scholarly journals Studies of Cantharellus cibarius - a mycorrhizal fungus of pine and spruce

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Pachlewski ◽  
Edmund Strzelczyk ◽  
Jadwiga Kermen
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Selection Of

Pure cultures of <i>Cuntharellus cibarius</i> wcrc isolaled in two forms: <i>C. cibarius</i> hardwood form (isolate No. 5400) and <i>C. cibarius</i> coniferous form (isolate No.5410). Artificial mycorrhization of pine (<i>Pinus Sylvestris</i>) and spruce (<i>Picea abies</i>) was applied in this work and wcre determinated mycorrhiza-forming properties in both isolates with differences in mycorrhiza-forming activity and in morphogenesis of ectomycorrhizas. The sporocarps of <i>C. cibarius</i> consistently contained bacteria probably belonging to the genus: <i>Pseudomonas</i>. It was possible to evaluate the culture conditions for associated bacteria using <i>in vitro</i> tests (effect of antibiotics, pH of the medium), as well as their neutral interactions with mycorrhizal fungi (<i>C.antharellus cibarius, Pisolithus tinctorius, Suillus bovinus</i> and <i>Mycelium radicis atrrovirens</i>). Results of the present work suggest that the selection of isolates of <i>C. cibarius< for artificial mycorrhization of seedlings of forest trees m nurseries could be very useful.

Venular endothelial cells from bovine heart

1988 ◽  
Vol 254 (6) ◽  
pp. H1211-H1217 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Schelling ◽  
C. J. Meininger ◽  
J. R. Hawker ◽  
H. J. Granger
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
In Vitro Model ◽  
Protein Transport ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Support Cell ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
Microvascular Cells ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Coronary Angiogenesis

Coronary venular endothelial cells were isolated by a bead-perfusion technique that allowed the selection of endothelial cells from venules of a specific size. Culture conditions for the microvascular cells were established. Cells grew well in supplemented Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium. The effect of various substrata on the proliferation of the venular endothelial cells was determined. Matrigel, gelatin, and fibronectin supported high levels of proliferation. Cell shape was correlated with ability of the substratum to support cell proliferation. Cells exhibiting a broad, flattened morphology achieved high levels of proliferation. The formation of vessel meshworks by the coronary venular endothelial cells provides an in vitro model for the study of coronary angiogenesis. Confluent monolayers of these cells can be utilized to examine mechanisms of water and protein transport across coronary venules.

In vitro culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and Frankia for inoculation of micropropagated Casuarina equisetifolia L.

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (9) ◽  
pp. 1391-1397
Author(s):  
Genevieve Louise Mark ◽  
John E Hooker ◽  
Alexander Hahn ◽  
Chris T Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Spore Germination ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Casuarina Equisetifolia ◽  
Half Strength ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Micropropagated, rooted, and calli explants of Casuarina equisetifolia L. were inoculated with Frankia UGL 020605S and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus mosseae, in single and dual co-culture, in vitro. Different micropropagation media formulations were evaluated for their capacity to stimulate germination of G. mosseae spores and growth of Frankia. Murashige and Skoog basal nutrient (half strength) medium, supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and pyruvate was selected for the in vitro co-culture of C. equisetifolia callus explants, G. mosseae, and Frankia. This medium (M4) supported 70% AMF spore germination with 44 and 34% of the germinating spores producing single and branched hyphal strands, respectively. Hoaglands (quarter strength, modified by Hoaglands and Arnon (1950)) nutrient medium (M5) with no supplements was selected for the in vitro co-culture of rooted C. equisetifolia explants, G. mosseae, and Frankia and supported 57% AMF spore germination with 29 and 40% of the germinating spores producing single and branched hyphal strands, respectively. Both media supported significant growth of Frankia. In both cases agar was substituted with Terragreen(r). AMF appressoria and intercellular hyphae were observed in rooted C. equisetifolia at 28 days; arbuscule formation occurred at 56 days postinoculation. Frankia infection was evident after 28 days. This was observed in both dual and single in vitro co-cultures. No specific immunofluorescent or immunogold reactions to monoclonal antibodies (mABs) anti-Frankia < 8C5 > and anti-G. mosseae < F5G5 > were evident in C. equisetifolia callus explants.Key words: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Frankia, Casuarina, micropropagation, immunofluorescent labelling.

