scholarly journals Historic range of variability of mountain forest ecosystems: concepts and applications

2003 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas T Veblen
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Resource Planning ◽  
Climatic Variation ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
Colorado Rocky Mountains

Concepts of historical range of variability (HRV) have taken on an increasingly important role in resource planning and the management of mountain forest ecosystems. This essay draws on examples from the study of the history of disturbance ecology in the Colorado Rocky Mountains and the southern Andes to examine key HRV concepts and their applications. These case studies show that historical perspectives can reduce the chances of major future surprises in ecosystem conditions related to climatic variation, which often overrides many of the effects of management practices. They demonstrate the long-lasting legacy effects of relatively infrequent but severe disturbances in the past that shaped the present landscape and its potential response to future climatic variation. Finally, the case studies illustrate the importance of conducting area-specific research in potential management areas rather than simply extrapolating research findings from studies of historic range of variability of forest ecosystems conducted elsewhere. Key words: climatic variation, disturbance, Rocky Mountains, Andes, Patagonia, Ponderosa pine, landscape, ecosystem management, fire

Assessment of forest GPP variations in central Italy

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 1944-1953 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rodolfi ◽  
M. Chiesi ◽  
G. Tagliaferri ◽  
P. Cherubini ◽  
F. Maselli
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Italian Regions ◽  
Local Station

A debate is in progress concerning the possible effects of climate changes on the primary production of both natural and artificial ecosystems. The current investigation builds on the hypothesis that trends of increasing air temperature observed in several Italian regions should positively affect productivity of mountain forest ecosystems. Temperature rise in the Mugello valley (central Italy) in the period 1986–2001 was first confirmed by the analysis of data from a local station. The effects of this rise on the productivity of deciduous forest ecosystems (dominated by beech, Fagus sylvatica L.) were then analysed through estimates of the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR) derived from the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer satellite normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data. The use of a simplified parametric model (C-Fix) then allowed the combination of these FAPAR estimates with meteorological data (temperature and radiation) to produce annual values of forest gross primary productivity (GPP). Finally, validation of these GPP estimates was carried out by a comparison with dendrochronological measurements taken in the study forests. Because tree measurements were affected by external factors not exclusively related to forest GPP (stand aging, management practices, etc.), the comparison gave positive results only after applying a detrending operation to both series of annual GPP estimates and dendrochronological data. These results are a first indication that the rise in temperature that has occurred in Italy in the last decades has positively affected the productivity of mountain forest ecosystems.

Effects of ozone and climate on ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa) growth in the Colorado Rocky Mountains

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 1750-1759 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Peterson ◽  
Michael J. Arbaugh ◽  
Lindsay J. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Front Range ◽  
Growth Trends ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Colorado Rocky Mountains ◽  
Highly Correlated

Long-term radial growth trends of ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa var. scopulorum) were studied in second-growth stands in the Front Range of the Colorado Rocky Mountains to determine if there has been any impact from oxidant air pollution. Although ozone concentrations are relatively high at some locations, visible pollutant injury was not found in any trees. Time series of basal area increments are generally homogeneous within stands. Concurrent periods of increasing and decreasing growth can be found in stands throughout the Front Range, which indicates that there are temporal growth trends at the regional level. Most of these trends appear to be related to the effects of stand dynamics and climate. Correlation analysis with climatic variables indicates that soil moisture supply is the dominant factor controlling interannual variation of basal area growth. Palmer hydrological drought index is highly correlated (positively) with growth during the summer months; total precipitation in spring is positively correlated with growth, and mean temperature in spring is negatively correlated with growth. There are no recent changes in growth trends that might be associated with elevated levels of ambient ozone in the Front Range.

Historical Perspectives on Innovation in Indian Business

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Markovits
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Industrial Firm ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
Entire World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Trading Network

This chapter deals with the question of innovation in Indian business from a historical perspective. After a brief survey of the literature, emphasizing how divided scholarly opinion was regarding the existence of forms of innovation in Indian business prior to the colonial era, the focus shifts to the British period. It is shown that Schumpeter’s definition of innovation equating it with technological innovation cannot be fruitfully applied to the Indian business scene. Two case studies are then proposed: Tata Iron & Steel, the largest Indian industrial firm, is shown to have been innovative in the specific context of India’s backward industrial scene, while the Sindwork merchants of Hyderabad are an instance of an Indian trading network which extended its range to the entire world. Concluding remarks interrogate post-Independence developments and stress the limits of the innovativeness of Indian business, prior to the recent liberal reforms.

