scholarly journals Legal-Juridical Analysis of the Basis and Impact of Harmful Contracts on the Relations of the Sides and the Third Parties under the Act 2014 of the Way of Implementing Financial Sentences

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 188
Author(s):  
Mahboobeh Mina ◽  
Mehdi Sokhanvar ◽  
Davood Jahanbazi ◽  
Seyyed Hoseyn Hoseyni Rechi
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Relativity Principle ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Relative Lack ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Way

Given the relativity principle of contracts their impacts in proportion to third parties are an exceptional issue. In a possible assumption there is a possibility of harm and damage to a third party because of the contract between two people. In our juridical texts, some religious experts have sporadically in a topic of jurisprudence stated the instances of these contracts and have considered two theories of validity and invalidity about them. On the basis of this assumption, although the law of the way of implementing financial sentences considered hanged in 2014 but its 21st article with a bit of expansion has considered the former result. Therefore concerning these contracts by considering the valuable rule of the principle of no harm, we can accept the theory of relative lack of influence. Given the importance and role of the contracts in the life of community members and the lack of determining the influence of such contracts in legal and juridical texts the analysis of these impacts seems to be necessary. In the present article by analyzing the subject in legal and juridical texts of Iran the influence of these contracts in the relation between the parties and in proportion to third party is analyzed.

Theoretical and Practical Aspects Regarding Third Parties in the Light of Contracts’ Effects Relativity Principle

Economica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludmila Beliban-Rațoi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
International Economy ◽  
Relativity Principle ◽  
Republic Of Moldova ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Contracting Process ◽  
Practical Dimension

The contract is the subject of civil law that creates the basic entity of the national and international economy, and the contracting process is the most important stage in economic affairs in general. Naturally producing effects between the parties, we can say that vis-à-vis the parties, the contract is binding, or, in other words, the signatory parties must comply with the provisions of the contract. On the other hand, compared to third parties, the effects of the contract being only an exception, we can say that the production of the effects towards them is relative. This study represents an exemplary synthesis of the theoretical and practical dimension of the issue of the third party notion in the light of the new regulations of the Civil Code, norms that created new ways of economic development of the Republic of Moldova.

7. Privity of contract and third party rights

2021 ◽  
pp. 307-358
Author(s):  
Robert Merkin ◽  
Séverine Saintier
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Contractual Obligations ◽  
Privity Of Contract

Poole’s Casebook on Contract Law provides a comprehensive selection of case law that addresses all aspects of the subject encountered on undergraduate courses. This chapter examines privity of contract, its relationship with consideration, and the ability of third parties to enforce contractual provisions for their benefit. The doctrine of privity of contract provides that the benefits of a contract can be enjoyed only by the parties to that contract and only parties can suffer the burdens of the contract. At common law, third party beneficiaries could not enforce a contractual provision in their favour so various devices were employed seeking to avoid privity. Statute now allows for direct third party enforcement but in limited circumstances. This chapter examines the background to privity and the attempted statutory reform in the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 as it has been interpreted in the case law. The chapter also discusses the common law means of avoiding privity as illustrated by the case law, e.g. agency, collateral contracts, and trusts of contractual obligations. Finally, it assesses the remedies available to the contracting party to recover on behalf of the third party beneficiary of the promise, including the narrow and broad grounds in Linden Gardens Trust. It concludes by briefly considering privity and burdens—and the exceptional situations where a burden can be imposed on a person who is not a party to the contract.

A DOUTRINA DO TERCEIRO CÚMPLICE – CONTRAPONTO À RELATIVIDADE DOS CONTRATOS

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Luís Gustavo Dos Santos ◽  
Luciana De Carvalho Paulo Coelho
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Literary Analysis ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Inductive Method ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
The Third ◽  
Contractual Relationship ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Positive Nature

