scholarly journals Decentralization as a Tool for Ethnic Diversity Accommodation: A Conceptual Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Mohammad Agus Yusoff ◽  
Athambawa Sarjoon ◽  
Mat Ali Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Political System ◽  
Conceptual Analysis ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Building Process ◽  
Diverse Groups

With the increase of ethnic conflicts and ethnic groups’ mobilizations for ethno-nationalism to secure and share state power, the concept of decentralization has also been getting attention in ethnically plural countries, and many of them have taken advantages of adopting decentralization policies for the empowerment of diverse groups in their state cum nation-building process. Similarly, the requests and supports for the adaptation of different forms of decentralization as to accommodate number of political and administrative demands and claims emerging from different ethnic groups within a country has also increased in the recent past. This has induced the researcher and international actors to develop different definitions, interpretations, and objectives for decentralization on its ethnic diversity accommodation perspective. This paper attempted to conceptualize the decentralization as a tool for ethnic diversity accommodation through reviewing the existing literary definitions, explanations and with researchers’ interpretive arguments. The finding reveals that decentralization initiatives, like other impacts, in number of ways, contributes to accommodate rights, interests, needs and claims of competing ethnic groups, especially of ethnic minorities and accommodate them within the larger political system and their local attachments. However, the success of this process highly depends on the mechanisms adopted for sharing powers and responsibilities; the nature, subject and decree of decentralized power; and the willingness of authorities to allow the groups to exercise those powers, with other factors.

scholarly journals Nation-Building in the Developing States: A Case Study of Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Vol III (IV) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Husnul Amin ◽  
Maryam Siddiqa ◽  
Lubna Batool
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Political System ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Disparities ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Building Process ◽  
Administrative Units ◽  
Demographic Shifts

This research concerns the process of nation-building in developing states with a focus on Pakistan. The study explores hurdles in the process of nation-building in Pakistan. In this connection, the study takes into account key political disparities such as uneven representation of various ethnic groups and regions in legislature and provincial assemblies, state-led cosmetic political reforms and feudalism and biradri-based political system that exist in various administrative units (and their tiers) of the state. The study also highlights the major administrative flaws and demographic shifts and divisions that are hampering the process of nation-building in Pakistan. The research also details the economic disparities found in various forms and at various levels in the state which minimize the prospects of nation-building in Pakistan. The study concludes that nation-building is always a state-controlled process and Pakistan has hardly addressed various hindrances in nation-building process such as political, demographic, administrative and economic issues of the various administrative units (and their tiers) as a state.

scholarly journals Dokument myśli otwartej. Studia poleskie Józefa Obrębskiego a rozważania o grupach etnicznych i stosunkach narodowościowych w polskiej etnologii i socjologii

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Lubaś
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Process Integration ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Critical Distance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
Building Process ◽  
The One

A document of open thought: Józef Obrębski’s studies on the Polesie region and debates on ethnic groups and nationality relations in Polish ethnology and sociologyThis article attempts to reconstruct and examine the concept of the ethnic diversity and nationalization process found in the writings of the Polish anthropologist and sociologist Józef Obrębski (1905-1967). It will be argued that Obrębski view on ethnic diversity and the nationalization allowed him not only to conceive of a highly original idea of nation-building process but also maintain a critical distance from the two forms of reflection and practice – “investigative modalities” – influential in the field of ethnic and national studies in prewar as well as in postwar Poland: “ethnogeography” and the “sociology of nation”. In the same time this text aims at underscoring usefulness of Obrębski ideas for contemporary analysis. Close reading of Obrębski works provides us with fresh tools for the ethnographic processual examination of the nationalization policies. It draws special attention to the process of nationalization of local populations, highlighting various and contradictory consequences of nationalization process: integration and homogenisation on the one hand and exclusions of minorities and class hierarchization of people on the other. Dokument myśli otwartej. Studia poleskie Józefa Obrębskiego a rozważania o grupach etnicznych i stosunkach narodowościowych w polskiej etnologii i socjologiiCelem artykułu jest omówienie koncepcji grup etnicznych i procesów unaradawiania wyłaniających się z prac Józefa Obrębskiego. W szczególności chodzi o wykazanie, że swoimi badaniami na Polesiu Obrębski wniósł niezwykle oryginalny wkład w badania stosunków etnicznych i narodowościowych, podając jednocześnie w wątpliwość niektóre założenia tkwiące u podstaw dwu modalności dociekań obecnych w polskich badaniach nad etnicznością i kwestiami narodowymi: czyli etnogeografii oraz socjologii narodu. Jednocześnie tekst służy ukazaniu aktualności propozycji teoretycznych i metodologicznych Obrębskiego w badaniach stosunków etnicznych i narodowościowych. Lektura pism Obrębskiego dostarcza perspektywy umożliwiającej nie tylko krytykę nacjonalizmu metodologicznego ale również daje podstawy do procesualnej, etnograficznej - uwzględniającej mikrostrukturalny wymiar władzy - analizy zjawisk etnicznych i stosunków narodowościowych. Otwiera to możliwość badania różnych niekiedy odmiennych i sprzecznych ze sobą efektów procesów unaradawiania, zarówno integracji i wyrównywania szans jak też konfliktów i wykluczenia społecznego.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Enze Han
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
The State ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
Building Process ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Territorial States

