State Marketing as a Factor in the Strengthening of Macroeconomic Indicators

This article deals with the state of marketing and its role in strengthening macroeconomic indicators of the Kyrgyz Republic, but it does not apply in the country properly. The need for the use of state marketing is intensifying with the entering of Kyrgyzstan to EEU as a member. To improve the structure of foreign trade, it is proposed marketing initiatives and research on the study of the external market, the internal potential of the country, specialization of production, the creation of "umbrella brand" for the country, the best way of satisfying consumers of public services, effective control of the quality and safety of products, regulation of the relevant parameters, that meet international standards, the fight against counterfeit, creating a positive image of Kyrgyzstan in the world and others.

Keynesian System, Keynesian Policies and an Evaluation of What Keynes Might Have Advised Today

We have surveyed in this article the development of the Keynesian macroeconomic system since 1936 up to the present. Our approach was, however, analytical rather than historical and descriptive. Keynesian System, hence Neo-Keynesians and modern Keynesian schools, such as New Keynesian Economics and Post-Keynesian Economics visualize that, if left by itself, the economy will give unemployment due to insufficiency of aggregate demand. In the article, the Keynesian policies are analysed with respect to their efficiency. Keynesian System was developed and modified in the face of criticisms by its opponents. We emphasize in our article that the Keynesian System was mainstream most of the time both in academic circles and in implementation. Presently again, basically Keynesian System has the upper hand, mostly New Keynesian Economics and also to some extent, Post-Keynesian Economics.The last section of the article covers an evaluation of what Keynes might have said for today’s economic problems.

The Influence of Intellectual Capital on Firm Value towards Manufacturing Performance in Indonesia

The aim of this study is to analyse the influence of intellectual capital on firm value through firm performance (profitability, productivity, market valuation and growth). Intellectual capital is measured by using a Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC™). Firm value is measured by Tobin's Q. The financial performance consists of Return on assets (ROA), Asset turn over (ATO), Market to Book Value (MB) and Earnings per Share (EPS). Data from this study was obtained from financial statements and annual reports of manufacturing companies that are taken from the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sample of this study is manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the year of 2011-2013 for 37 companies. The types of data used are secondary data in the form of annual reports by the manufacturing companies. Empirical analysis is conducted by using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The results of this study indicate that Intellectual capital has a significant effect on profitability, market valuation and growth. Intellectual capital does not significantly affect productivity and firm value. Market valuation significantly affects the firm value. Profitability, productivity and growth do not significantly affect firm value. Furthermore, Intellectual capital which is intervened by the firm performance has a positive effect on firm value.

What Constraints Do the Students have for Nutrition Habits? A Research on Higher Education Students

Heirs of future and potential tourists, students face with various difficulties during university period. The very primary step of physiological needs, eating habits and constraints, of such a wide audience who are supposed to be at the top of self-realization is an issue that is carefully be focused on. The aim of this study which tries to investigate Bartın Vocational School students’ tendency and constraints on nutrition is to search and identify daily main meals and snacks of students; to determine body-mass index on age basis;; and to evaluate the arguments whether interdependent variables such as economic level, place of residence and gender which are allegedly affect nutritional care have influence on food choice. This study is considered important because it assesses dietary habits and tendencies of consumers with different levels of opportunity and limited incomes. In this context, secondary data have been given in theoretical framework. Primary data, on the other hand, have been obtained through a questionnaire that is compiled from various sources. Research problem and hypotheses have been tested by parametric test Independent-Samples T Test and frequency analysis. As results of the research, the findings that students do not have adequate nutrition awareness though their body-mass index is in normal range; that they consume fast food particularly during the day; and that this situation leads to the so-called morbid obesity health problems have been discussed. In addition, policy recommendations and suggestions have been made in this regard.

Relationship between Economic Freedom and Economic Growth in Some Selected Transition Economies: A Panel Data Analysis

This study estimated the influence of economic freedom in transition economies between the years 2000-2012 on economic growth by using panel data analysis. Economic freedom index developed by Fraser Institute was used in the study. The index values prepared by this institute do not cover all economies in transition. In addition, there is missing data for the periods that the study covers in terms of some countries. Thus, the analysis uses the data about 15 economies in transition. The study was conducted within the scope of two different models. In one of these models, the global economic crisis of 2009 was also included. As a conclusion, a negative relationship was found between economic freedom and economic growth when the crisis was not included; however, there was a positive but statistically insignificant relationship when the crisis was taken into consideration.