In vitro culture conditions favoring selection of chromosomal abnormalities in human ES cells

2006 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 508-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.P. Imreh ◽  
K. Gertow ◽  
J. Cedervall ◽  
C. Unger ◽  
K. Holmberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Culture ◽  
Chromosomal Abnormalities ◽  
Es Cells ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Human Es Cells ◽  
Selection Of

scholarly journals A Protocol on in Vitro Propagation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi using Root Organ Culture Technique

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
Hari Prasad Aryal
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Organ Culture ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
In Vitro Propagation ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Culture Technique ◽  
The Past ◽  
Root Organ Culture

 The technique of in vitro propagation of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi has been developed over the past few decades and opens up areas of studying plant-fungi interactions. It is a scientific break through, especially for the study of the Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, since these obligate symbionts depend on host plant. The objective of this paper is to find out the in vitro culture of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi using Root Organ Culture technique. Ascertain of root colonization of these fungi could be affected in vitro without undertaking complex and complicated culture conditions. This could form an economically viable technique for root organ culture of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

scholarly journals Evaluación de un sistema para la micorrización in vitro en plantas de mora de castilla (Rubus glaucus, Benth)

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Urley Adrian Pérez-Moncada ◽  
María Margarita Ramírez-Gómez ◽  
Víctor Manuel Núñez-Zarante ◽  
Marcela Franco-Correa ◽  
Gabriel Roveda-Hoyos
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Extraradical Mycelium ◽  
Direct Inoculation ◽  
Autotrophic Culture ◽  
Glomus Sp

<strong>Objective</strong>. Obtain an in vitro mycorrhization system in autotrophic culture systems of blackberry plants (Rubus glaucus, Benth). <strong>Materials and methods</strong>. We used spores and root fragments with vesicles of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus (AMF) Glomus sp (GEV02). We established an autotrophic culture system of blackberry plantlets comparing two methods of direct inoculation of the AMF. We measured the number of spores produced, the length of the extraradical mycelium as well as the percentage of colonization of the AMF. Additionally, we measured the shoot and root length, and the fresh and dry weight of the leaf and root parts to determine the plant development. <strong>Results</strong>. The autotrophic culture system was successful for blackberry plants (Rubus glaucus, Benth; an optimal shoot and root growth was observed. Additionally, we obtained a system that allowed the development of Glomus sp. in in vitro conditions, with the formation of structures typical of the symbiosis as well as a good intraradical colonization, with the production of arbuscules and vesicles, development of extraradical mycelium with branched hyphae, and formation of new spores. <strong>Conclusion</strong>. For the first time, micropropagated blackberry plants associated successfully with an AMF under in vitro conditions, enabling the development of the symbiotic system AMF Glomus sp. associated to roots of micropropagated blackberry plantlets.<br /><strong>Key words</strong>: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), autotrophic culture, Rubus glaucus Benth, Glomus sp. (GEV02), in vitro mycorrhization.

Morphogenèse de la vigne in vitro sous atmosphère enrichie en gaz carbonique : importance de l'antériorité morphogénétique des microboutures et du nombre de subcultures

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (10) ◽  
pp. 1129-1133
Author(s):  
Marie-Claire Héloir ◽  
Jean-Claude Fournioux
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
High Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Selection Of

This study reveals that morphogenesis of grapevine plants (Vitis vinifera L.) produced in vitro under carbon dioxide enriched atmosphereis largely determined by the morphogenetic pattern of vitroplants on which microcuttings were harvested. The presence of tendrils on shoots or shoot parts from which microcuttings were made was essential to obtain a high percentage of adult vitroplants with ternary sequence of tendrils. Therefore, under in vitro culture conditions, the ability of the axillary meristem to produce tendrils is closely correlated with the ability of the apical meristem from which it originated. The interest of these results is discussed from a fundamental standpoint. It allows to suggest an improved process of adult vitroplants production under high carbon dioxide level in which the relative importance of the selection of microcuttings and the number of subcultures is defined.Key words: maturation, micropropagation, tendrils, Vitis vinifera.

