMB, PMD and SOF were significantly similar in their ability to improve pepper yield. Moreover, PMB, TC and SOF significantly enhanced the vegetative growth of pepper.

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Cashew Growth and Canopy Dynamics as Influenced by Manuring in a Guinea Savanna Agro-Ecology of Nigeria

Advances in Research ◽

10.9734/air/2020/v21i930236 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 80-88

Author(s):

Beatrice Abanum Nduka ◽

Olorunfemi Sunday Ojo Akanbi ◽

Idrisu Mohammed ◽

Seun Adewale Adeosun ◽

Osasogie Ugioro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Soil Nutrient ◽

Ground Cover ◽

Canopy Development ◽

Canopy Volume ◽

Before And After ◽

Soil Status ◽

Physical And Chemical

A two-year experiment was conducted to study the response of manuring on growth and canopy development on three-year-old Cashew trees. The experiment was laid in a randomized complete block design, with three replications. Soil characteristics including the chemical and physical properties were analyzed before and after the experiments. Fecti-plus organic pelletized fertilizer was applied at different rates of 0,750.6 and 1,501.2 kg/ha-1 respectively around the circumference of the tree. Before the application, the fertilizer sample was also analyzed. Data collected were plant height, stem girth, canopy dynamics which includes: Canopy diameter, canopy radius, canopy spread (North-South and East-West directions), canopy volume, canopy ground cover and percentage ground cover. The results from the pre soil sample show a relatively low status but were significantly enhanced after the application of the pelletized organic fertilizer (Ferti-plus). The soil nutrient composition of Oc, Om, N, K, Na, Ca and Mg+ was significantly highest in the plots having 1,501.2 kg/ha-1 treatments. Generally, there was a significant increase in the soil nutrient with the addition of pelletized fertilizer in respective of the rate of application. Also the results on the canopy dynamic in terms of canopy volume, spread and diameter revealed better development with the use of 1501.2 kg/ha-1 pelletized fertilizer and significantly different to 750.6 kg/ha-1 and those in the no-manure (control)plots. Meanwhile, the use of pelletized organic fertilizer gave superior growth and canopy development. It also influenced the growth of the Cashew plants, as well as the physical and chemical properties of the soil status.

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PERAKITAN TEKNOLOGI PENGELOLAAN HARA SPESIFIK LOKASI PADI SISTEM GOGO RANCAH DI DESA SEMAWUNG KECAMATAN ANDONG KABUPATEN BOYOLALI

Agric ◽

10.24246/agric.2016.v28.i1.p31-40 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 31

Author(s):

Andrias ◽

Suprihati ◽

Diah Setyorini

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Management ◽

Block Design ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Panicle Length ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Cropping Season ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Technological Tool ◽

Npk Fertilizer ◽

Hill Number

<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Rainfed ricefield, planted at least for one cropping season in a year, depends heavily on rainfall for its water supply. This land generally is low in fertility as indicated by the limited availability of essential plant nutrients in particular nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) as well as organic matter. Its productivity is relatively low with a rather erratic precipitation distribution. In order to overcome fertility issue in rainfed land, it is necessary to conduct an integrated nutrient management; one of which is by implementing location specific nutrient management. This study aims to seek the appropriate nutrient management in rainfed paddy field of Semawung village in the sub-district of Andong of Boyolali regency to be provisioned as a technological tool of location specific nutrient management. Research on nutrient management of gogo rancah system-based paddy production was carried out from October 2014 to January 2015. The field experiment was arranged in a Randomized Block Design involving eight treatments and three replications for each treatment. Treatments were combinations of NPK fertilizer, Organofosfat, and straw-based organic fertilizer. Nutrient management using NPK fertilizer and its combination with Organofosfat or organic fertilizer had very significant effect on plant height and number of stem per hill, significantly affected number of panicle per hill, panicle length, and number of fully-filled grain but did not result in difference of fully filled grain percentage and weight of 1000 grains. There was no significant difference between the treatment of 100% of NPK fertilizer and the combination of 75% of NPK fertilizer with straw-based fertilizer regarding these variables: number of stem per hill, number of panicle per hill, panicle length, number of grain per hill, number and percentage of fully-filled grain, weight of 1000 grains, and weight of fresh grain and milled grain yield. Therefore, the latter treatment is feasible as an option of location-specific nutrient management Semawung village.</p>

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Response of vegetative growth and chemical properties in tomato plant (Tariz) for organic fertilization.

