scholarly journals Are Australian Aboriginal Communities Adapting to a Warmer Climate? A Study of Communities Living in Semi-Arid Australia

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Digby Race ◽  
Supriya Mathew ◽  
Matthew Campbell ◽  
Karl Hampton
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Financial Pressure ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
The World ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Low Income Households

<p>Communities around the world adapt to warming climates in a number of ways. Adaptations can often be energy intensive or dependent on expensive infrastructure to cope with harsh weather, so the use of renewable energy and energy efficient housing is becoming an increasing feature in conversations about climate change adaptation. The cost of energy for households continues to increase, with this cost adding considerable financial pressure on low-income households in both developed and developing countries. The concept of ‘energy poverty’ is gaining utility around the world to highlight the prevalent dilemma faced by low-income households that they cannot afford the level of energy use to maintain their desired livelihood. In regions of the world with extended periods of extreme weather, households can allocate as much as 20 per cent of their budget on energy consumption to maintain comfortable housing. Research by the authors indicates that effective adaptation must not add to the financial burden on low-income households, if the liveability of Australia’s semi-arid region is to be sustained.</p>

scholarly journals Chapter 8 Swelling and shrinking soils

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Jones ◽  
Vanessa Banks ◽  
Ian Jefferson
Keyword(s):  
Arid Environments ◽  
Local Site ◽  
Geotechnical Characterization ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
The World ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Structural Engineers ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Swelling And Shrinking

AbstractSwelling and shrinking soils are soils that can experience large changes in volume due to changes in water content. This may be due to seasonal changes in moisture content, local site changes such as leakage from water supply pipes or drains, changes to surface drainage and landscaping, or following the planting, removal or severe pruning of trees or hedges. These soils represent a significant hazard to structural engineers across the world due to their shrink–swell behaviour, with the cost of mitigation alone running into several billion pounds annually. These soils usually contain some form of clay mineral, such as smectite or vermiculite, and can be found in humid and arid/semi-arid environments where their expansive nature can cause significant damage to properties and infrastructure. This chapter discusses the properties and costs associated with shrink–swell soils, their formation and distribution throughout the UK and the rest of the world, and their geological and geotechnical characterization. It also considers the mechanisms of shrink-swell soils and their behaviour, reviewing strategies for managing them in an engineering context, before finally outlining the problem of trees and shrink–swell soils.

scholarly journals Efficiency of nitrogen use by sesame genotypes under brazilian semi-arid conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. e37013
Author(s):  
Manoel Galdino Dos Santos ◽  
Rayanne Maria Paula Ribeiro ◽  
Hamurábi Anizio Lins ◽  
Giordanio Bruno Silva Oliveira ◽  
José Ricardo Tavares de Alburquerque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Agronomic Efficiency ◽  
Sesame Seeds ◽  
Arid Conditions ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Sesame Genotypes ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Semi Arid

Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and rate applications can influence the performance of sesame, and when applied in excess can cause nitrogen loss in the environment, and consequently make the cost of production more costly to the producer. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of nitrogen use by different cultivars of irrigated sesame seeds under the edaphoclimatic conditions of the northeastern semi-arid region in two harvests. The experiments were carried out from February to May (1st harvest) and from July to October (2nd harvest) in 2016. The treatments were arranged in a split plot scheme, in which the plots were the five nitrogen doses (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha-1), and in the subplots, the four sesame genotypes (CNPA G2, CNPA G3, CNPA G4 and BRS Seda), the design was in randomized complete blocks with four replications. The nitrogen use efficiency assessments evaluated were: agronomic efficiency (AE), physiological efficiency (PE), agrophysiological efficiency (APE), recovery efficiency (RE) and efficiency of use (EU). The rate that provided the greatest efficiency of use was 30 kg ha-1 of N applied. The cultivar BRS Seda had greater efficiency of use in relation to the other cultivars studied. The crop that had better efficiency of use was the 2nd agricultural harvest.