scholarly journals Embryo transfer as a tool for improving fertility of heat-stressed dairy cattle

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Hansen ◽  
Amir Arav
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Caspase Activity ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Selection Of

The overall objective of the current proposal is to develop procedures to improve the pregnancy rate achieved following transfer of fresh or cryopreserved embryos produced in the laboratory into heat-stress recipients. The overall hypothesis is that pregnancy rate in heat-stressed lactating cows can be improved by use of embryo transfer and that additional gains in pregnancy rate can be achieved through development of procedures to cryopreserve embryos, select embryos most likely to establish and maintain pregnancy after transfer, and to enhance embryo competence for post-transfer survival through manipulation of culture conditions. The original specific objectives were to 1) optimize procedures for cryopreservation (Israel/US), 2) develop procedures for identifying embryos with the greatest potential for development and survival using the remote monitoring system called EmbryoGuard (Israel), 3) perform field trials to test the efficacy of cryopreservation and the EmbryoGuard selection system for improving pregnancy rates in heat-stressed, lactating cows (US/Israel), 4) test whether selection of fresh or frozen-thawed blastocysts based on measurement of group II caspase activity is an effective means of increasing survival after cryopreservation and post-transfer pregnancy rate (US), and 5) identify genes in blastocysts induced by insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) (US). In addition to these objectives, additional work was carried out to determine additional cellular determinants of embryonic resistance to heat shock. There were several major achievements. Results of one experiment indicated that survival of embryos to freezing could be improved by treating embryos with cytochalasin B to disrupt the cytoskeleton. An additional improvement in the efficacy of embryo transfer for achieving pregnancy in heat-stressed cows follows from the finding that IGF-1 can improve post-transfer survival of in vitro produced embryos in the summer but not winter. Expression of several genes in the blastocyst was regulated by IGF-1 including IGF binding protein-3, desmocollin II, Na/K ATPase, Bax, heat shock protein 70 and IGF-1 receptor. These genes are likely candidates 1) for developing assays for selection of embryos for transfer and 2) as marker genes for improving culture conditions for embryo production. The fact that IGF-1 improved survival of embryos in heat-stressed recipients only is consistent with the hypothesis that IGF-1 confers cellular thermotolerance to bovine embryos. Other experiments confirmed this action of IGF-1. One action of IGF-1, the ability to block heat-shock induced apoptosis, was shown to be mediated through activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Other cellular determinants of resistance of embryos to elevated temperature were identified including redox status of the embryo and the ceramide signaling pathway. Developmental changes in embryonic apoptosis responses in response to heat shock were described and found to include alterations in the capacity of the embryo to undergo caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation as well as events downstream from caspase-3 activation. With the exception of IGF-1, other possible treatments to improve pregnancy rate to embryo transfer were not effective including selection of embryos for caspase activity, treatment of recipients with GnRH.and bilateral transfer of twin embryos. In conclusion, accomplishments achieved during the grant period have resulted in methods for improving post-transfer survival of in vitro produced embryos transferred into heat-stressed cows and have lead to additional avenues for research to increase embryo resistance to elevated temperature and improve survival to cryopreservation. In addition, embryo transfer of vitrified IVF embryos increased significantly the pregnancy rate in repeated breeder cows.

Selection of kidney cell types in primary glomerular explant outgrowths by in vitro culture conditions

1986 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-92
Author(s):  
T.D. Oberley ◽  
A.H. Yang ◽  
J. Gould-Kostka
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Chemically Defined Medium ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Epithelial Cell Type ◽  
Tubular Cells ◽  
Selection Of