<p class="resumo">O presente artigo tem como objeto a análise da doutrina do terceiro cúmplice como um contraponto ao principio da relatividade dos contratos. Tal princípio indica que uma relação contratual tem seus efeitos limitados às partes contratantes, contudo, sabe-se que este princípio deve ser relativizado, basta para isso, recordar das modalidades contratuais em que há promessa de fato de terceiro ou mesmo uma disposição em favor de um terceiro. A doutrina do terceiro cúmplice demonstra que um terceiro alheio à relação contratual pode ser responsabilizado pelo seu descumprimento quando tiver agido no sentido de fomentar o descumprimento do contrato por parte de um dos contratantes aproveitando-se desta situação. Pela pesquisa, vê-se que a temática não é muito discutida no cenário acadêmico, razão pela qual houve este empenho em seu estudo. No Direito Iinternacional a doutrina do terceiro cúmplice vem sendo aplicada há bastante tempo. No Brasil percebe-se esta solidarização de forma bastante evidente nas relações consumeristas, onde todos aqueles que integram a cadeia produtiva são responsabilizados pelo dano. Nas relações contratuais alicerçadas pelo Código Civil há a positivação da matéria em alguns expedientes, em outras situações, contudo, dependerá da parte a astúcia de demonstrar a responsabilidade de um terceiro pelo possível aliciamento na relação contratual preteritamente estabelecida pelas partes originariamente contratantes. Conclui-se que é possível sim invocar a responsabilidade alheia por danos provocados na relação contratual original, que é o que basicamente define a doutrina do terceiro cúmplice. Para a elaboração deste artigo científico adotou-se o método indutivo, utilizando-se das técnicas do referente bibliográfico, fichamento, análise literária, prática e jurisprudencial.</p><p class="resumo"><strong>Palavras-chave: </strong>Contratos. Relatividade. Terceiro cúmplice.</p><h3>THE DOCTRINE OF THE THIRD ACCOMPLICE - CONTRIBUTING TO THE RELATIVITY OF CONTRACTS</h3><div><p class="abstractCxSpFirst"><strong>Abstract: </strong>The present article has as objective to analyze the third party's agreement as counterpoint of relativity of contracts. Such a principle indicates that a contractual relationship has its effects limited to the contracting parties, however, it is known that this principle must be relativized, suffice it to remember the contractual modalities in which there is a promise of fact of third party or even a provision in favor of a third party. The doctrine of the third accomplice teaches that a third party outside the contractual relationship can be held liable for its noncompliance when it has acted to promote noncompliance with the contract by one of the contractors taking advantage of this situation. By the research, it seems that the subject is not much discussed in the academic scene, reason for which there was this commitment in its study. In international law the doctrine of the third accomplice has been applied for quite some time. In international law the doctrine of the third accomplice has been applied for quite some time. In Brazil, this solidarity is evident in consumer relations, where all those who are part of the productive chain are held liable for the damage. In contractual relations based on the Civil Code, there is a positive nature of the matter in some cases, in other situations, however, it will depend on the part of the cunning to demonstrate the responsibility of a third party for the possible solicitation in the contractual relationship previously established by the original contracting parties. It is concluded that it is possible to invoke the liability of others for damages caused in the original contractual relationship, which is what basically defines the doctrine of the doctrine of third accomplice. For the elaboration of this scientific article, the inductive method was adopted, using the techniques of bibliographical references, book report, literary analysis, practice and jurisprudential.</p><p class="abstractCxSpLast"><strong>Keywords: </strong>Contracts. Relativity. Third accomplice.</p></div>

11. Privity of contract and third party rights

2019 ◽  
pp. 519-570
Author(s):  
Robert Merkin ◽  
Séverine Saintier
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Contractual Obligations ◽  
Privity Of Contract ◽  
Selection Of

The Casebook series provides a comprehensive selection of case law that addresses all aspects of the subject encountered on undergraduate courses. This chapter examines privity of contract, its relationship with consideration, and the ability of third parties to enforce contractual provisions for their benefit. The doctrine of privity of contract provides that the benefits of a contract can be enjoyed only by the parties to that contract and only parties can suffer the burdens of the contract. At common law, third party beneficiaries could not enforce a contractual provision in their favour so various devices were employed seeking to avoid privity. Statute now allows for direct third party enforcement but in limited circumstances. This chapter examines the background to privity and the attempted statutory reform in the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 as it has been interpreted in the case law. The chapter also discusses the common law means of avoiding privity as illustrated by the case law, e.g. agency, collateral contracts, and trusts of contractual obligations. Finally it assesses the remedies available to the contracting party to recover on behalf of the third party beneficiary of the promise, including the narrow and broad grounds in Linden Gardens Trust. It concludes by briefly considering privity and burdens—and the exceptional situations where a burden can be imposed on a person who is not a party to the contract.

