Managing ethnic diversity and diversity and directing it to achieve political stability in Malaysia

2020 ◽  
pp. 281
Author(s):  
Ruqaia Kareem Jar Allah
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Political System ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Political Economic

Malaysia's political system is a pioneering model in providing an appropriate mechanism to accommodate religious and ethnic differences in Malaysia and realistically addresses the economic and social imbalances prevailing in Malaysian society. Malaysia's political leadership has been able to leapfrog and jump over all ethnic problems at all levels (political, economic, and development), at a time when most of the world is unable to contain ethnic differences that threaten internal divisions and ethnic rivalries that sometimes reach To civil wars, and the Malaysians managed to develop their model, which managed the difference with great skill, and benefited from diversity as a state of enrichment and enrichment, not a state of conflict and conflict. Their system was not necessarily ideal but it was successful enough to spare the country political crises, religious and ethnic conflicts, and achieve high development and economic ratios. This model represents the case of impact handling with complexities and variables, without delinquency.

Features of the Scottish Governance System in the Second Half of the 18th Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
Victor Yu. Apryshchenko ◽  
Maksim A. Mukhin
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
House Of Commons ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Political Crises

The article analyses the contents and the significance of the Scottish governance system in the second half of the 18th century. The authors point out that English political elite had little interest in governing Scotland and draw attention to the role of the Scottish lobby in the Scottish governance as a tool of interaction between the centre and the periphery. The text reveals how the Scottish lobby distributed various amenities via the patronage in order to achieve political stability, as shown with the elections to the House of Commons. The article also demonstrates the role of Scottish managers as the representatives of Scottish interests in London. The authors conclude that the Scottish political system was different from the English one and note that there were no acute political crises in the second half of the 18th century, which indicates that in the midst of a rapid modernisation the Scottish governance system proved to be successful.

Variegated transitions: Emerging forms of land and resource capitalism in Laos and Myanmar

2020 ◽  
pp. 0308518X2094852
Author(s):  
Miles Kenney-Lazar ◽  
SiuSue Mark
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Political System ◽  
Global South ◽  
Resource Extraction ◽  
The Political ◽  
Private Capital ◽  
Democratic Rule ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Economic Transitions

Since the mid- to late- 1980s, Laos and Myanmar (Burma) have gradually and unevenly opened their economies to capitalist relations of accumulation. Both countries have done so by granting state land concessions to private capital for resource extraction and land commodification projects, particularly since the early 2000s. Yet, resource capitalism has manifested in distinct ways in both places due to the ways in which capital has interacted with unique pre-capitalist political-economic and social relations as well as the diverse political reactions of Lao and Myanmar people to capitalist transformations. In this paper, we analyze such differences through a conceptualization of ‘variegated transitions’, an extension of the variegated capitalism framework, which investigates the political economic transitions towards capitalism in marginalized, resource extractive countries of the Global South. In Myanmar, the transition from military to democratic rule has been marked by protests and land occupations combined with center-periphery fragmentation and ongoing civil wars, all of which have led to a heavily contested process of land concession granting. In contrast, a stable, comparatively centralized political system in Laos that restrains popular protest has enabled an expanding regime of land concessions for resource extraction projects, albeit hemmed in at the edges by sporadic, localized forms of resistance and appeals to the state.

Voting Rights, Electoral Systems, and Political Representation of Diaspora in Croatia

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 777-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirjana Kasapović
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Voting Rights ◽  
The Political ◽  
Moral Reasons ◽  
Unique Case ◽  
The World ◽  
The Right ◽  
Political Economic

Croatia represents in many respects a unique case in the world in the way it standardized the right to vote, the electoral model, and the pattern of political representation of the diaspora in the national parliament. Besides standard theoretical arguments that explain the right of diaspora members to vote in parliamentary and presidential elections in the country, the authorities made use of a number of contextually specific political, economic, military, and moral reasons for that. It was shown that principled reasons which were used to justify legalizing diaspora voting rights and institutionalization of special electoral models as well as the patterns of political representation in the Croatian parliament were subordinated to the interests to symbolically integrate the Croats from Bosnia and Herzegovina in the political system of Croatia, who would then, as a sort of generic voters, secure safe votes and bonus seats for the Croatian Democratic Union.

scholarly journals Assurance of security and order of grassroots political system of religious areas of Nghe an province, Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (06) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dau Trong Hao ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Political System ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Important Task ◽  
Religious Organizations ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government

