The evaluation of visibility of mandibular anatomic landmarks using panoramic radiography

Objective: Mandibular canal, mandibular foramen, mental foramen and insisiv canal are so important anatomical structures for dental surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the visibility of these important landmarks in different age groups and to compare the visibility in dentulous group with edentulous group on panoramic radiographs. Methods: The panoramic radiographs of 500 patients (237 males; 263 females; mean age; 39.2) were evaluated for this study. The visibility of anatomical landmarks were analyzed in the radiographs and scores were noted. The data obtained in this study were analyzed by SPSS 21 package program. The value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 500 radiographs, mandibular canal, mandibular foramen, mental foramen and incisive canal was visible in 89.8%, 88%, 80.6% and 12.8%, respectively. 23 (4.6%) patients had total tooth loss. The visibility of the anatomical landmarks was observed in groups below 25 years old. Conclusion: Panoramic radiographs provide useful information on the visibility of anatomical landmarks. However, the use of 3D imaging methods before surgical procedures will give more accurate results. How to cite this article: Serindere G, Aktuna Belgin C. The evaluation of visibility of mandibular anatomic landmarks using panoramic radiography. Int Dent Res 2019;9(2):69-77. Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.

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Gaining Surgical Access for Repositioning the Inferior Alveolar Neurovascular Bundle

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2014/719243 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Saif Yousif Abdullah Al-Siweedi ◽

P. Nambiar ◽

P. Shanmuhasuntharam ◽

W. C. Ngeow

Keyword(s):

Dental Implant ◽

Mandibular Canal ◽

Mental Foramen ◽

Predictor Variables ◽

Anatomical Landmarks ◽

Surgical Access ◽

And Gender ◽

Inferior Border ◽

Ethnicity And Gender ◽

Gain Access

This study is aimed at determining anatomical landmarks that can be used to gain access to the inferior alveolar neurovascular (IAN) bundle. Scanned CBCT (i-CAT machine) data of sixty patients and reconstructions performed using the SimPlant dental implant software were reviewed. Outcome variables were the linear distances of the mandibular canal to the inferior border and the buccal cortex of the mandible, measured immediately at the mental foramen (D1) and at 10, 20, 30, and 40 mm (D2–D5) distal to it. Predictor variables were age, ethnicity, and gender of subjects. Apicobasal assessment of the canal reveals that it is curving downward towards the inferior mandibular border until 20 mm (D3) distal to the mental foramen where it then curves upwards, making an elliptic-arc curve. The mandibular canal also forms a buccolingually oriented elliptic arc in relation to the buccal cortex. Variations due to age, ethnicity, and gender were evident and this study provides an accurate anatomic zone for gaining surgical access to the IAN bundle. The findings indicate that the buccal cortex-IAN distance was greatest at D3. Therefore, sites between D2 and D5 can be used as favorable landmarks to access the IAN bundle with the least complications to the patient.

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Evaluation of the Position of Mental Foramen for Clinical and Forensic Significance in terms of Gender in Dentate Subjects by Digital Panoramic Radiographs

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1926 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 17 (9) ◽

pp. 762-768 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Amit Mhapuskar ◽

Shweta Thakare ◽

Darshan Hiremutt ◽

Versha R Giroh ◽

Kedarnath Kalyanpur ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vertical Plane ◽

Mental Foramen ◽

Forensic Identification ◽

P Value ◽

Anatomical Landmarks ◽

Panoramic Radiographs ◽

Lower Border ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Common Position ◽

Inferior Border

ABSTRACT Introduction Evaluation of the position of mental foramen aids in forensic, surgical, endodontic, as well as diagnostic procedures. Thus, in view of this, the present study was conducted among the population of Pune, a central part of India, to determine the most regular location of the mental foramen and to estimate difference in position of mental foramen based on gender. Materials and methods The present retrospective study was commenced on 200 digital panoramic radiographs of dentate patients. The location of the representation of the mental foramen was traced. Measurements for evaluating distance of superior and inferior borders of the foramen in relation to the lower border of the mandible were made using the reference lines drawn from anatomical landmarks. The data so obtained were statistically analyzed using chi-square test. Results The most common position of mental foramen among Pune population in horizontal plane in both male and female patients was in line with second premolar followed by position in between first and second premolar, whereas in the vertical plane, most common position was at or in line with apex of second premolar followed by in between apex of first and second premolar. The variation in length of superior and inferior border of the foramen in relation to lower border of the mandible with respect to gender was found to be significant, with p-value <0.05. Conclusion There was no difference in position of mental foramen in horizontal and vertical planes based on gender. Clinical significance The stability of location of mental foramen and significant difference in length of superior and inferior border of the foramen in relation to lower border of the mandible with respect to gender offer its application in forensic identification of gender. How to cite this article Thakare S, Mhapuskar A, Hiremutt D, Giroh VR, Kalyanpur K, Alpana KR. Evaluation of the Position of Mental Foramen for Clinical and Forensic Significance in terms of Gender in Dentate Subjects by Digital Panoramic Radiographs. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(9):762-768.