The first chapter introduces the issue topic and presents a set of research questions for the study. It then discusses briefly the argument of the book, its methodology, as well as the structure of the book. Specifically, it points out that this book is a comparative historical account of the state and nation-building process in an “organic” upland area that shares lots of similarities in terms of geography and ethnic diversity, yet has become increasingly incorporated into a set of neighboring modern states. Departing from existing approaches that look at such processes mainly from the angle of singular, bounded territorial states, the book argues that a more fruitful approach is to see how state and nation building in one country can influence, and be influenced by, the same processes across borders.

scholarly journals Positive and Negative Aspects of Globalization in Nation Building in Africa

2020 ◽  
pp. 59-70
Author(s):  
Alexander Kavina
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Building Process ◽  
Golden Opportunity

There is no doubt to the fact that globalization has become a buzz word of our time and has significantly impacted the whole world and Africa without exception. Despite it being a buzz word, it has also become very confusing. Some people when asked to specify how they understand it, reply with considerable hesitation, vagueness and inconsistency. However, whether one understands it or not, the fact remains that globalization is real and it is impossible to avoid it, but we have to act. In recent decades globalization has become a factor that obstructs nation-building process in the developing world and Africa in particular. Increasing inequalities between social classes, ethnic groups, regions and nations are on the rise while nations are becoming more powerless to solve these problems. On the other hand, globalization will represent a golden opportunity for nation-building process, if Africa manages to grab the opportunities presented.

scholarly journals Ethiopia: From a Centralised Monarchy to a Federal Republic

Afrika Focus ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 13-48
Author(s):  
Christophe Van der Beken
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Federal Republic ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
State Structure ◽  
Military Rule ◽  
Liberation Movements ◽  
Radical Transformation

Ethiopia: From a Centralised Monarchy to a Federal Republic Although the Ethiopian state traces its roots back to the empire of Axum in the first centuries AD, the modern Ethiopian state took shape in the second half of the 19th century. During that period the territory of the Ethiopian empire expanded considerably. Several ethnic groups were incorporated into the empire and the foundations for a strong, centralised state were laid Centralisation of authority in the hands of the emperor and a strategy of nation building that denied the ethnic diversity of Ethiopian society characterised the rule of Emperor Haile Selassie. At the same time, these elements contributed to its decline. Haile Selassie was ultimately deposed by a military committee in 1974. This announced the end of the Ethiopian monarchy and the transformation of the Ethiopian state, following the Marxist model. In spite of Marxist-Leninist attention to the 'nationalities issue', Ethiopia remained a centralised state, dominated by one ethnic identity. This gave rise to increasing resistance from various regional and ethnic liberation movements. The combined effort of these movements caused the fall of military rule in May 1991. The new regime, which was dominated by ethnically organised parties, initiated a radical transformation of the Ethiopian state structure that leads to the establishment of a federation in 1995.