Impact of Elimination of the Food Stamp Program's Purchase Requirement on Participants' Food Purchases

1980 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry E. Salathe
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Food Stamp ◽  
Food Stamp Program ◽  
Food Purchases ◽  
Eligibility Requirements ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Stamp Act ◽  
Low Income Households

The Food Stamp Act authorizes the distribution of food coupons (stamps) to households which meet certain income eligibility requirements. This legislation enables low-income households to buy more food of greater variety to improve their diet. In fiscal 1979, the cost of the Food Stamp Program amounted to $6.7 billion and the number of persons participating in the program averaged 18.9 million.

scholarly journals Group multicriteria model for allocating resources to combat drought in the Brazilian semi-arid region

Water Policy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1145-1160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Edson Espíndola Gonçalo ◽  
Danielle Costa Morais
Keyword(s):  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Arid Region ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Multicriteria Model ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Made In

AbstractThe world is facing a growing water scarcity problem in the most diverse regions. The Rio Grande do Norte (RN), a Brazilian semi-arid region, is facing its severest drought in the last 100 years. Given this context, managing water resources and combating the effects of the drought have become even more important. Decisions made in this context may involve multiple criteria established by more than one decision-maker. To tackle this issue, a multicriteria model for group decisions is proposed in order to rank the municipalities of the region and thus guide the public administration's efforts in tackling the drought and mitigating its effects. The applicability of the model is exemplified by studying the Apodi-Mossoró river basin, for which the PROMETHEE GDSS method was selected and the preferences of three decision-makers were calculated.

scholarly journals EPIZOOTIOLOGY OF Perkinsus sp. INFESTING Crassostrea rhizophorae FROM THE SEMI-ARID REGION, BRAZIL

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cláudio Giovanio da Silva ◽  
Naibe Cristina de Figueiredo ◽  
José Ticiano Arruda Ximenes de Lima ◽  
Inês Xavier Martins
Keyword(s):  
Arid Region ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
Bivalve Mollusks ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
Numerous Species ◽  
Marine Bivalves ◽  
The World ◽  
Crassostrea Rhizophorae ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract The coast of the semi-arid region of Brazil is known for the presence of large estuaries inhabited by numerous species of edible bivalve mollusks. The oyster C. rhizophorae is naturally found in estuarine environments along the Brazilian coast, fixed on substrates, mainly in the roots of mangroves. Protozoa of the genus Perkinsus are important parasites of marine bivalves, sometimes causing significant pathological damage throughout the world. This study reports the occurrence of parasites Perkinsus sp. in mangrove oysters from Porto de Mangue estuary (Rio Grande do Norte state) and Icapuí estuary (Ceará state), two estuaries of the semi-arid region of Brazil. In Porto do Mangue estuary, oysters were collected in December 2016, January and February 2017. In Icapuí estuary, oyster sampling occurred in September, October and November 2017. Two fragments of the gills were incubated in Ray's Fluid Thioglycollate Medium - RFTM. The ecological and parasitological parameters were calculated. Five of the ninety oysters collected in Porto do Mangue estuary were parasitized, which corresponded to a mean prevalence of 5.6%, and in Icapuí estuary 18 of the 120 oysters collected were parasitized, which corresponded to a mean prevalence of 15.0%. The intensity of infection by Perkinsus sp. ranged from very mild to mild.

scholarly journals Production System Diversification and Livelihood in the Drylands of North Central Mexico

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2750
Author(s):  
Benjamín Figueroa-Sandoval ◽  
Martín A. Coronado-Minjarez ◽  
Eduviges J. García-Herrera ◽  
Artemio Ramírez-López ◽  
Dora M. Sangerman-Jarquín ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Central Mexico ◽  
North Central ◽  
Livelihood Security ◽  
The World ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Semi Arid

Drylands (arid and semi-arid regions) are important regions in the world; they have been disregarded and considered poor undeveloped regions due to their ecological limitations. Farmers in these regions tend towards diversification of production systems in order to achieve livelihood security, and this phenomenon has not been extensively studied. The objective of this study was to create a typology of the production systems present in the Mexican north central drylands, using variables related to production, socioeconomics, and social capital. 1044 interviews were conducted in the semi-arid region of north central Mexico. Analysis of the data allowed for the observation of nine types of production systems distributed in three groups: Subsistence, commercial, and off-farm income systems. The differences observed within these systems are due to generational gaps, gender differences, market orientation, and social capital. It can be concluded that the diversification of the dryland production systems allows for an understanding of why generic public policies have failed to mitigate poverty in these regions. The implications of the study refer to the reconfiguration of Mexican policies for the development of the drylands.