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Comparative Anatomy of Mandibular Neurovascular Canals in Modern Human and Great Apes: A Pilot Study with Cone Beam Computed to Mography

International Journal of Human Anatomy ◽

10.14302/issn.2577-2279.ijha-17-1903 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Livia Corpas ◽

Yan Huang ◽

Bassant Mowafey ◽

Patrick Semal ◽

Xin Liang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Comparative Anatomy ◽

Great Apes ◽

Anatomical Variations ◽

Mandibular Canal ◽

Mental Foramen ◽

Modern Human ◽

Cone Beam ◽

Linear Measurements ◽

Incisive Canal ◽

Bone Width

The aim of the present study was to compare mandibular neurovascular canal anatomy in human and great apes by using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The anatomical variability of mandibular neurovascular canals (mandibular, incisive and lingual canals) of 129 modern humans and great apes (Homo, Pan and Gorilla) were analyzed by linear measurements on CBCT images. The Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test and Dunnâs all pairs for joint ranks were applied to compare the variability of mandibular canals among these groups. Human, Chimpanzee and Gorilla groups showed significant differences in the dimensions of the mandibular canal, mental foramen, incisive canal, lingual canal and anterior mandibular bone width. Bifid mandibular canals and anterior loops were the anatomical variations most frequently observed in the Gorilla. Humans had a larger mental foramen and a distinctive incisive canal. The latter could not be identified in the Gorilla group. The variability in the anatomy within mandibles of human and non-human primates, shows different forms in the neurovascular structures. In comparison to the mandible of great apes, the incisive canal is suggested to be a feature unique to the human mandible.

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Evaluation of Mental Foramen Location – A Review Article

Journal of Medical Care Research and Review ◽

10.15520/mcrr.v3i7.107 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (7) ◽

pp. 379-385

Author(s):

Hussein Haleem Jasim

Keyword(s):

Mandibular Canal ◽

Mental Foramen ◽

Review Article ◽

Anatomical Structure ◽

Cone Beam ◽

Dental Surgery ◽

Lower Lip ◽

Tomographic Images ◽

Computed Tomographic ◽

Common Area

Abstract: One of the most vital anatomical structure within the mandible is the mental foramen. The significance of this structure come since it is the anatomical opening of mandibular canal on the mandible bilaterally. The neuro-vascular complex leaving from the foramen has a critical and important role and giving supply to the skin and muscles of the chin, lower lip, the associated gingiva and mucosa following to the lower premolars. Subsequently, the location knowledge of the mental foramen considers an awfully significant for dental specialists to dodge harming this imperative structure via the dental working on this region, as in dental anaesthesia, dental surgery, dental anaesthesia and root canal treatment. The aim of study: The point of the think about: To assess the site of the mental foramen in relative to the mandibular premolars, depended on the panoramic and CBCT and O.P.G images. Materials and Methods: The current study involved the previous articles published from 1997 till 2019, with respect to the site of mental foramen in elderly and adult patients, in any case of the gender. All these studies were used on either the panoramic and cone-beam computed tomographic images for visualizing the site of the mental foramen. Results: Regarding the outcomes of the previous studies included in this review, the statistics appeared that the first common area of mental foramen was beneath the apices of lower second premolars in the percentage of 49.99%, the other second common area of mental foramen was between the apices of the lower first and second premolars in the percentage of 42.30%. Conclusion: The mental foramen was mostly found beneath the apices of lower first and second premolars and then between the apices of the lower first and second premolars.