Ensuring social order and security in general and religious areas in particular is the most important task of governments at all levels and the entire political system in each locality nationwide. Nghe An province, Vỉetnam is a locality with many religious followers. For recent years, in general, religious organizations in the province have built the orientations of their religious activities under the law, built all-people great unity bloc, maintained political stability, created a great motivation in economic and social development. Currently, in the context of the world, regional and domestic situation, there are many complicated and unpredictable developments, many new problems in religious activities, therefore, it’s required that the government and the whole political system of religious area needs to bring into full play their roles to ensure social order and security, especially religious security issues.

scholarly journals MODEL PENELITIAN HUBUNGAN POLA PERMUKIMAN DAN KONFLIK ANTAR ETNIK

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilya Kalsum
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Settlement Pattern ◽  
Behavioral Approach ◽  
Research Model ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
Behavior Setting ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of

Bangsa Indonesia seringkali mengalami konflik antar etnik, yang dapat terjadi karena kemajemukan suku dan kebudayaan yang dimiliki. Banyak penelitian yang menyebutkan bahwa akar permasalahan konflik adalah perbedaan sistem nilai-nilai budaya dan kemudian konflik dapat menyebabkan segregasi yang berimbas pada pola permukiman. Padahal bukan tidak mungkin konflik tersebut terjadi karena suatu pola permukiman yang menegaskan perbedaan nilai-nilai di antara pemukimnya sehingga proses integrasi tidak dapat terjadi. Kajian ini menyusun model yang dapat digunakan untuk menelaah pengaruh pola permukiman terhadap konflik sehingga mampu dilakukan penelitian yang komprehensif. Kajian dimulai dengan mengupas pengertian pola permukiman dengan tiga unsur (wadah, isi, jaringan) dan melihat konsep hubungan sosial. Wujud proses interaksi sosial dapat membuahkan dua alternatif yang bersifat positif atau negatif. Hal bersifat negatif akan memunculkan suasana hubungan sosial yang tidak harmonis dan kemudian memunculkan konflik. Hubungan sosial antar etnik juga selalu diwarnai prasangka yang dilandasi sikap stereotip dan etnosentris juga karena adanya perbedaan kepentingan. Unsur-unsur dalam pola permukiman dikaitkan dengan hubungan sosial di antara penghuninya. Pendekatan yang dilakukan adalah pendekatan perilaku melalui konsep seting perilaku (behavior setting). Hasil kajian adalah sebuah model penelitian yang mengkaitkan antara pola permukiman sebagai wadah (space) kegiatan dan kondisi sosial yang tidak terlepas dari sikap stereotip dan etnosentris serta perbedaan kepentingan Indonesia, with its multi-cultural and ethnic diversity, has suffered many ethnic conflicts. Research has shown that the conflicts roots from the different system of cultural values. The conflicts can lead to segregation which impact on settlement patterns. However, it is possible that conflict occurs due to settlement pattern that asserts the difference in values between the settlers so that the integration process cannot occur. This study is to create a research model that can be used to investigate the effect of the settlement pattern to the conflict. It began with the definition of settlement pattern which includes three elements (place, content, network) and seek the concept of social relationship. Social interaction process can produce two alternatives that are positive or negative. Negative alternative will bring inharmonic atmosphere which let to conflict. Inter-ethnic social relations also always accompanied by prejudices based on stereotype and ethnocentric attitudes; also due to different interests. Elements in settlement pattern was studied with its connection with social relations among its inhabitants. The approach taken was behavioral approach by the concept of behavior setting. The study resulted in a research model which combine settlement pattern as space for activity with social condition which is closely related to stereotype and ethnocentric attitudes as well as different interests

scholarly journals Democracy, neoliberalism and the alternative

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-90
Author(s):  
Slobodan Milić
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
Neoliberal Capitalism ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Paper Author

In this paper author is dealing with the problem of democracy and neoliberal capitalism, through the prism of history; it explains the difference in certain socio-economic and political-economic systems. The concept of the neoliberal capitalist system that has been current for the last forty years has become unsustainable due to the enormous inequalities in the society that it has created. Therefore today, the rich are getting richer, while the poor are getting poorer. It has also been shown that without the economic intervention of a state, no economic system can survive. The growing protests throughout Europe and the world have prompted the author to consider the following questions' What are the alternatives to neoliberal capitalism? Why are Marxism and socialism always current when we talk about changing? Can we talk about socialism in the 21st century?