Supervision Mode of Using Housing Maintenance Funds

2014 ◽  
Vol 1079-1080 ◽  
pp. 1224-1229
Author(s):  
Bin Guo ◽  
Xin Ru Yin
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Property Management ◽  
Fund Management ◽  
The Third ◽  
Property Rights Theory ◽  
Supervision Mode ◽  
The Third Party ◽  
The Way

This paper has found that supervision departments--the department of property management and their subordinate housing maintenance fund management center play the role of “athlete” and “goalkeeper” at the same time when they do supervision of using funds. Then, it puts forward the model of joining third-party supervision. Again according to the analysis of property rights theory, the addition of the third party supervision can make property rights clarity. And it is considered that the way combining the daily supervision with the third party supervision can better control costs, reduce the supervision redundancy and obtain better supervision and benefit. At last, it puts forward feasible supervision mode from the supervision of personnel, the strength and resources three aspects to provide the reference of more efficient and safety using housing maintenance funds.

scholarly journals El problema de la donación en la reflexión de Patočka

2021 ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Marco Barcaro
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Phenomenal Field ◽  
Pure Immanence ◽  
The Way

Esta contribución presenta como el concepto filosófico de “donación” es reinterpretado en la reflexión de Patočka. Partiendo de la lección husserliana, gracias a la cual las cosas son dadas en la pura inmanencia de la consciencia, él critica esta orientación “subjetivista” porque no desarrolla adecuadamente el tema del aparecer en el campo fenomenal. La segunda sección analiza tres desplazamientos metódicos que abarcan: el rol del sujeto, su relación con la trascendencia, el darse a sí mismo del mundo en su totalidad. La tercera sección compara la reflexión de Patočka con dos referencias cruzadas a algunos intentos similares en la historia de la fenomenología. El tema de “la donación”, por tanto, nos traslada al mayor problema con el que ha trabajado siempre la filosofía: la manifestación del mundo. Patočka intentó esclarecer este problema mediante dos metáforas (el espejo y la pintura), pero también subrayó cómo concierne el modo en el que el hombreinterpreta la propia existencia.This paper presents how the philosophical key concept of givenness is reinter-preted in Patočka's reflection. Starting from the Husserlian idea, according to which things are given in the pure immanence of consciousness, Patočka criticized this "subjectivist" orientation because it doesn’t adequately develop the appearing in the phenomenal field. The second section analyzes three main methodical shifts concerning: the nature and the role of the subject, its relationship with the transcendence, the self-giving of the world as a whole. The third section compares Patočka's reflection and two cross-references to similar undertaking in the history of phenomenology. The theme of givenness brings us back in the end to the biggest problem within which philosophy has always worked: world manifestation. Patočka tried to clarify this issue through two metaphors (the mirror and the painting), but he also highlighted as it concerns the way in which man interprets his existence. 

RECONHECIMENTO DO NAMORO COMO UNIÃO ESTÁVEL

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafaela Borgo Koch Schlickmann ◽  
Geovana Da Conceição ◽  
Flávio Schlickmann
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Literary Analysis ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Inductive Method ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
The Third ◽  
Contractual Relationship ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Positive Nature

<p class="resumo">O presente artigo tem como objeto a análise da doutrina do terceiro cúmplice como um contraponto ao principio da relatividade dos contratos. Tal princípio indica que uma relação contratual tem seus efeitos limitados às partes contratantes, contudo, sabe-se que este princípio deve ser relativizado, basta para isso, recordar das modalidades contratuais em que há promessa de fato de terceiro ou mesmo uma disposição em favor de um terceiro. A doutrina do terceiro cúmplice demonstra que um terceiro alheio à relação contratual pode ser responsabilizado pelo seu descumprimento quando tiver agido no sentido de fomentar o descumprimento do contrato por parte de um dos contratantes aproveitando-se desta situação. Pela pesquisa, vê-se que a temática não é muito discutida no cenário acadêmico, razão pela qual houve este empenho em seu estudo. No Direito Iinternacional a doutrina do terceiro cúmplice vem sendo aplicada há bastante tempo. No Brasil percebe-se esta solidarização de forma bastante evidente nas relações consumeristas, onde todos aqueles que integram a cadeia produtiva são responsabilizados pelo dano. Nas relações contratuais alicerçadas pelo Código Civil há a positivação da matéria em alguns expedientes, em outras situações, contudo, dependerá da parte a astúcia de demonstrar a responsabilidade de um terceiro pelo possível aliciamento na relação contratual preteritamente estabelecida pelas partes originariamente contratantes. Conclui-se que é possível sim invocar a responsabilidade alheia por danos provocados na relação contratual original, que é o que basicamente define a doutrina do terceiro cúmplice. Para a elaboração deste artigo científico adotou-se o método indutivo, utilizando-se das técnicas do referente bibliográfico, fichamento, análise literária, prática e jurisprudencial.</p><p class="resumo"><strong>Palavras-chave: </strong>Contratos. Relatividade. Terceiro cúmplice.</p><h3>THE DOCTRINE OF THE THIRD ACCOMPLICE - CONTRIBUTING TO THE RELATIVITY OF CONTRACTS</h3><div><p class="abstractCxSpFirst"><strong>Abstract: </strong>The present article has as objective to analyze the third party's agreement as counterpoint of relativity of contracts. Such a principle indicates that a contractual relationship has its effects limited to the contracting parties, however, it is known that this principle must be relativized, suffice it to remember the contractual modalities in which there is a promise of fact of third party or even a provision in favor of a third party. The doctrine of the third accomplice teaches that a third party outside the contractual relationship can be held liable for its noncompliance when it has acted to promote noncompliance with the contract by one of the contractors taking advantage of this situation. By the research, it seems that the subject is not much discussed in the academic scene, reason for which there was this commitment in its study. In international law the doctrine of the third accomplice has been applied for quite some time. In international law the doctrine of the third accomplice has been applied for quite some time. In Brazil, this solidarity is evident in consumer relations, where all those who are part of the productive chain are held liable for the damage. In contractual relations based on the Civil Code, there is a positive nature of the matter in some cases, in other situations, however, it will depend on the part of the cunning to demonstrate the responsibility of a third party for the possible solicitation in the contractual relationship previously established by the original contracting parties. It is concluded that it is possible to invoke the liability of others for damages caused in the original contractual relationship, which is what basically defines the doctrine of the doctrine of third accomplice. For the elaboration of this scientific article, the inductive method was adopted, using the techniques of bibliographical references, book report, literary analysis, practice and jurisprudential.</p><p class="abstractCxSpLast"><strong>Keywords: </strong>Contracts. Relativity. Third accomplice.</p></div>

