Customs tariff reforms in Mongolia

2020 ◽  
pp. 101-117
Author(s):  
Otgonsaikhan Nyamdaa ◽  
Enkhbayar Shagdar
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Sharp Increase ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Foreign Trade Policy ◽  
Import Tariff ◽  
Tariff Reform ◽  
Free Trade Policy

Mongolia has been pursuing a free trade policy since the transition to a market economy, and today, with a sharp increase in imports and a boom in raw materials exports, domestic production has fallen, and the country became overly dependent on mining products. Therefore, there is an urgent need to review the methods for implementing foreign trade policy, to study their optimal use and update them effectively. This study examines how Mongolia’s import tariff regulations have been reforming since the transition to a market economy, and discusses some potential impacts of the import tariff reform on the Mongolian economy. Монгол Улсын импортын гаалийн тарифын шинэчлэл Хураангуй: Монгол Улс зах зээлийн эдийн засгийн харилцаанд шилжсэн үеэс чөлөөт худалдааны бодлого баримталсаар ирсэн бөгөөд өнөөдөр импортын урсгал эрс нэмэгдэж, түүхий эдийн экспорт хөгжсөнөөр дотоодын үйлдвэрлэл уналтад орсон, уул уурхайн бүтээгдэхүүнээс хэт хамааралтай улс болжээ. Иймд гадаад худалдааны бодлогыг хэрэгжүүлэх арга хэрэгслүүдийг эргэн харах, тэдгээрийг хэрхэн оновчтой хэрэглэх, шинэчлэх зэрэг асуудлыг судлах зайлшгүй шаардлага бий болоод байна. Энэхүү ажлын хүрээнд Монгол Улс зах зээлийн эдийн засгийн харилцаанд шилжсэн үеэс өнөөг хүртэл импортын гаалийн тарифын бодлого зохицуулалтын шинэчлэл хэрхэн хийгдсэн талаар судалж, импортын гаалийн тарифыг шинэчилснээр Монгол Улсын эдийн засагт үзүүлэх зарим үр нөлөөг авч үзсэн. Түлхүүр үгс: гадаад худалдааны бодлого; импортын гаалийн тарифын бодлого, зохицуулалт; нэн тааламжтай тариф; ДХБ-тай тохирсон тарифын дээд хэмжээ; тарифын шинжилгээ.

Free Trade versus Protection : Static and Dynamic Aspects

1985 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-50
Author(s):  
Gunnar Flфystad
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Optimal Taxation ◽  
Foreign Trade Policy ◽  
Taxation Policy

This paper analyses whether the developing countries are pursuing an optimal foreign trade policy, given the theoretical and empirical evidence we have. The paper concludes that constraints in imposing other taxes than tariffs in many developing countries may justify having tariffs as part of an optimal taxation policy.

scholarly journals Views of Ivan Vernadsky on the role of foreign trade policy in economic development

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (54) ◽  
pp. 182-198
Author(s):  
Tetiana Bodnarchuk ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Foreign Trade Policy ◽  
Modern Economic

Nowadays, the process of making effective economic decisions requires reference to the history of Ukrainian economic thought. The study of intellectual heritage and innovative ideas of prominent Ukrainian economists, among whom Ivan Vernadsky occupies an important place, will enrich the understanding of the mechanisms and ways of modern economic transformation. The purpose of the article is to analyze and generalize Ivan Vernadsky’s conceptual views on the role of foreign trade policy in economic development. The theoretical basis of this study is conceptual approaches to understanding the nature of foreign trade policy, in particular, protectionism and free trade. Systematic, comparative-historical, institutional-evolutionary, and historical-genetic analyses were used as the research methodology. The author considers Ivan Vernadsky’s conceptual approach to foreign trade as a basis for providing the country's economic leadership in the international area. The economist’s ideas on the advantages of liberal foreign trade policy, free trade, and its mutual benefits for countries are revealed. Ivan Vernadsky was a staunch opponent of restrictive foreign trade policy, which creates obstacles to the country's competitive advantages and economic progress. Attention was paid to Ivan Vernadsky's criticism of customs protectionism. According to the scientist's point of view, protectionism leads to monopolization, price rises, technical and technological backwardness of production, destabilization of foreign trade relations, etc. At the same time, one of the scientist’s merits is the formation of an innovative approach to the interpretation of protectionism as a general economic doctrine and a realistic economic policy. Ivan Vernadsky’s vision of the basics of efficient management is generalized. He creates an original theory of economic development, which can be used for selection of effective mechanisms of modern economic policy.

