scholarly journals The role of wild boars in spore dispersal of hypogeous fungi

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Piattoni ◽  
Francesca Oir ◽  
Marco Morara ◽  
Mirco Iotti ◽  
Alessandra Zambonelli
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Spore Dispersal ◽  
Tuber Aestivum ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Hypogeous Fungi ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Seasonal Migrations

Wild boars (<em>Sus scrofa</em> L.) are well-known for soil disturbance in natural and cultivated truffières but their role in spore dispersal is poorly investigated. In the present work we studied the occurrence of hypogeous fungal spores in faecal contents of 14 wild boars randomly hunted in “Parco dei Gessi e Calanchi dell’Abbadessa” Regional Park (North of Italy) where truffle production has been previously investigated for three years. Six methods for spore analysis in faeces were compared and the suspension of faeces in ZnSO<sub>4</sub> (70%) solution resulted to be the most reliable. Hypogeous fungal spores, including <em>Tuber magnatum</em> and <em>Tuber aestivum</em> spores, were detected in 9 animals. This result suggests that the detection of fungal spores in faeces of wild boars may provide information on the presence of hypogeous fungi in an area. However, the poor abundance of spores suggests that the wild boar can be considered an opportunistic mycophagist, ingesting truffles only occasionally, as a seasonal source of food. Considering the magnitude of wild boar movements during seasonal migrations, it is possible to speculate that they play a key role in truffle long distance dispersal.

Palaeomycology: A modern mycological view of fungal palynomorphs

2021 ◽  
pp. SP511-2020-47
Author(s):  
Noelia B. Nuñez Otaño ◽  
M. Virginia Bianchinotti ◽  
Mario C. N. Saparrat
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Fungal Ecology ◽  
Transport Mechanisms ◽  
Spore Dispersal ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fungal Biology ◽  
Supplementary Material ◽  
Fungal Assemblages

AbstractFungal spores are increasingly used as reliable proxies in paleoenvironmental reconstructions; however, little attention is paid to the ecological tolerances of the fungi themselves and the signal the fungi provide. This chapter provides a much-needed background in fungal biology and ecology of monophyletic Dikarya (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota), as well as taphonomic considerations which could be included in any use as palaeoecological indicators. It is intended to help those who are interested in using fungal spores as palaeoecological indicators to make more informed interpretations. A recapitulation of spore dispersal strategies and distances is presented for a better understanding of the transport mechanisms of fungal spores. Likewise, pigmentation is discussed, as it results in significant taphonomic bias in fossil fungal assemblages and, as some dark-colored pigmentation is authigenic while some develops during taphonomy. A key element of this chapter is discussion of the environmental role of fungi, including modern versus palaeo-approaches to fungal ecology, fungal assemblages, and diversity patterns as diagnostic tools to infer paleoenvironments.Supplementary material at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5342039

scholarly journals Wild boar (Sus scrofa) as reservoir of zoonotic yeasts: bioindicator of environmental quality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wafa Rhimi ◽  
Giovanni Sgroi ◽  
Chioma Inyang Aneke ◽  
Giada Annoscia ◽  
Maria Stefania Latrofa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Antifungal Susceptibility ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Campania Region ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Sequence Types

Abstract Wildlife animals are recognized as reservoirs for zoonotic fungi and their faeces might play an important role in introducing pathogens into the environment. Thought wild boar (Sus scrofa) population has dramatically increased across Europe, information about their possible role in dissemination of zoonotic pathogenic yeasts in the environment is scant. Therefore, fecal samples (n=124) from wild boars from Campania region (Southern Italy) were collected and yeasts identified biochemically and molecularly by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and their phylogenetical relationship assessed. The antifungal susceptibility profiles of yeasts were also investigated using AFST-EUCAST method. Yeasts were isolated from 50.1% of the samples with the highest occurrence in samples from the province of Salerno (61.1%). A total of 368 Candida strains belonging to nine species were identified, with Candida albicans (45.7%), followed by Candida krusei (15.2 %), Candida slooffiae (9.8%) and Candida parapsilosis (7.6%) as the most prevalent identified species. Among C. albicans four sequence types (i.e., ST1-ST4) were identified with an intraspecific nucleotide difference up to 0.21%. The ML tree grouped all representative sequence types as paraphyletic clades with those of the references yeast species, respectively and supported by high bootstrap values. Fluconazole was the less active drug whereas, posaconazole, voriconazole, and isavuconazole the most active one. No resistance phenomena were observed for C. albicans and high MICs values for 5FC, azoles and echinocandines were registered in non-albicans Candida spp. This study showed, for the first time, the important role of wild boars in dissemination of pathogenic fungi in the environment. The absence of resistance phenomena in the Candida spp. might reflect environmental free from residues of azoles antifungals pollution or chemicals and suggests the role of wild boar as bio indicators of environment quality.

scholarly journals Territorial pattern between outbreaks of ASF among wild and domestic pigs in Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (104) ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
Ye. O. Dudnyk
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Weak Links ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Wild Pigs ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Focus Of Infection ◽  
Epizootic Process