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Assessment of the Horizontal and Vertical Position of Mental Foramen in Indian Population in Terms of Age and Sex in Dentate Subjects by Pano-ramic Radiographs: A Retrospective Study with Review of Literature

The Open Dentistry Journal ◽

10.2174/1874210601509010297 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 297-302 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Priyanka Parnami ◽

Deepak Gupta ◽

Vishal Arora ◽

Saurabh Bhalla ◽

Adarsh Kumar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Indian Population ◽

Vertical Plane ◽

Longitudinal Axis ◽

Mental Foramen ◽

The Other ◽

Vertical Position ◽

Anatomical Landmarks ◽

Review Of Literature ◽

Panoramic Radiographs ◽

New Criteria

Objective : To familiarize new criteria to access vertical position of mental foramen in panoramic radiographs. Furthermore, to determine and compare the position and symmetry of mental foramen in horizontal as well as in vertical plane in Indian population and to compare the results with those reported for other populations in the literature. Further gender differences in mental foramen position were also accessed to comment on the reliability of panoramic radiographs for sex determination. Methods and Material : Six hundred digital panoramic radiographs were selected and studied regarding the location and symmetry of mental foramen. They were also compared with the other studies in the literature. The method employed is similar to that described by Al Jasser and Nwoku for horizontal position and Fishal et al. for vertical position of mental foramen. Certain modifications were carried out in Fishal’s criteria for vertical position assessment. Results : The commonest position of the mental foramen in horizontal plane was in line with the longitudinal axis of the second premolar (61.0%) while in vertical plane it was found to be located inferior to the apex of second premolar (72.2%). Conclusion : Mental foramen exists in different locations and possesses many variations. Hence, Individual, gender, age, race and assessing technique largely influence these variations. It suggests that the clinicians should carefully identify these anatomical landmarks, by analyzing all influencing factors, prior to their diagnostic or the other dental, surgical and implant operation.

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Computer-assisted system on mandibular canal detection

Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik ◽

10.1515/bmt-2016-0088 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 62 (6) ◽

pp. 575-580 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Da-Chuan Cheng ◽

Li-Wei Chen ◽

Yen-Wen Shen ◽

Lih-Jyh Fuh

Keyword(s):

Dental Implant ◽

Panoramic Radiography ◽

Mandibular Canal ◽

Mental Foramen ◽

Computer Assisted ◽

Minimal Distance ◽

Human Intervention ◽

Alveolar Crest ◽

Dental Implant Surgery ◽

Superior Border

AbstractBackground:A dentist always checks a patient by using panoramic radiography (PR) initially. The measurement of the minimal distance (MD) between the alveolar crest and the mandibular canal (MC) superior border is critically important before the dental implant surgery, extraction of 3Objective:A software is needed for training dentists as well as a tool of demonstration to patients in clinics precisely and quickly. Moreover, it should be able to calculate the MD between the alveolar crest and the MC superior border before dental implant.Methods:A computer-aided software system to semi-automatically detect the MC and mental foramen (MF) in the PR with minimal human interference is proposed.Results:The result shows that the averaged relative error (RE) is 1.83% with a standard deviation of 2.31%.Conclusion:The results show that the proposed algorithm is able to detect the MC superior and inferior borders. This system has the potential to train young clinicians and to replace the manual work in measuring the MD between the alveolar crest and the MC superior border with a minimal human intervention.

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Assessment of Panoramic Radiomorphometric Indices of the Mandible in a Brazilian Population

ISRN Rheumatology ◽

10.5402/2011/854287 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Maria Beatriz C. C. Alonso ◽

Arthur R. G. Cortes ◽

Angela J. Camargo ◽

Emiko S. Arita ◽

Francisco Haiter-Neto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Age Groups ◽

Mental Foramen ◽

Radiographic Images ◽

Panoramic Radiographs ◽

Cortical Width ◽

Age Related ◽

Two Indices ◽

Age Related Changes

The aim of this study was to evaluate radiomorphometric indices in dental panoramic radiographs in order to identify possible interrelationships between these indices and the sex and age of the patients analyzed. The study included 1287 digital panoramic radiographic images of patients that were grouped into five age groups (1 = age 17–20; 2 = age 21–35; 3 = age 36–55; 4 = age 56–69; 5 = over age 70). Two indices—cortical width at the gonion (GI) and below the mental foramen (MI)—were measured bilaterally in all panoramic radiographs. Statistical analysis was performed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (alpha = 0.05). Results for the indices measurements showed significant differences among patient age groups of both sexes, considering that groups 4 and 5 presented lower values for the cortical width of both indices. The present paper supports the role of sex- and age-related changes in mandibular radiomorphometric indices in identifying skeletal osteopenia.

