scholarly journals Kazakhstani immigration policy impact for ethno-demographic structural changes

2019 ◽  
pp. 80-100
Author(s):  
Shugatai Amangul
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Immigration Policy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Immigration Policies ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
New Nation ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Past Wrongs

 After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Kazakhstan government implemented ethnic-based immigration policies which call for ethnic Kazakhs from abroad return to their historical homeland. In 1991, Kazakhstan started a repatriation process of calling back its ethnic Kazakh to belong to the new nation, and to their new found ethnic identity. The immigration policies has including the “repatriation process of ethnics”, have helped significantly as Kazakhs tries to reconcile past wrongs, increase internal stability and conserve national identity. Because of the Soviet era much of Kazakh language and traditional cultures was sufficiently reduced in the public sphere, and the ethnic composition in this country was dominated by non-titular ethnics Thus, that ethnic immigration policy focused on change ethno-demographic structure of the Kazakhstan and increasing the total population size. This article focused to analyze the results of the ethnic immigration policy of Kazakhstan, how it has changed the immigration policy over the last 30 years. Казахстан улсын угсаатны шилжилт хөдөлгөөний бодлого, түүний үр дүн Хураангуй: 1991 онд Зөвлөлт Холбоот Улс (ЗХУ) задарч, Бүгд Найрамдах Казахстан Улс (БНКазУ) байгуулагдсаны дараа тус улсад хүн амын “олон улсын шилжилт хөдөлгөөн”-ий урсгал эрчимтэй явагдаж эхэлсэн билээ. Шинээр тусгаар тогтносон БНКазУ хүн амын тогтвортой өсөлтийг дэмжих, нийт хүн амд казах угсаатны эзлэх хэмжээг нэмэгдүүлэх замаар угсаатны бүтцээ өөрчлөх, нийгэм эдийн засгийн хөгжилтэй уялдуулан хүн амын амьжиргааны түвшинг дээшлүүлэх зэрэг зорилтуудыг дэвшүүлсэн. Энэ хүрээнд дэлхийн өнцөг булан бүрээс казах угсаатнуудыг өөрсдийн “түүхэн эх нутаг” (historical homeland) болох БНКазУ-д шилжин ирж суурьших уриа дуудлага болгож, хүн амын шилжилт хөдөлгөөний тусгай бодлогыг хэрэгжүүлсэн. Ингэснээр БНКазУ-ыг чиглэсэн казах үндэстний хил дамнасан шилжилт хөдөлгөөн бүс нутгийн ба дэлхийн хэмжээнд эрчимтэй өрнөж, өнөөдрийг хүртэл тасралтгүй үргэлжилж байна. Энэхүү өгүүлэлд БНКазУ-ын Засгийн газраас нийт хүн амд эзлэх казах үндэстний тоог нэмэгдүүлэх, угсаатны бүтцийг өөрчлөхийн тулд 1991 оноос хойш 30 орчим жилийн хугацаанд хэрэгжүүлж буй шилжилт хөдөлгөөний (цагаачлал) бодлогын хэрэгжилт, түүний үр дүнд задлан шинжилгээ хийхийг зорилоо. Түлхүүр үг: Бүгд Найрамдах Казахстан Улс, хүн ам зүйн бодлого, угсаатны бүтцийн өөрчлөлт, диаспора, казах үндэстний шилжилт хөдөлгөөн

“Airing Our Dirty Linen in Public”: Lidiia Chukovskaia, Nadezhda Mandeľshtam, and Competing Visions for a Liberal Soviet Counterpublic

Slavic Review ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 778-799
Author(s):  
Lusia Zaitseva
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Moral Authority ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Conservative Attitude ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Dirty Linen ◽  
At Home

This article contributes to the study of gender and dissidence in the Soviet Union by examining the feud between two significant authors of cultural samizdat and tamizdat—Nadezhda Mandeľshtam and Lidiia Chukovskaia—through an updated feminist lens. It draws on prose unpublished in their lifetimes and presents previously undiscovered writing by Mandeľshtam in order to examine the origins and substance of their feud. I argue that their distinctive modes of authorship date to their relationship with Anna Akhmatova and subsequent differing approaches to her legacy. These approaches reveal their shared conservative attitude regarding gender and moral authority in the nascent liberal Soviet counterpublic as well as their diverging understandings of how the transnational public sphere could help bring about much-needed changes at home. These attitudes shaped how they regarded each other and continue to have salience for our understanding of women's participation in the public sphere in Russia today.

scholarly journals Deficiencies of Official Bilingualism in the Finno-Ugric Republics of Post-Soviet Russia: A Legal Perspective