Development, verification and validation of a three-dimensional groundwater flow model for ESM

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yosuke Miura ◽  
Kei Yoshimura
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Arid Region ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Central Valley ◽  
Groundwater Flow Model ◽  
The World ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Semi Arid

&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160; Groundwater is one of the important water resources in the world and Groundwater flow is linked with surface water strongly. Many studies on groundwater are conducted in a local scale or focused on affect-ing surface water in a global scale. In current Earth System Model, fixed and constant one-dimensional vertical grid is used in unsaturated zone. In real world, the thickness of unsatu-rated zone depends on the climate and it is considered that there are limitations of runoff process expression especially in humid mountainous area. In this study, we developed three-dimensional groundwater flow model as ESM which can represent the variably saturated flow and groundwa-ter storativity. Since, this model is eventually coupled with Land Surface Model, it is possible to track the underground water flow using boundary conditions of recharge and surface water level.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160; We verified accuracy of the code using one &amp; two-dimensional infiltration problem, three-dimensional groundwater pumping problem, and hillslope problem. Our model was com-pared with other researchers results, experimental data, analytical solutions. In consequence, our model was able to get accurate results. Subsequently, we conducted validation in Central valley, California, USA. The reason of chose this region is that this region is a semi-arid region, ground-water is used for irrigation and well pumping data is accessible. Over the world, groundwater use is more important in arid or semi-arid region than in humid area, and also highly utilized as agri-cultural water. Central valley has representativeness of groundwater use. In addition, the famous groundwater model, MODFLOW, was used to evaluate water resource management in this region. As well as MODFLOW, we calibrated hydraulic conductivity with 24 observation sites during 1961 - 2003 to validate. 156 observation points excluded 24 calibration points were used as vali-dation in same period. In the near future, we will confirm the difference between one-dimension and three dimensions setting of the unsaturated zone with respect to runoff process.&lt;/p&gt;

Energy poverty and cooking energy requirements: The forgotten issue in South African energy policy?

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 4-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Balmer
Keyword(s):  
Energy Policy ◽  
South African ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Energy Poverty ◽  
Household Energy ◽  
Human Need ◽  
Cooking Energy ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Low Income Households

Cooking energy is a necessary input for satisfying the basic human need of survival. Much has been written about poverty, energy, development, envi-ronment and gender, but unfortunately, recent poli-cies adopted by the South African government have completely failed to adequately address the issue. The focus of energy and most notably renewable energy policy has shifted form the previous approach of increasing access to energy sources for low-income households to addressing climate change issues. Pro-poor policies have suffered and important fuel such as wood fuel is not addressed. It is argued that without adequately addressing ther-mal requirements of low-income households, ener-gy poverty cannot be addressed. The aim of the paper is firstly, to contextualise cooking and cooking energy within a framework of household energy, poverty, multiple fuel use and gender issues and secondly, to provide an overview of the cost and externalities associated with household cooking. Lastly, the paper proposes interventions to address cooking energy in a sustainable manner in South Africa.

scholarly journals Obesogenic island: the financial burden of private transport on low-income households

2008 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Harrington ◽  
S. Friel ◽  
C. Thunhurst ◽  
A. Kirby ◽  
B. McElroy
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Low Income Households

scholarly journals A Comparison Between the Second-Hand Clothing Consumption of China and Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Yealin Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
The Past ◽  
Trading Market ◽  
The World ◽  
Low Income Households

The purpose of this study is to research and analyze the second-hand platforms in China and Korea. Todays, second-hand trading has evolved and more and more consumers are using it. In the past, most of the users of the second-hand trading market were low-income households, and the current users of the used trading market are the MZ generation. In this reason, feeling the necessity of researching the second-hand trading platform, I analyze it from data of China and Korea. To achieve the purpose of this study, I collect and analyze two big platform of each country &ldquo;Xianyu&rdquo; from China and &ldquo;Secondhand Market&rdquo; from Korea. We can see how differences in economies, societies and cultures between China and Korea affect second-hand trading platforms. The study compared the trend of second-hand clothing consumption, the major channels of second-hand clothing consumption, the key categories of second-hand clothing consumption, the leading brands of second-hand clothing consumption, the motivations and obstacles of second-hand clothing consumption. I hope this study to develop the second-hand trading platforms around the world.

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