Managing ethnic diversity and diversity and directing it to achieve political stability in Malaysia

2020 ◽  
pp. 281
Author(s):  
Ruqaia Kareem Jar Allah
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Political System ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Political Economic

Malaysia's political system is a pioneering model in providing an appropriate mechanism to accommodate religious and ethnic differences in Malaysia and realistically addresses the economic and social imbalances prevailing in Malaysian society. Malaysia's political leadership has been able to leapfrog and jump over all ethnic problems at all levels (political, economic, and development), at a time when most of the world is unable to contain ethnic differences that threaten internal divisions and ethnic rivalries that sometimes reach To civil wars, and the Malaysians managed to develop their model, which managed the difference with great skill, and benefited from diversity as a state of enrichment and enrichment, not a state of conflict and conflict. Their system was not necessarily ideal but it was successful enough to spare the country political crises, religious and ethnic conflicts, and achieve high development and economic ratios. This model represents the case of impact handling with complexities and variables, without delinquency.

scholarly journals ORIENTALISM, NATIONALISM, AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY IN LATE IMPERIAL RUSSIA

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
VERA TOLZ
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Sense Of Community ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Intellectual Tradition ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
Oriental Studies

Questioning Edward Said's controversial perception of European Oriental studies as a facilitator of imperialism, this article analyses the views and policies promoted in late imperial Russia by academics specializing in Oriental studies, as they debated how best to integrate ethnic minorities in the country's eastern borderlands. The article argues that, themselves influenced by the pervasive impact of nationalism on European scholarship, between the 1870s and the 1917 Revolution these academics proposed policies which are best understood as aimed at nation-building (i.e. fostering a sense of community and unity among the population of a state) rather than at imperial domination of the minorities by the Russians. Identifying the origins of the academics' support for cultural and linguistic pluralism as fully compatible with pan-Russian nationalism, the article demonstrates that the Bolshevik nationalities policies of the 1920s were strongly influenced by the views of academic Orientalists and the pre-revolutionary Russian intellectual tradition to which the latter belonged.

“Ethnic Conflict” Undressed: Patterns of Contrast, Interest of Elites, and Clientelism of Foreign Powers in Comparative Perspective—Bosnia, India, Pakistan

2001 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Wieland
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Conflict ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
The Balkans

Ethnic conflict is not—because there are no ethnic groups in conflict. This is the main conclusion of a comparison of so-called “ethnic conflicts” in the Balkans and in colonial India. A comparison of Muslim nation building in these two regions provides several valuable insights that go far beyond the specific cases. Thus far, there have been many hints in the literature on similarities between Bosnia and Pakistan or the Balkans and the Indian subcontinent as a whole. But there have been no systematic comparisons, though many parallels emerge when we look more closely.

scholarly journals Pakistan: Ethnic Fragmentation or National Integration?

1996 ◽  
Vol 35 (4II) ◽  
pp. 631-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feroz Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
Ethnic Communities ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
National Unity ◽  
National Integration ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Principal Elements

In light of the current ethnic polarisation, this paper briefly enumerates the elements of ethnic conflict in Pakistan. It, then, discusses the economic, demographic, political, and cultural developments taking place in Pakistan which tend to affect the inter-relationships among ethnic communities and between society as a whole and ethnic communities. Evidence is presented to support the argument that despite surface tensions and confrontations, there is an unmistakable trend of greater inter-dependence which can contribute to national integration. The paper further analyses the relationship between ethnicity, class, and the state. It identifies military, bureaucracy, capitalists, and landlords as the principal elements of the “ruling class”, and shows that the different ethnic groups have different class structures and differential participation in military and bureaucracy. It points out the near absence of “cross cutting cleavages” which tends to turn the class and power conflicts into ethnic conflicts. In conclusion, the paper, while underlining the shifting definitional boundaries and relative demographic and cultural homogenisation of the population, argues against the redrawing of provincial boundaries and constitutional recognition of “nationality rights” of fixed ethnic groups. However, it makes a case for the recognition of ethnic diversity in Pakistan, equal treatment of all ethnic groups, and protection and promotion of the languages and cultures of the different ethnic groups. It argues that national unity, security, and integrity will be achieved if the primary emphasis is placed on promoting equity and harmony rather than on suppression of ethnic differences in the name of unity.

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