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (62) ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantin Zamyatin
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
The Public ◽  
Regional Language ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Legal Perspective ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Official Status ◽  
Local Languages

As a part of the “parade of sovereignties” during the disintegration of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, the national republics of Russia designated both Russian and local languages as their state languages. The co-official status of the dominant Russian language by default prevented full-fledged official bilingualism, and serious steps were needed to promote non-dominant local languages in the public sphere. Beyond a mere formal recognition of their official status, the republican authorities passed regulations in order to provide institutional support for the local languages, the amount of which varied across republics. However, the extent of such regulations remains understudied and the best way to evaluate it would be a comparative analysis. What was the level of institutionalization of the official status in the case of titular languages in Russia’s republics? This study examines various solutions for framing the official status of titular languages in regional language legislations in order to understand the patterns of institutionalization. The republics titled after the Finno-Ugric peoples were chosen as case studies for the comparison. The study reveals that language legislation contains serious deficiencies in institutionalization of the official status of titular languages, which impede possibilities for their practical use in office.

Scholars, Politicians, and the Production of Soviet Assimilation Narratives

2021 ◽  
pp. 144-178
Author(s):  
Krista A. Goff
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
The Public Sphere

The chapter focuses on the trajectory of Talysh national identifications and classifications, which was being erased from the public sphere in the Soviet Union. It explores why Talyshes were vulnerable to assimilatory politics and the architecture of Soviet myths of nontitular assimilation. It also argues that theories of Soviet modernity, as well as Talysh ethnonational ties to Iran, are key variables that shaped Talysh experiences in the Soviet Union. The chapter mentions A. A. Isupov, the head of the Administration's Department of the All-Union Census, who invoked an ethnographer's account of Talysh assimilation to explain that the Talysh men were not Talysh but Azerbaijani. It explains how censuses have constitutive power and in the Soviet Union, which played an important role in naturalizing discourses of minority assimilation.

Tibetan Reform and the Kalmyk Revival of Buddhism

Inner Asia ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Philosophical Approach ◽  
Religious Reform ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Historical Practices

AbstractThe anti-religious campaigns of the Soviet Union in the 1930s eradicated Kalmyk Buddhism from the public sphere. Following perestroika the Kalmyks retain a sense of being an essentially Buddhist people. Accordingly, the new Kalmyk government is reviving the religion with the building of temples and the attempted training of Kalmyk monks, yet monasticism is proving too alien for young post-soviets. According to traditional Kalmyk Gelug Buddhism authoritative Buddhist teachers must be monks, so monastic Tibetans from India have been invited to the republic to help revive Buddhism. The subsequent labelling by these monks of 'surviving' Kalmyk Buddhist practices as superstitious, mistaken or corrupt is an initial step in the purification of alternate views, leading to religious reform. This appraisal of historical practices is encouraged by younger Kalmyks who do not find sense in surviving Buddhism but are enthused with the philosophical approach taught by visiting Buddhist teachers at Dharma centres. By discussing this post-Soviet shift in local notions of religious efficacy, I show how the social movements of both reform and revival arise as collusion between contemporary Tibetan and Kalmyk views on the nature of true Buddhism.

Wankelende wetenschap. De studie van de journalistiek & de revolutie in de media

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank van Vree
Keyword(s):  
Professional Practice ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Traditional Media ◽  
The Public ◽  
Journalism Studies ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Revolution

An Unstable Discipline. Journalism Studies & the Revolution in the Media An Unstable Discipline. Journalism Studies & the Revolution in the Media During the last decade media and journalism have got into turmoil; landslides have changed the traditional media landscape, overturning familiar marking points, institutions and patterns. To understand these radical changes journalism studies should not only develop a new research agenda, but also review its approach and perspective.This article looks back on recent development in the field and argues for a more cohesive perspective, taking journalism as a professional practice as its starting point. Furthermore a plea is made for a thorough research into the structural changes of the public sphere and the role and position of journalism.

