Reflection on Social Entrepreneurship in the Penitentiary Environment

Entrepreneurship can be a solution to the dilemma: “Labour is a form of education, a way of ensuring existence, gaining autonomy, a physical and mental training, a way of oppression, a form of occupational therapy, all together or …none of the variants listed?” Depending on the reference field and the perspectives offered by different specializations, work is defined as a physical or intellectual action, which develop material and emotional satisfactions. Especially in closed environments, it is practiced as a form of occupational therapy (ergotherapy), because it ensures a sense of usefulness, helping to maintain somato-psycho-emotional health. The schoolmasters highlight the formative values of work for students: evaluate the native skills and abilities, lead to the discovery of new unknown interests and talents, support the student in his perfection by inoculating the ideas of responsibility, order, discipline, etc. Before 1989, in detention environment labour was mandatory, but now, labour is an optional right. The two perspectives are diametrically opposed, and the issue was addressed only from the perspective of reduced job supply, both during detention and after release. There are few publications with strict reference to this topic. In general, the social reintegration of post-execution prisoners is addressed. At this moment, the main problem highlighted is integration/reintegration on the labour market, as the main facilitating step of maintaining the accumulations during the detention period and a primary factor for avoiding the recurrence. However, those who have served a custodial sentence do not have a "ticket" to the labour market. To be known and solved, the situation should be addressed continuously: prevention before detention, education/re-education/training / retraining during detention and placement on the labor market / retraining immediately after release.

Legal and Axiological Basis for Social Reintegration of Persons Sentenced to Imprisonment and Public Participation in the Process

The article discusses the problem of social reintegration of prisoners, which — despite being raised many a time in the relevant literaturę — remains to be a point of issue. In the light of a recent survey conducted by the Polish Public Opinion Research Centre (hereinafter: CBOS), former convicts are considered by the Polish society as one of the groups of people most at risk of social exclusion. In turn, a report of the Ministry of Justice of 2020, regarding convicted adults, shows that a very large number of people leaving prison return to crime as early as in the first year after being released, which, for obvious reasons, has a negative impact on the internal security of our country. These circumstances encourage one to take a fresh glance at the problem of social reintegration of convicts and to search for additional arguments in favor of extending special support to this group of people. A review of the existing legislation indicates that it allows the principle of individualisation of assistance for the sake of social readaptation of individual convicts to be applied to an unlimited extent. What is strictly limited, however, is the circle of persons who can undertake activities for the social readaptation of prisoners during their imprisonment. The exclusion from the above-mentioned circle of all persons validly convicted of intentional offences is unjustified, and with regard to those members of society who, outside the structures of non-governmental organisations, wish to engage in activities for the social readaptation of convicted persons is downright unlawful, as it is contrary to higher-order legal acts. An in-depth analysis of the law in force leads to the conclusion that argumentation for not treating this social group differently from other individuals most at risk of social exclusion can be found in the constitution itself. On the other hand, a review of lower-order legal acts leads to the observation that since our country's accession to the European Union there have appeared both new measures and additional reasons, different from those traditionally identified in the doctrine of executive criminal law, for investing in any human capital in need of support, including persons sentenced to imprisonment.

Efektivitas Kerjasama Pihak Ketiga Dalam Proses Pembinaan Warga Binaan Berbasis Masyarakat (Community Based Corrections) Lapas Terbuka Nusakambangan

Collaborate with third parties between the Nusakambangan Open Prison and PT Noerman in the form of implementing the Community Based Correction concept in order to prepare social reintegration as mandated by PERMENKUMHAM No. 3 of 2018 concerning Conditions and Procedures for Granting Remission, Assimilation, Leave to Visit Family, Conditional Release, Leave Prior to Release, and Conditional Leave with reference to the 5 (five) principles put forward by P. Corney, namely the availability of employment opportunities, the existence of selection, not being exploited, minimum security, and responsibility for the transfer of Prisoner. This research was conducted to see the extent of the cooperation of third parties in implementing the concept of Community Based Correction in order to prepare towards social reintegration. The results of this study a comprehensive coaching and mentoring process because of the Terms of Reference (KAK) agreed upon by the Open Prison with PT Noerman which is stated in Number: PAS-19. HH 05.05 of 2019, Number: 01/PTNJA/PKS/IV/2019 of 2019 the Independence Development Program for correctional Prisoner in the field of Aquaculture Industry. This research was conducted using juridical-empirical research methods. This method is a research method that examines the applicable legal provisions and what happens in actual reality to find facts that are used as research data, which are then analyzed to identify problems and ultimately to solve problems. The approach used is a mixed approach between the rule of law and case studies.

The effects of language on the stigmatization and exclusion of returning citizens: Results from a survey experiment

Although the use of person-centered language has increased in recent years, its usage remains limited within the field of criminal justice, wherein terms such as ex-offender are frequently used to describe formerly incarcerated individuals. Research suggests that person-centered language matters for public opinion, but prior work has not examined the effect of language on support for the social reintegration of returning citizens. The present research experimentally manipulates the effects of the language used to describe individuals released from incarceration and the race of a hypothetical returning citizen on the following outcomes: negative stereotype endorsement, attitudinal social distance, and support for reintegrative initiatives. I find that person-centered language significantly reduces stigmatization of returning citizens, which ultimately increases support for reintegrative services. These findings suggest that humanizing changes to criminal justice discourse may have the capacity to shift public opinion and create a social context more conducive to reintegration after incarceration.