10.36602/jmuas.2019.v01.01.05 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 51-66

Author(s):

Halemah M. Amhamed ◽

Ahmed. I. Sharaf ◽

Salaheddin B. Elbelazi ◽

Moftah A. Assofal ◽

Amal E. Alhishni

Keyword(s):

Tomato Plant ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Block Design ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Cattle Manure ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Average Weight ◽

Organic Fertilization ◽

And Chemical Properties

The experiment was carried out in agricultural land in Sorman between 4 - 2017 to 7 - 2017, in the design of Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) to study the response of vegetative traits and chemical properties in the tomato plant of Tariz for organic fertilization, by 6 treatments and 3 replicates, For SPSS statistical analysis at a significant level of LSD 0.05). The experiment included four types of semi-decomposed organic fertilizer (sheep manure, cattle manure, camel manure, horse manure) in 6 treatments, in addition to the control treatment, which included four treatments for each type of organic fertilizer as: fertilizer: soil by ratio (1: 3) that is 5Kg of fertilizer : 15 kg of soil, mixed treatment of fertilizer : soil (1: 1) (10 kg of fertilizer: 10 kg of soil), and double treatment (3: 1) (15 kg of fertilizer: 5 kg soil). The seedlings were planted in experimental units of 7.20 m2. The seedlings were treated in biological control using the garlic extract for insect protection after 15 days of planting, as well as the addition of simple proportions of hay as a cover to reduce the growth of herbs. The experiment showed that the treatment of cattle manure significantly increased most of the studied morphological traits (length of root, plant length, number of flowers, number of leafy branches), as well as significant increase in fresh and dry weight of leaves and average weight of five fruits.. There were significant differences in the content of the N, P in leaves and NPK elements in the fruits, while there was a significant increase in vitamin C content in fruits for all treatments.

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Aplikasi PCO Plus pada Tanah Bekas Tambang Batu Bata Merah terhadap Serapan P, Ca dan B serta Fruitset Cabai Merah Besar (Capsicum annuum L.)

Agrikultura ◽

10.24198/agrikultura.v28i2.14956 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Stefina Liana Sari ◽

Rija Sudirja ◽

Emma Trinurani Sofyan

Keyword(s):

Capsicum Annuum ◽

Block Design ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Soil Productivity ◽

Degraded Soil ◽

Capsicum Annuum L ◽

Compound Fertilizer ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Large Numbers