The Challenges to Social Control in Brezhnev’s Soviet Union, 1964-1982

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-173
Author(s):  
Fedor L. Sinitsyn
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Soviet System ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Central State ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Government ◽  
General Secretary

This article examines the development of social control in the Soviet Union under Leonid Brezhnev, who was General Secretary of the Communist Party from 1964 to 1982. Historians have largely neglected this question, especially with regard to its evolution and efficiency. Research is based on sources in the Russian State Archive of Modern History (RGANI), the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGASPI) and the Moscow Central State Archive (TSGAM). During Brezhnevs rule, Soviet propaganda reached the peak of its development. However, despite the fact that authorities tried to improve it, the system was ritualistic, unconvincing, unwieldy, and favored quantity over quality. The same was true for political education, which did little more than inspire sullen passivity in its students. Although officials recognized these failings, their response was ineffective, and over time Soviet propaganda increasingly lost its potency. At the same time, there were new trends in the system of social control. Authorities tried to have a foot in both camps - to strengthen censorship, and at the same time to get feedback from the public. However, many were afraid to express any criticism openly. In turn, the government used data on peoples sentiments only to try to control their thoughts. As a result, it did not respond to matters that concerned the public. These problems only increased during the era of stagnation and contributed to the decline and subsequent collapse of the Soviet system.

scholarly journals Characteristics of shadow economy in stagnation era in USSR

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
Ilia Valerievich Mametev
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Shadow Economy ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
State Control ◽  
Illegal Activity ◽  
The Public ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
The 1960S

The article focuses on the problems of shadow economy, such as the illegal activity, as well as a legal activity hidden from the state control, which became an integral part of the life of the Soviet Union in the period of stagnation. The development of the shadow sector was connected, first of all, with the inability of the command-administrative system to take into account the demands of the population for certain goods and services. There have been examined prerequisites for the emergence of the shadow economy and the stages of its development in the society that built communism in the 1960s–1980s. The shadow economy contributed to the growth of corruption and criminalization, initiated the racket in the 1990s and significantly affected the public consciousness of the Soviet citizens and, later, the mentality of modern Russian society

Dynamics of Cultural and Educational Processes of National Minorities of Transcarpathia of the Second Half of the 20th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-253
Author(s):  
Natalija Malets ◽  
Oleksandr Malets
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
National Culture ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
National Minority ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The People ◽  
Cultural Processes ◽  
Socialist Economic

The article analyses the dynamics of ethnic composition and ethnic processes in Transcarpathia in the second half of the 20th century, as well as ethno-cultural processes of national consolidation of Ukrainians of the region as part of the Ukrainian nation. The paper evaluates the practice of the Soviet state and the ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) to determine the nature, content and directions of all ethno-national and ethno-cultural policies in Transcarpathia. While researching the consolidation processes of Transcarpathian Ukrainians as part of the Ukrainian nation, the authors showed that the development of the traditions of Ukrainian national culture was seen in the environment of the creative intelligentsia and the majority of the people as an alternative to ideological communication. It is justified that the main goal of the communist authorities in Transcarpathia in 1945-1991 was to establish socialist, economic, political and ideological regime in the region. In order to accelerate this process, a Russian (Russian-speaking) national minority was hastily created in the region by the state authorities, which, having occupied leading political, ideological and economic positions, became a reliable support for the new communist regime. The article analyses the dynamics of ethnic composition and ethnic processes in Transcarpathia in the second half of the 20th century, as well as ethno-cultural processes of national consolidation of Ukrainians of the region as part of the Ukrainian nation. The paper evaluates the practice of the Soviet state and the ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) to determine the nature, content and directions of all ethno-national and ethno-cultural policies in Transcarpathia. While researching the consolidation processes of Transcarpathian Ukrainians as part of the Ukrainian nation, the authors showed that the development of the traditions of Ukrainian national culture was seen in the environment of the creative intelligentsia and the majority of the people as an alternative to ideological communication. It is justified that the main goal of the communist authorities in Transcarpathia in 1945-1991 was to establish socialist, economic, political and ideological regime in the region. In order to accelerate this process, a Russian (Russian-speaking) national minority was hastily created in the region by the state authorities, which, having occupied leading political, ideological and economic positions, became a reliable support for the new communist regime.

Screening Migrants in the Early Cold War: The Geopolitics of U.S. Immigration Policy

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 154-179
Author(s):  
Peter J. Verovšek
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Immigration Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Screening Process ◽  
East Central Europe ◽  
East Central ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Argument Proceeds

The main elements of U.S. immigration policy date back to the early Cold War. One such element is a screening process initially designed to prevent infiltration by Communist agents posing as migrants from East-Central Europe. The development of these measures was driven by geopolitical concerns, resulting in vetting criteria that favored the admission of hardline nationalists and anti-Communists. The argument proceeds in two steps. First, the article demonstrates that geopolitics influenced immigration policy, resulting in the admission of extremist individuals. Second, it documents how geopolitical concerns and the openness of U.S. institutions provided exiles with the opportunity to mobilize politically. Although there is little evidence that the vetting system succeeded in preventing the entry of Communist subversives into the United States, it did help to create a highly mobilized anti-Communist ethnic lobby that supported extremist policies vis-à-vis the Soviet Union during the early Cold War.

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