scholarly journals APPLICATION OF STEREOLOGICAL METHODS TO STUDY THE WHITE MATTER AND MYELINATED FIBERS THEREIN OF RAT BRAIN

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu Yang ◽  
Chen Li ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Weiwei Wang ◽  
Jens R Nyengaard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Estimation Procedure ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Sampling Variance ◽  
White Matter Volume ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Myelinated Fibers ◽  
Total Length

An efficient and unbiased stereological method was applied to estimate the white matter volume, the total volume, total length and mean diameter of the myelinated fibers in the white matter and the total volume of the myelin sheaths in the white matter of rat brain. The white matter volume was obtained with the Cavalieri principle. Four tissue blocks were sampled from the entire white matter in a uniform random fashion. The length density of the myelinated fibers in the white matter was obtained from the isotropic, uniform, random sections ensured by the isector. The volume density of the myelinated fibers in the white matter was estimated by point counting. The total length and the total volume of the myelinated fibers in the white matter were estimated by multiplying the white matter volume and the length density and the volume density of the myelinated fibers in the white matter, respectively. The size of nerve fibers was derived by measuring the profile diameter perpendicular to its longest axis. The results were satisfactory in the sense that the sampling variance introduced by the stereological estimation procedure was a minor fraction of the observed variance. The comparison of the white matter and the myelinated fibers in the white matter between rat brain and human brain was also made in the present study.

scholarly journals STEREOLOGY OF NEURONAL CONNECTIONS (MYELINATED FIBERS OF WHITE MATTER AND SYNAPSES OF NEOCORTEX) IN HUMAN BRAIN

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Tang ◽  
Jens R Nyengaard ◽  
Bente Pakkenberg ◽  
Hans Jørgen G Gundersen
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Numerical Density ◽  
Myelinated Nerve ◽  
Myelinated Nerve Fibers ◽  
Myelinated Fibers ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Human Autopsy

Unbiased stereological sampling and counting techniques for estimating the total length, total volume and diameter distribution of myelinated nerve fibers in white matter and the total number of synapses in neocortex of human autopsy brains were described. Uniform random sampling of tissues from entire hemisphere was performed. The total volume and total length of myelinated fibers in white matter were estimated from the product of the volume of white matter obtained with the Cavalieri principle and the volume density and length density of myelinated fibers in white matter, respectively. The volume density of myelinated nerve fibers in white a matter was estimated with a point counting method. The length density of myelinated fibers in white matter was estimated from the isotropic, uniform random sections that were ensured by the sector. The diameter of myelinated fibers was derived by measuring the profile diameterperpendicular to its longest axis. The ethanolic phosphotungstic acid staining technique was modified for staining synapses in human autopsy brains. The total number of synapses in each neocortical region was estimated as the product of the volume of each neocortical region and the numerical density of synapses in each region. The numerical density of synapses in each neocortical region was obtained with the disector at the electron microscopical level. The presented methods will be useful for quantitative studies of the changes of myelinated nerve fibers and synapses in various distinct regions of the central nervous system due to development, aging and diseases.

scholarly journals Preliminary Evidence for a Relationship between Elevated Plasma TNFα and Smaller Subcortical White Matter Volume in HCV Infection Irrespective of HIV or AUD Comorbidity

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4953
Author(s):  
Natalie M. Zahr ◽  
Kilian M. Pohl ◽  
Allison J. Kwong ◽  
Edith V. Sullivan ◽  
Adolf Pfefferbaum
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Subcortical White Matter ◽  
Control Group ◽  
White Matter Volume ◽  
Brain Volumes ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Patient Groups

Classical inflammation in response to bacterial, parasitic, or viral infections such as HIV includes local recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages and the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Proposed biomarkers of organ integrity in Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD) include elevations in peripheral plasma levels of proinflammatory proteins. In testing this proposal, previous work included a group of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals as positive controls and identified elevations in the soluble proteins TNFα and IP10; these cytokines were only elevated in AUD individuals seropositive for hepatitis C infection (HCV). The current observational, cross-sectional study evaluated whether higher levels of these proinflammatory cytokines would be associated with compromised brain integrity. Soluble protein levels were quantified in 86 healthy controls, 132 individuals with AUD, 54 individuals seropositive for HIV, and 49 individuals with AUD and HIV. Among the patient groups, HCV was present in 24 of the individuals with AUD, 13 individuals with HIV, and 20 of the individuals in the comorbid AUD and HIV group. Soluble protein levels were correlated to regional brain volumes as quantified with structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In addition to higher levels of TNFα and IP10 in the 2 HIV groups and the HCV-seropositive AUD group, this study identified lower levels of IL1β in the 3 patient groups relative to the control group. Only TNFα, however, showed a relationship with brain integrity: in HCV or HIV infection, higher peripheral levels of TNFα correlated with smaller subcortical white matter volume. These preliminary results highlight the privileged status of TNFα on brain integrity in the context of infection.

26.1 GRAY AND WHITE MATTER VOLUME ALTERATIONS IN YOUTH OFFSPRING OF PARENTS WITH BIPOLAR DISORDER

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. S298
Author(s):  
Melissa P. DelBello ◽  
Fabiano Nery ◽  
Wade Weber ◽  
Thomas J. Blom ◽  
Jeffrey A. Welge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
White Matter ◽  
White Matter Volume ◽  
Matter Volume

Gray and white matter volume abnormalities in monozygotic and same-sex dizygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 198
Author(s):  
H. Hulshoff Pol ◽  
R. Brans ◽  
N. Haren ◽  
M. Langen ◽  
H.G. Schnack ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
White Matter Volume ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Dizygotic Twins

scholarly journals Neuroanatomy of Patients with Deficit Schizophrenia: An Exploratory Quantitative Meta-Analysis of Structural Neuroimaging Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (17) ◽  
pp. 6227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tji Tjian Chee ◽  
Louis Chua ◽  
Hamilton Morrin ◽  
Mao Fong Lim ◽  
Johnson Fam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Grey Matter Volume ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
White Matter Volume ◽  
Total Brain Volume ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Deficit Schizophrenia

Little is known regarding the neuroanatomical correlates of patients with deficit schizophrenia or persistent negative symptoms. In this meta-analysis, we aimed to determine whether patients with deficit schizophrenia have characteristic brain abnormalities. We searched PubMed, CINAHL and Ovid to identify studies that examined the various regions of interest amongst patients with deficit schizophrenia, patients with non-deficit schizophrenia and healthy controls. A total of 24 studies met our inclusion criteria. A random-effects model was used to calculate a combination of outcome measures, and heterogeneity was assessed by the I2 statistic and Cochran’s Q statistic. Our findings suggested that there was statistically significant reduction in grey matter volume (−0.433, 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.853 to −0.014, p = 0.043) and white matter volume (−0.319, 95% CI: −0.619 to −0.018, p = 0.038) in patients with deficit schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. There is also statistically significant reduction in total brain volume (−0.212, 95% CI: −0.384 to −0.041, p = 0.015) and white matter volume (−0.283, 95% CI: −0.546 to −0.021, p = 0.034) in patients with non-deficit schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. Between patients with deficit and non-deficit schizophrenia, there were no statistically significant differences in volumetric findings across the various regions of interest.

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