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Relationship between mandibular incisive canal and mental foramen using cone-beam computed tomography in a selected Brazilian Amazon population

RSBO ◽

10.21726/rsbo.v15i1.609 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 12-09

Author(s):

Cláudia Gemaque Marinho ◽

Pedro Luiz de Carvalho ◽

Edson Marcos Leal Soares Ramos ◽

Fabricio Mesquita Tuji ◽

Nicolau Conte Neto

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Cone Beam Computed Tomography ◽

Brazilian Amazon ◽

Mandibular Canal ◽

Mental Foramen ◽

Cone Beam ◽

Median Line ◽

Anatomic Structure ◽

Incisive Canal ◽

The Mean

The mandibular canal is an anatomic structure that extends bilaterally from the mandibular foramen to the mental foramen. Objective: To identify the presence, extension, and length of the mandibular incisive canal with a cone-beam computed tomography, and to determine correlations with the positioning of the mental foramen and mandibular canal in a selected Brazilian Amazon population. Material and methods: The measurements of the incisive canal that ends at the mandible’s lower buccal and lingual border, at its initial and terminal portions, were obtained from 95 odontological examinations using cone-beam computed tomography. These measurements were compared with the measurements of the distance between the mandibular canal ending at the same cortices in 2 distinct regions at the mental foramen region. Pearson’s correlation test was used to establish a relationship between these measurements. Results: The mandibular incisive canal’s bilateral identification mean age was of 44.29 ± 11.04 y and the mean length was 10.38 ± 4.01 mm. Moderate correlations were found between the measurements of the mandibular incisive canal, mental foramen, and mandibular canal. Conclusion: The mandibular incisive canal can reach the region of the median line, and it did not present differences between the genders or for the length and distance of the mandibular incisive canal to the cortices ending at the mandible base.

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Evaluation of the Location of Mandibular Foramen as an Anatomic Landmark Using CBCT Images: A Pioneering Study in an Iranian Population

Brazilian Dental Science ◽

10.14295/bds.2014.v17i4.1006 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 74

Author(s):

Abbas Shokri ◽

Sepideh Falah-Kooshki ◽

Jalal Poorolajal ◽

Atena Karimi ◽

Farzaneh Ostovarrad

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Inferior Alveolar Nerve ◽

Internal Surface ◽

Posterior Angle ◽

Anatomic Landmarks ◽

Mandibular Foramen ◽

And Gender ◽

Inferior Border ◽

The Right

Objective: Mandibular foramen (MF) is located on the internal surface of the ramus through which blood vessels and nerves pass. Determination of the anatomic position of the MF is very important in inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia (IANBA), ramus osteotomy and surgical procedures of the posterior angle of mandibular ramus. The aim of this study was to determine anatomic position of the MF using anatomic landmarks on the three dimensional CBCT images. Material and Methods: A total of 103 CBCT images was evaluated. The NNT Viewer software program was used to measure the distances between the lines tangent on the MF periphery and the anterior border of the ramus, the posterior border of the ramus, the inferior border of the mandible, and the coronoid notch in mm by to age and gender. Results: The results showed a slight difference in anatomic dimensions between the right and left sides, with no significant differences. The anatomic dimensions of the MF on both sides were a little bigger in males than in females. There were no significant differences in the anatomic dimensions of superior-inferior and anterior-posterior dimensions of the left and right sides in different age groups. Conclusion: No significant changes occur in the position of the MF with age. The anatomic differences between males and females should be taken into account during IANBA procedures. Males have bigger jaws than females; therefore, there is a longer distance between the MF and the anatomic landmarks evaluated. Keywords: Mandibular Foramen; Anatomic Landmarks; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography

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Location of the Mandibular Incisive Canal Related to the Placement of Dental Implants: A Case Report

Journal of Oral Implantology ◽

10.1563/aaid-joi-d-19-00046 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 45 (6) ◽

pp. 474-482 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dong-Jin Choi ◽

Kee-Deog Kim ◽

Bock-Young Jung

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Panoramic Radiography ◽

Anatomical Variations ◽

Mental Foramen ◽

Cone Beam ◽

Incisive Canal ◽

Anterior Loop ◽

Cone Beam Computerized Tomography ◽

Mental Canal

Cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) can show an uncommon mandibular incisive canal that cannot be detected by panoramic radiography, which is used preoperatively to form the initial plan of the size and length of an implant fixture for surgical placement in the mandibular interforaminal area. Determination of the position and anatomical configuration of the mandibular incisive canal is challenging. The purpose of this case report is to discuss anatomical variations in the mandibular incisive canal and the mental canal by reviewing previous studies. Furthermore, we propose that the anterior loop length of the mental canal near the mental foramen, as well as the diameter of the mandibular incisive canal, should be verified by CBCT prior to performing implant surgery in the anterior mandibular area to prevent possible nerve damage.

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