Social and economic profitability of alternative measures to detention face to face with the visibility of the Romanian national probation system

20 years after the issue of Ordonnance 92/2000 which was establishing the need to provide services for the social reintegration of offenders and supervision for non-custodial sanctions, called from 2006 probation services, a national study was carried out on the visibility of probation system among citizens. The respondents were all the probation services Chiefs in the country and their opinion confirmed the hypothesis that the National Probation System, ignoring the recommendations of the Committee of Ministers of European Council, don't have a promoting strategy nither the concern for creating a recognizable image among the other actors involved in the justice act. Consequently, the field has so far failed to gain full consideration within the Romanian Criminal Justice System and visibility among citizens, although after 2014 when the New Criminal Code started to be applied, the number of offenders attended by probation services was tripled and the staff's attributions war extended. The article is structured in two parallel planes, first showing the social and economic benefits of alternative detention measures supervised by probation services in the light of the costs of incarceration and the second showing the unfair lack of visibility of these benefits and the unknown activity carried out by probation counselors for the social reintegration of offenders.

Social Reintegration of Rehabilitated Drug Abusers: An Explorative Investigation of Views of Rehabilitees in Lagos, Nigeria

Objective: This study examined the influence of family structure, employment opportunities, marital status and stigmatization on reintegration of rehabilitated drug abusers in Lagos, Nigeria. Method: This study used the qualitative research design to collect data from 50 respondents. The study was conducted in a Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital using the outpatient clinic. Data were analysed adopting the phenomenological approach of analysis. Nvivo 12 plus was used to analyse the data. Findings: Immediate family members were supportive of drug abusers’ reintegration with those from monogamous family receiving more support than those from the polygamous family structure. Being married is an important factor in rehabilitation and reintegration as expressed by the respondents. Being employed either in private or private sector assisted them in keeping their eyes off drugs. Stigmatization was experienced at community level, workplaces and even among friends and peer. Conclusion: Efforts should be put in place to educate members of the public on the need to support drug abusers undergoing rehabilitation and reintegration for total reintegration into the society. This involves avoiding any of stigmatization towards rehabilitated drug abusers.

Social reinsertion of former detainees: Between perception and attitude

It is known that at the level of each society there are manifestations of violation of the rules, the rules that can take the form of deviance. Individuals who violate these rules, legally commit crimes. Successful crime prevention strategies must address the factors that contribute to the large number of crimes committed by individuals who have served a term of imprisonment and have failed, after release, to integrate into the community as law-abiding citizens. I chose to carry out this research because the community, the society belongs to everyone, therefore both I and my family, friends and relatives are directly affected by the present criminal phenomenon. The aim of the paper is to raise public awareness about the situation of those who have been deprived of their liberty in their quest to be among us again, how we can help them and implicitly us, in this difficult process of social reintegration. Awareness of the perception of the population regarding the reintegration of former detainees, of the difficulties encountered by them in trying to return to a fair life is a significant element in forming / changing attitudes towards them, a reintegrated person, a gain for the community. We do not live alone, isolated, therefore thousands of people released from prisons in just a few months live among us trying to survive in an environment often hostile so that there are many cases in which they relapse involving high costs both financial and psychosocial for the belonging community. The research was conducted in a difficult time for the whole world, when tens of thousands of people lost their jobs and socialization was drastically reduced with still uncertain prospects for the future but people were open to answering questions even if they themselves need social reintegration, although they have not served a legal sentence of deprivation of liberty. However, this pandemic context has brought a global awareness of the effects of deprivation of liberty, with psychological effects being present in a significant proportion of a large part of the population.

EKSISTENSI INSTITUSI PEMASYARAKATAN DALAM MEWUJUDKAN REINTEGRASI SOSIAL KEPADA WARGA BINAAN PEMASYARAKATAN

The modern legal paradigm now has been echoed by all elements of law enforcement. Currently, there are laws that are just and bring benefits to the whole community. The existence of penitentiary facilities is increasingly needed, especially in terms of fostering or returning, penitentiary inmates (WBP) to become fully human beings. The purpose of correctional is social reintegration which is implemented by restoring the life relationship, life, and livelihood of the PAPs. Actors implementing law enforcement, stakeholders, and the community must work hand in hand in carrying out social reintegration. Because it takes alignment of the legal paradigm adopted. This study refer to the existence of penitentiary facilities in realizing social reintegration for PAPs. The author uses a qualitative research method with a literature study approach. Researchers collect data that is relevant to the topic or problem that is linear with this research. Information is obtained from scientific books, research reports, research journal articles, regulations, scientific papers, and other written sources. The results of the study reveal that the existence of correctional facilities is increasingly important, especially in carrying out social reintegration. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen between law enforcement and still require collaboration and alignment of the paradigm adopted between a number of elements, both actors implementing law enforcement, stakeholders, and the society.

Urban farming: implementation of prisoner guidance in an effort to support food security towards Rutan Boyolali productive

Rutan Boyolali is an institution that organizes guidance activities for prisoners as a social reintegration process. The guidance that is carried out recently leads to a productive one. One of the efforts to realize the productive correctional institutions can be done through agricultural activities. However, the location of the correctional institutions that are in the middle of urban areas faced the challenge of limited agricultural land. One of the solutions is to carry out the concept of urban farming. Through urban farming, it is hoped that prisoners can become skilled and ready to work when they are free. This concept also can be an innovation and solution in overcoming various problems in prisons. On the other hand, the benefits of urban farming are maintaining food security. The rate of urban development eliminates agricultural land and results in cities no longer being able to meet their food needs independently.