Formation of Contract and Third Parties in Cambodia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ly Tayseng
Keyword(s):  
Academic Writing ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
The Third ◽  
Contract Formation ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Formal Requirements

This chapter gives an overview of the law on contract formation and third party beneficiaries in Cambodia. Much of the discussion is tentative since the new Cambodian Civil Code only entered into force from 21 December 2011 and there is little case law and academic writing fleshing out its provisions. The Code owes much to the Japanese Civil Code of 1898 and, like the latter, does not have a requirement of consideration and seldom imposes formal requirements but there are a few statutory exceptions from the principle of freedom from form. For a binding contract, the agreement of the parties is required and the offer must be made with the intention to create a legally binding obligation and becomes effective once it reaches the offeree. The new Code explicitly provides that the parties to the contract may agree to confer a right arising under the contract upon a third party. This right accrues directly from their agreement; it is not required that the third party declare its intention to accept the right.

Contracts for the Benefit of Third Parties Under the Taiwan Civil Code

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng-Lin JAN
Keyword(s):  
Civil Code ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
The Third ◽  
Legal Relationship ◽  
The Third Party ◽  
Privity Of Contract

This chapter discusses the position of third party beneficiaries in Taiwan law where the principle of privity of contract is well established. Article 269 of the Taiwan Civil Code confers a right on the third party to sue for performance as long as the parties have at least impliedly agreed. This should be distinguished from a ‘spurious contract’ for the benefit of third parties where there is no agreement to permit the third party to claim. Both the aggrieved party and the third party beneficiary can sue on the contract, but only for its own loss. The debtor can only set off on a counterclaim arising from its legal relationship with the third party. Where the third party coerces the debtor into the contract, the contract can be avoided, but where the third party induces the debtor to contract with the creditor by misrepresentation, the debtor can only avoid the contract if the creditor knows or ought to have known of the misrepresentation.

The History of the Rechabites— an Initial Commentary

1997 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-436
Author(s):  
Chris H. Knights
Keyword(s):  
Greek Text ◽  
Original Language ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Way

AbstractThis article is the third in a series of studies on The History of the Rechabites. The first, "The Story of Zosimus or The History of the Rechabites?,"1 established the independent identity of this text within the Christian monastic work, The Story of Zosimus, and was a sort of prolegomena to the study of this text. The second, "Towards a Critical-Introduction to The History of the Rechabites,"2 sought to address the standard introductory issues, such as date, original language, provenance and purpose. The present paper seeks to examine the text verse-by-verse, and to offer a commentary on it. Or, rather, an initial commentary. No commentary of any sort has ever been offered on the Greek text of HistRech before, and it would be foolhardy to claim that any one scholar could perceive all the allusions and meanings in a particular text at a first attempt. This commentary, then, is offered in the same spirit as my two previous studies on HistRech: as a step along the way towards unravelling the meaning of this pseudepigraphon about the Rechabites, not as the last word on the subject.

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