ABSTRACTApplication of liquid organic fertilizer formula plus on degraded soil to improve the productivity of the land and chili (Capsicum annuum L.) productionSoil exploitation in large numbers occurred in the District Wanaraja of Garut Regency. Excavation of soil more than 2 meters from the top layer for the manufacture of red bricks has exceeded the ability of the soil to re-establish its structure. So that the soils, which were agricultural lands, can be classified as degraded soils with less fertility and chemical properties. Lans reuse for agriculture requires adequate recovery and fertilizer input. This study aimed to determine the formula of LOF (liquid organic fertilizer) plus used with NPK compound fertilizer on degraded soil to improve the soil productivity. The design used was a Simple Randomized Block Design (RBD) by 10 combinations of LOF plus treatment with NPK compound fertilizer as follows: A = Control (degraded soil, no fertilizer), B = 0% LOF + 1 NPK, C = 0.25% LOF + 1 NPK, D = 0.50% LOF + 1 NPK, E = 0.75% LOF + 1 NPK, F = 1.00 % LOF + 1 NPK, G = 0.5% LOF + 3/4 NPK, H = 0.5% LOF + 1/2 NPK, I = 0.5% LOF + 1/4 NPK, J = 0.5 LOF + 0 NPK, and K = 1 NPK of normal soil that all replicated three times. The results showed that the degraded soil of red bricks required concentration of LOF above 0.5% to 1% when applied with 1 dose of standard NPK. It is able to balance the uptake of nutrients P, Ca, and B and percentage of fruitset in chili commodities equivalent to normal soil.Keywords: Chilli, Liquid Organic Faertilizer (LOF), NPK, Soil degrededABSTRAKEksploitasi tanah dalam jumlah yang besar terjadi di Kecamatan Wanaraja, Kabupaten Garut. Terjadinya penggalian tanah lebih dari 2 meter dari lapisan atas untuk pembuatan batu bata merah melampaui kemampuan tanah untuk membentuk struktur tanah kembali, sehingga tanah-tanah yang sebelumnya merupakan tanah pertanian ini dapat digolongkan menjadi tanah terdegradasi dengan sifat kimia kurang subur dan pemanfaatan kembali untuk pertanian memerlukan pemulihan dan input pupuk yang cukup. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui formula pupuk cair organik (PCO) plus yang digunakan bersama NPK pada tanah terdegradasi guna meningkatkan kembali produktvitas tanahnya. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah RAK sederhana dengan 10 kombinasi perlakuan PCO plus bersama NPK yaitu A = Kontrol (tanah terdegradasi, tanpa pupuk), B = 0% PCO + 1 NPK, C = 0,25% PCO + 1 NPK, D = 0,50% PCO + 1 NPK, E = 0,75% PCO + 1 NPK, F = 1,00% PCO + 1 NPK, G = 0,5% PCO + 3/4 NPK, H = 0,5% PCO + 1/2 NPK, I = 0,5% PCO + 1/4 NPK, J = 0,5 PCO + 0 NPK, dan K = 1 NPK tanah normal. Semua perlakuan diulang tiga kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tanah terdegradasi bekas tambang batu bata merah memerlukan konsentrasi PCO di atas 0,5% sampai dengan 1% apabila diaplikasikan bersama 1 dosis NPKstandar. Hal ini mempu mengimbangi serapan hara P, Ca, dan B serta persen fruitset pada komoditas cabai setara dengan tanah normal.Kata Kunci: Cabai, NPK, Pupuk Cair Organik (PCO), Tanah terdegradasi

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Soil fertility under different tillage systems in sugarcane expansion area

Australian Journal of Crop Science ◽

10.21475/ajcs.19.13.08.p1504 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1236-1243

Author(s):

Emmerson Rodrigues de Moraes ◽

José Geraldo Mageste ◽

Joicy Vitória Miranda Peixoto ◽

Luis Augusto da Silva Domingues ◽

Regina Maria Quintão Lana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Fertility ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Block Design ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Joint Analysis ◽

Preparation Methods ◽

Sugarcane Crop ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Water Ph ◽

Chemical Attributes

In sugarcane expansion areas where soil fertility restrictions regularly occur, soil preparing ameliorates soil physical and chemical properties to improve conditions for sugarcane crop development. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate soil chemical attributes under different soil preparation methods for sugarcane cultivation at the first and second year of expansion area in the Cerrado biome. The experiment was conducted in an area previously used as pasture land for more than 10 years with Brachiaria decumbens without any soil correction. CTC-2 sugarcane variety was planted. The experiment was set up as a randomized block design with six treatments and four replications. The treatments were: desiccation-liming-plowing-harrowing; liming-plowing-harrowing; liming-harrowing-plowing-harrowing; desiccation-liming-direct planting; desiccation-liming-subsoiling, and harrowing-liming-plowing-harrowing. Soil attributes: organic matter, water pH, H++Al3+, Al3+, m, V, H2PO4-, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and S-SO4-2 were evaluated at 0-0.2, 0.2-0.4 and 0.4-0.6 m soil depth. The variables were submitted ANOVA, joint analysis and Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). The treatments including liming followed by harrowing, plowing and harrowing, and harrowing followed by liming, plowing and harrowing, resulted in the largest gains in soil fertility. In the first year of sugarcane cultivation, the no-tillage system proved to be sustainable and appropriate for sugarcane cultivation economically viable.

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