Role of Investment Incentives in Removal of Regional Imbalances and Convergence Analysis as Success Criteria: The Turkish Case

Together with starting to observe the situations like the development differences seen between the countries after industrial revolution between the cities and regions of the countries. This situation leads some of the cities to emigrate and some other cities to become more crowded. The negative externalities emerging in migration-receiving cities make the life in those cities intolerable, whilst the decreasing population of emigrant cities triggers the decrease in both of demand and supply that is a production factor. The reflection of this situation shows itself as the cycle of “migration-revenue decrease-migration”. Through the investment incentives given to underdeveloped regions in order to prevent the migration that is a reflection of regional imbalances, it is aimed to decrease the imbalances by increasing the employment and revenue. The incentives applied in the year after statistical region classification in Turkey consist of incentives in periods of 2004-2008 and 2009-2012. In this study, it has been examined if there is any convergence between the income per capita in city and region axes, and if the incentives have any influence on this convergence. The investment incentives prepared in accordance with the realities of the cities eliminate the development differences by creating more efficient results. As a policy argument, it can be asserted that the incentive implementations considering the comparative superiorities of the cities will play more important roles in both of ensuring the efficient use of the resources and closing the development differences.

Testing the Twin Deficit Hypothesis for Kyrgyzstan Economy

Twin deficits hypothesis suggests that there is a positive relationship between budget and current account deficits. The present study examines Twin Deficits Hypothesis over the period of 2005:01–20013:12 in Kyrgyzstan by using Vector Autoregressive Model technique. The results show that there are relationships between government expenditure, export and import. The causalities are from government expenditure to export and import. These results confirm the Keynesian view, which asserts the existence of twin deficits, meaning that the state budget deficit at weak real economy, in an open economy, increase imports, which is the cause of twin deficits in the economy of Kyrgyzstan. To solve the problem of twin deficits, the state must pursue an active foreign trade policy in addition to fiscal policy, as it is proven empirically the state budget deficit has a big impact on trade deficit, but not the main factor of trade deficit.

Economic Freedoms and Economic Growth: An Investigation on Emerging Market Economies

The common view in the economics theory relating to the fact that economic freedom will raise labor productivity and it will provide effective use of scarce resources becomes a current issue with the increase in the number of papers investigating the effect of economic freedom on economic growth. One of the main reasons of the increasing number of those papers is that economic freedom can be measured quantitatively (numerically) through the indexes calculated by various institutions. In this paper, the relationship between economic freedoms and economic growth for some emerging market economies is investigated. In estimating of the relationship between economic freedoms and economic growth, overall economic freedom index, property right index, business freedom index, trade freedom index and investment freedom index, which was created by the Heritage Foundation was used. Investment/GDP ratio and population dependency ratio are also control variables in the model. In the paper, in which panel fixed effect model was used, property right index, investment freedom index and population dependency ratio affect economic growth negatively, but business freedom index, trade freedom index and investment/GDP ratio affect economic growth positively. It isn’t found that there is a significantly relationship between overall economic freedom index and economic growth.

The Interaction between Stock Prices and Commodity Prices: East Europe and Central Asia Countries

The sharp increase in commodity prices since 2000s has important effects on many economic variables. Especially the upward trend in commodity prices had substantial effects on stock prices. The literature has continuing and growing interest to the dynamics of commodity price and their significant impact on economic and financial developments. There is growing evidence that commodity prices, stock prices moved together, and that the correlations between them have increased. Many studies investigated the interaction between stock prices and real and commodity prices and find strong interaction for developed countries. However, the effect of the commodity prices on stock markets in relatively less investigated for ECA countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate the long-run relationship between commodity prices and stock prices in ECA countries can by using a panel cointegration test.

Small and Medium Sized Enterprises and Their Employment Structures in the Process of Globalization: Yalova Sample

Today, small and medium sized companies are briefly called SMEs, are becoming more important in order to sustain of both national and local economies under the intensive competition and in the existing global markets. SME’s are making important contributions countries’ economic growths by making innovations, giving responses for the economic crises, positive effects on the growing of employment and having flexibility on their productions. In this study, the current situation of SMEs in the globalized economic order, the advantages and disadvantages, economic problems, the importance of SMEs in Turkey’s economy and also incentives provided for SMEs is emphasized. In the second part, with the globalization changing employment structure of SMEs and their conditions in the fight against unemployment is emphasized in Turkey. In the final part, an investigation is done and it is aimed to research employment structures, strategies for the future and approaches for the big companies of SMEs that are doing business in Yalova city. For this, survey method is used and survey results were analyzed for 158 SMEs in Yalova.