Reproductive output of ponderosa pine in response to thinning and prescribed burning in western Montana

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 844-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Peters ◽  
Anna Sala
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Prescribed Fire ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Western Montana ◽  
Cone Production

Thinning and thinning followed by prescribed fire are common management practices intended to restore historic conditions in low-elevation ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Laws.) forests of the northern Rocky Mountains. While these treatments generally ameliorate the physiology and growth of residual trees, treatment-specific effects on reproductive output are not known. We examined reproductive output of second-growth ponderosa pine in western Montana 9 years after the application of four treatments: thinning, thinning followed by spring prescribed fire, thinning followed by fall prescribed fire, and unthinned control stands. Field and greenhouse observations indicated that reproductive traits vary depending on the specific management treatment. Cone production was significantly higher in trees from all actively managed stands relative to control trees. Trees subjected to prescribed fire produced cones with higher numbers of filled seeds than trees in unburned treatments. Seed mass, percentage germination, and seedling biomass were significantly lower for seeds from trees in spring burn treatments relative to all others and were generally higher in trees from fall burn treatments. We show for the first time that thinning and prescribed-burning treatments can influence reproductive output in ponderosa pine.

scholarly journals Integrating ERP and enterprise social software

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Greasley ◽  
Yucan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Resource Planning ◽  
Social Software ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Erp Systems ◽  
Process Technology ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Erp System ◽  
Flexible Response ◽  
Business Requirements

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the use of a hybrid enterprise resource planning (ERP) system, combining an ERP system with enterprise social software (ESS). The study will provide a critical assessment of the implementation of this process technology. Design/methodology/approach Multiple case studies of organisations based in China were conducted to understand the use of ERP systems in different contexts. Following an evaluation of the context of each ERP implementation (within-case analysis) the research draws a cross-case conclusion that defines the nature of a hybrid ERP system and then synthesises the propositions related to the benefits and challenges of implementation. Findings The authors find that a hybrid ERP system is able to support efficiency in business process management and also provide a flexible response to changes in business requirements. It does this by allowing for the continued use of informal processes that cannot be incorporated into the ERP system. Practical implications This research indicates how ERP systems in conjunction with ESS can provide a flexible response to changing business requirements and increase collaboration within the organisation. Key lessons include the need to perform informal activities under the guidance of managers and provide clear boundaries for the implementation of informal activities. Originality/value This study has found that the use of case studies can provide a valuable insight into the use of a hybrid ERP system from the perspective of its use within the organisation as a work system that requires an assessment of the context within which organisational members perform their work.

Droughts, floods and freshwater ecosystems: evaluating climate change impacts and developing adaptation strategies

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Aldous ◽  
James Fitzsimons ◽  
Brian Richter ◽  
Leslie Bach
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia

Climate change is expected to have significant impacts on hydrologic regimes and freshwater ecosystems, and yet few basins have adequate numerical models to guide the development of freshwater climate adaptation strategies. Such strategies can build on existing freshwater conservation activities, and incorporate predicted climate change impacts. We illustrate this concept with three case studies. In the Upper Klamath Basin of the western USA, a shift in land management practices would buffer this landscape from a declining snowpack. In the Murray–Darling Basin of south-eastern Australia, identifying the requirements of flood-dependent natural values would better inform the delivery of environmental water in response to reduced runoff and less water. In the Savannah Basin of the south-eastern USA, dam managers are considering technological and engineering upgrades in response to more severe floods and droughts, which would also improve the implementation of recommended environmental flows. Even though the three case studies are in different landscapes, they all contain significant freshwater biodiversity values. These values are threatened by water allocation problems that will be exacerbated by climate change, and yet all provide opportunities for the development of effective climate adaptation strategies.

Lake-specific responses to elevated atmospheric nitrogen deposition in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, U.S.A.

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 510 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 103-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koren R. Nydick ◽  
Brenda Moraska Lafrancois ◽  
Jill S. Baron ◽  
Brett M. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Deposition ◽  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition ◽  
Atmospheric Nitrogen ◽  
Colorado Rocky Mountains

A case study review of wood ash land application programs in North America

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-120
Author(s):  
ILICH LAMA ◽  
DEREK SAIN
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Wood Ash ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Agricultural Application ◽  
Application Programs

Several regulatory agencies and universities have published guidelines addressing the use of wood ash as liming material for agricultural land and as a soil amendment and fertilizer. This paper summarizes the experiences collected from several forest products facility-sponsored agricultural application programs across North America. These case studies are characterized in terms of the quality of the wood ash involved in the agricultural application, approval requirements, recommended management practices, agricultural benefits of wood ash, and challenges confronted by ash generators and farmers during storage, handling, and land application of wood ash. Reported benefits associated with land-applying wood ash include increasing the pH of acidic soils, improving soil quality, and increasing crop yields. Farmers apply wood ash on their land because in addition to its liming value, it has been shown to effectively fertilize the soil while maintaining soil pH at a level that is optimal for plant growth. Given the content of calcium, potassium, and magnesium that wood ash supplies to the soil, wood ash also improves soil tilth. Wood ash has also proven to be a cost-effective alternative to agricultural lime, especially in rural areas where access to commercial agricultural lime is limited. Some of the challenges identified in the review of case studies include lengthy application approvals in some jurisdictions; weather-related issues associated with delivery, storage, and application of wood ash; maintaining consistent ash quality; inaccurate assessment of required ash testing; potential increased equipment maintenance; and misconceptions on the part of some farmers and government agencies regarding the effect and efficacy of wood ash on soil quality and crop productivity.

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