Adult guinea pig glomeruli were grown in vitro either in serum or in a chemically defined medium. Glomeruli were plated either directly into plastic flasks or into plastic flasks that had been coated with the extracellular matrix produced by the PF-HR-9 mouse teratocarcinoma endodermal cell line. Both the composition of the medium and the nature of the culture substrate affected whole glomerular attachment and the type of cells produced in culture. Quantitative studies demonstrated selection of cell types by different culture conditions. Three colony types, each composed of distinctive cell types, could be identified by morphological features. The cells constituting two of these colony types were epithelial in nature, but they were identified as different epithelial types by both histochemical and ultrastructural criteria. Previous studies suggested that one epithelial cell type was derived from the glomerular visceral epithelial cell. This study demonstrates that this cell type could be selectively grown in defined medium on plastic. A second cell type showed several features of renal tubular epithelial cells, including histochemical staining for catalase, cell surface microvilli and cilia, and formation of hemicysts and structures that resembled tubules after prolonged periods in culture. To demonstrate that the ‘glomerulus-derived’ tubular cells were indeed tubular epithelium, we isolated purified renal cortical tubules (greater than 99% pure) and cultured them on the HR-9 matrix in a serum-free chemically defined medium. The resultant outgrowths had morphological properties identical to those of the glomerulus-derived tubular cells. It seems likely that small tubular fragments attached to a minority of the glomeruli are the source of these glomerulus-derived tubular cells. Neither epithelial cell type could be subcultured on plastic, but both could be passaged on the HR-9 matrix. A third cell type, the spindle-shaped cell, was easily propagated on both plastic and the HR-9 matrix. The origin of this cell type is not clear. Our results demonstrate the important effect of culture conditions on the selection, growth and differentiation of kidney cell types in vitro.

Culture Conditions of a Mycorrhizal Fungus and its Post-Inoculation Microbial Effect

2013 ◽  
Vol 853 ◽  
pp. 249-252
Author(s):  
Na Gong ◽  
Zhen Yang ◽  
Tao Yang ◽  
Jun Xiao ◽  
Na Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Wild Plant ◽  
Basic Medium ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Soil Microbial

One isolate of mycorrhizal fungi from the roots of wild plant, in this experiment, the growth rate and dry weight of mycelium used as measurement index, PDMA medium is found suitable as basic medium for this strain after 4 kinds of medium are preliminarily screened. Using microbial dilution plate counting cultivation method, the rhizosphere soil microbial quantity were analyzed in a blueberry short-term pot experiment. Results indicate that the number of microbial physiological groups in rhizosphere soil under different varieties of different treatments were significantly differences,and bacteria were dominant,followed by actinomycetes,and fungi were the least.

Codiversification of orchids (Pterostylidinae) and their associated mycorrhizal fungi

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 480 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Tupac Otero ◽  
Peter H. Thrall ◽  
Mark Clements ◽  
Jeremy J. Burdon ◽  
Joseph T. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Distinct Group ◽  
Host Group ◽  
Mycorrhizal Associations ◽  
As Species ◽  
Terrestrial Orchids ◽  
Nuclear Its ◽  
Germination Experiments

Fungal symbionts involved in mycorrhizal associations are known to vary considerably in both specificity and the level of benefits conferred on their plant hosts. For orchids, association with a suitable mycorrhizal fungus is vital for successful germination, growth and establishment. Using an evolutionarily distinct group of Australasian terrestrial orchids, the Pterostylidinae (Cranichiadeae: Orchidaceae), we assessed potential codiversification and the level of response between this diverse host group (~250 species) and their associated fungal symbionts. All fungal isolates recovered (~200 from 41 host species covering all major orchid clades) were identified as species of Ceratobasidium, which clustered into strongly supported groups using nuclear (ITS) and mitochondrial (ML 4–5) gene sequences. Three clades within the Pterostylidinae phylogeny showed associations with specific fungal clades. The results suggest the occurrence of local adaptation by the fungal symbionts to the orchid host, particularly in diverse and widespread host taxa. Results of cross-inoculation in vitro germination experiments revealed correlations between certain mycorrhizal fungal clades and particular orchid taxa, with germination generally being most effective when seeds were inoculated with fungal strains from the same clade as found naturally associated with the orchid species. We found only general congruence between the orchid and fungal phylogenies, suggesting that strict codivergerence between these orchids and their mycorrhizal associates has not occurred at the broad level of resolution studied.

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