scholarly journals Decentralization as a Tool for Ethnic Diversity Accommodation: A Conceptual Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Mohammad Agus Yusoff ◽  
Athambawa Sarjoon ◽  
Mat Ali Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Political System ◽  
Conceptual Analysis ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Ethnic Conflicts ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Building Process ◽  
Diverse Groups

With the increase of ethnic conflicts and ethnic groups’ mobilizations for ethno-nationalism to secure and share state power, the concept of decentralization has also been getting attention in ethnically plural countries, and many of them have taken advantages of adopting decentralization policies for the empowerment of diverse groups in their state cum nation-building process. Similarly, the requests and supports for the adaptation of different forms of decentralization as to accommodate number of political and administrative demands and claims emerging from different ethnic groups within a country has also increased in the recent past. This has induced the researcher and international actors to develop different definitions, interpretations, and objectives for decentralization on its ethnic diversity accommodation perspective. This paper attempted to conceptualize the decentralization as a tool for ethnic diversity accommodation through reviewing the existing literary definitions, explanations and with researchers’ interpretive arguments. The finding reveals that decentralization initiatives, like other impacts, in number of ways, contributes to accommodate rights, interests, needs and claims of competing ethnic groups, especially of ethnic minorities and accommodate them within the larger political system and their local attachments. However, the success of this process highly depends on the mechanisms adopted for sharing powers and responsibilities; the nature, subject and decree of decentralized power; and the willingness of authorities to allow the groups to exercise those powers, with other factors.

scholarly journals Civil Wars & the Structure of World Power

Daedalus ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 146 (4) ◽  
pp. 167-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry R. Posen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Political System ◽  
International System ◽  
Policy Science ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wide Margin ◽  
The World ◽  
Middle Powers ◽  
External Intervention

The “policy science” of civil wars, which emerged in the early 1990s, included deeply embedded assumptions about the nature of the international political system. It was taken for granted that the United States would remain the strongest power by a wide margin, and that it would lead a liberal coalition that included virtually all the other strong states in the world. Some students of international politics believe that the nature of the system is changing. Though the United States is likely to remain much more powerful than its global competitors, several consequential powers have emerged to challenge U.S. leadership and produce a multipolar system. As power begins to even out at the top of the international system, the influence of middle powers may also grow. This new constellation of power seems likely to magnify disagreements about how states suffering civil wars should be stabilized, limit preventive diplomacy, produce external intervention that will make for longer and more destructive wars, and render settlements more difficult to police.

Inter-country inequality as a dynamic process and the problem of post-industrial development

2018 ◽  
pp. 5-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Grigoryev ◽  
V. A. Pavlyushina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Modern World ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Development Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Post Industrial

The phenomenon of economic growth is studied by economists and statisticians in various aspects for a long time. Economic theory is devoted to assessing factors of growth in the tradition of R. Solow, R. Barrow, W. Easterly and others. During the last quarter of the century, however, the institutionalists, namely D. North, D. Wallis, B. Weingast as well as D. Acemoglu and J. Robinson, have shown the complexity of the problem of development on the part of socioeconomic and political institutions. As a result, solving the problem of how economic growth affects inequality between countries has proved extremely difficult. The modern world is very diverse in terms of development level, and the article offers a new approach to the formation of the idea of stylized facts using cluster analysis. The existing statistics allows to estimate on a unified basis the level of GDP production by 174 countries of the world for 1992—2016. The article presents a structured picture of the world: the distribution of countries in seven clusters, different in levels of development. During the period under review, there was a strong per capita GDP growth in PPP in the middle of the distribution, poverty in various countries declined markedly. At the same time, in 1992—2016, the difference increased not only between rich and poor groups of countries, but also between clusters.

The Book of Tribulations: The Syrian Muslim Apocalyptic Tradition'

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Cook ◽  
Nu'aym b. Hammad al-Marwazi
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
The World ◽  
End Of The World ◽  
To Come

“The Book of Tribulations by Nu`aym b. Hammad al-Marwazi (d. 844) is the earliest Muslim apocalyptic work to come down to us. Its contents focus upon the cataclysmic events to happen before the end of the world, the wars against the Byzantines, and the Turks, and the Muslim civil wars. There is extensive material about the Mahdi (messianic figure), the Muslim Antichrist and the return of Jesus, as well as descriptions of Gog and Magog. Much of the material in Nu`aym today is utilized by Salafi-jihadi groups fighting in Syria and Iraq.

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