Joseph Chamberlain and the Genesis of Tariff Reform

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sydney H. Zebel
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
Tariff Reform ◽  
Free Trade Policy ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Political Decision Making

This paper is concerned solely with the genesis of the 1903 Tariff Reform Movement. Why did a veteran, realistic politician like Joseph Chamberlain challenge Britain's long-sacrosanct free trade policy? What political, economic, social, or other factors influenced him to make his decision? Was he really the originator of the program which he championed? What empirical lessons can be learned about the methodology and rationale of political decision making? The existing scholarly works dealing with the Chamberlain agitation, although exceedingly numerous, provide no really satisfactory answers to these questions. Thus a fresh appraisal of the origins of the Tariff Reform Movement seems clearly warranted.IThe Liberal journalist-statesman John Morley, who became acquainted with Chamberlain in 1873, is reported as once saying that his friend's faith in the free trade policy was always “only skindeep.” Chamberlain himself said that he was first shaken in his free trade beliefs in 1881 when, as President of the Board of Trade in the second Gladstone Government, he was asked to reply to a protectionist speech by a then-obscure Conservative M.P. named C. T. Ritchie. Contrary to Chamberlain and Morley, however, one of the Birmingham leader's official biographers states that he has found no indication that his hero entertained any fiscal heresies prior to the winter of 1902-03; and though the date he gives may be disputed, the view that Chamberlain was a late convert to protection is substantiated by considerable evidence. Chamberlain's reply to Ritchie, despite his later admission of doubt, reveals no misgivings about the free trade credo.

scholarly journals Small and Medium Sizes Enterprises (SMEs) and Foreign Trade Policy

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
İlkay Noyan Yalman ◽  
Mutlu Türkoğlu ◽  
Yalçın Yalman
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Foreign Trade Policy ◽  
Foreign Earnings ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Trade Potential ◽  
High Level

A high level of a country’s foreign trade is related to the growth of foreign earnings, to the acceleration of investments, to increase employment and contributes significantly to the growth of the country's economy. In this context, SMEs as one of the mile stones of the economy, foreign trade and economic growth are located in the leading roles. Especially SMEs sufficiently developed oppressed against strong opponents abroad, government policies or practices in trade restrictive policies are some of the reasons for this downside. SMEs that exports goods, or the infrastructure needed to produce goods for SMEs who import raw materials as well as the country's foreign trade policies and developments in the world economy is important. SMEs to follow the development, recognizing competitors, new markets, new products is very important in terms of growth both business and the countries. In this study, SMEs engaged in foreign trade in Sivas Province performing an application on in terms of both the business and government policy at the local level status will be examined. Data will be obtained on issues such as ultimately foreign trade potential of existing SMEs while doing foreign trade problems they face, strengths and weaknesses, market policies at national and international levels, the opinions about the state's foreign trade policy. The results obtained from the data on SMEs engaged in foreign trade by making general inferences about the data obtained on a micro scale, will allow making inferences on the macro scale.

Methodological approaches to determining the impact of barriers on international trade

2021 ◽  
pp. 713-727
Author(s):  
Diana Makayevna Madiyarova ◽  
Maxim Vladimirovich Terletskii
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Equilibrium Model ◽  
Econometric Models ◽  
Trade Barriers ◽  
Foreign Trade Policy ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
The Impact

Today, within the framework of the functioning of foreign trade policy, there are two main opposing models: protectionism and free trade. Recently, the situation is developing towards the dominance of the policy of protectionism over the policy of conducting free trade, since there is a continuous increase in the number of non-tariff measures and the manifestation of trade wars. This situation leads to the need for a policy of trade liberalization. Implementing a foreign trade policy aimed at eliminating trade barriers is not a quick process and requires a thoughtful scientific assessment. To analyze the criticality of the situation of the absence of a free trade policy and to reflect its validity, a very wide methodological toolkit is used to study various kinds of trade barriers, ranging from the calculation of the simplest indicators to the construction of complex econometric models. This study provides a comprehensive review of the main methodological approaches to determining the impact of tariff and non-tariff barriers on the international trade activities of countries. In the scientific review work, 4 domestic and 24 foreign sources, formed on the basis of 21 resources, were involved in the search for literature. The results of the review analysis of research papers showed that in the study of tariff and non-tariff barriers, researchers mainly use three econometric models, namely gravity model, partial equilibrium model and general equilibrium model. In addition, the study of non-tariff barriers can be carried out in the context of two other methods besides the econometric one: the implementation of the "price gap" method and the derivation of "incidence indicators".

Russia's Foreign Trade Policy

2003 ◽  
pp. 154-157
Author(s):  
N. Shchebarova
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Foreign Trade Policy

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