The article presents the results of the analysis of the epizootic situation in Ukraine regarding African swine fever among domestic and wild pigs from 2012 to 2020 and identifies the main sources of virus spread as well as weak links in the biological safety system of farms. When studying the statistical material of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the State Service of Ukraine on Food Safety and Consumer Protection regarding animal morbidity, revealed a territorial pattern between the outbreaks of African swine fever among wild boars and domestic pigs of private farms and pig-breeding complexes, and proved the involvement of the European boar in the epizootic process as a natural reservoir and mobile focus of infection. Calculated the number of outbreaks of African swine fever among wild boars and domestic pigs within the same region and district, and studied the sequence of the emergence of foci on limited territories. Analyzed the natural focality of the disease, the probability of infection transmission to the domestic pig farm sector, and the role of infected objects in the spread of the virus among wild animal populations. From 2012 to 2020 inclusive, according to FAO statistics, 537 cases of African swine fever were recorded in Ukraine, 21.7 % of which were associated with wild boars. In 2017 and 2018, the role of the European wild boar in the epizootic process is best reflected, when 10.9 % (2017) and 20.4 % (2018) of outbreaks of African swine fever among domestic animals recorded in the same administrative districts, where during a year this desiase was detected among wild pigs. When analyzing statistical data of the recent years, the effectiveness of introducing more detailed monitoring of African swine fever among wild boars using modern laboratory methods and improving biosafety measures in the private sector and directly on hunting grounds has been proved. Further research is based on predicting the dynamics of the spread of African swine fever in Ukraine and the role of wild boar in this epizootic process. In addition, the role of wild boar in the spread of African swine fever in other countries and the most effective foreign methods of disease control and prevention will be analyzed.

scholarly journals Monitoring longdistance spore dispersal by wind a review

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 291-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.L.H. Viljanen-Rollinson ◽  
E.L. Parr ◽  
M.V. Marroni
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Spore Dispersal ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Realtime Pcr ◽  
Spore Trapping ◽  
Trapping Devices ◽  
Meaningful Data

Collection of meaningful data on long distance dispersal (LDD) of plant pathogens is very difficult because such events are very rare and the strength and locations of pathogen sources are often unknown This review of the different methods that have been deployed examines combinations of meteorological analyses and ground surveys including spore trapping devices collecting rainwater and identifying spores using realtime PCR The relevance of these techniques is discussed in the context of surveillance and monitoring transTasman dispersal of fungal spores

scholarly journals Detection of Hepatitis E Virus in Hyalomma lusitanicum Ticks Feeding on Wild Boars

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Rivero-Juarez ◽  
María A. Risalde ◽  
Christian Gortázar ◽  
Pedro Lopez-Lopez ◽  
Jose A. Barasona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Zoonotic Viruses ◽  
First Time

Little is known about the role of ticks in maintaining highly prevalent zoonotic viruses in wildlife, such as hepatitis E virus (HEV), which do not require ticks for transmission between animals and humans. In this cross-sectional study, adult female ticks were collected from Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) in autumn 2015 in Spain. HEV RNA in both ticks and wild boar was evaluated by RT-qPCR. Twenty-nine adult Hyalomma lusitanicum ticks were collected from 29 wild boars. HEV RNA was detected in a total of 10 tick (34.4%) and 11 wild boar serum samples (37.9%). In two cases, detectable HEV RNA was found in a wild boar but not in the tick collected from them. In contrast, one HEV-positive tick was collected from an HEV-negative wild boar. All viral sequences were consistent with genotype 3f. We describe for the first time the presence of HEV RNA in adult Hyalomma lusitanicum ticks.

Mycophagie chez le sanglier et hypothèses sur son rôle dans la dissémination des spores de champignons hypogés

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (10) ◽  
pp. 2324-2327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Génard ◽  
Françoise Lescourret ◽  
Guy Durrieu
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Microscopic Study ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Forest Regeneration ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Hypogeous Fungi ◽  
Frequent Consumption

Microscopic study of wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) faeces collected in the French Mediterranean zone reveals a frequent consumption of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Hypogeous species are predominant. Mycophagy is more important in forest stands than in open areas. Hypotheses are proposed on the role of the wild boar in the dissemination of hypogeous fungi spores, which is necessary for forest regeneration: the boar would not play an important role in the recolonization of deforested areas, but may favour the genie mixing of spatially separated fungi populations.

Attachment Styles, Physical Proximity, and Relational Satisfaction

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-112
Author(s):  
Anita Shrivastava ◽  
Andrea Burianova
Keyword(s):  
Attachment Styles ◽  
Romantic Relationship ◽  
Distinct Type ◽  
Relational Satisfaction ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Avoidant Attachment ◽  
Geographic Separation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Attachment Dimensions

This study aimed to explore the relationships between attachment styles, proximity, and relational satisfaction. This was achieved by assessing a distinct type of long distance romantic relationship of flying crews, compared with proximal (non-flying crew) romantic relationships. The responses of 139 expatriate professionals revealed significant associations between proximity and anxious and avoidant attachment dimensions. The role of the avoidant dimension in comparison with that of the anxious dimension was found to be a significant predictor of relational satisfaction. This study contributes significantly toward addressing the role of proximity and attachment in relational satisfaction in a new context of geographic separation.

Trade, Commerce, and the State in the Roman World

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
External Trade ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Legal Structures ◽  
The City ◽  
Political Character ◽  
Different Sources

This interdisciplinary volume presents nineteen chapters by Roman historians and archaeologists, discussing trade in the Roman Empire in the period c.100 BC to AD 350, and in particular the role of the Roman state, in shaping the institutional framework for trade within and outside the Empire, in taxing that trade, and in intervening in the markets to ensure the supply of particular commodities, especially for the city of Rome and for the army. The chapters in this volume address facets of the subject on the basis of widely different sources of evidence—historical, papyrological, and archaeological—and are grouped in three sections: institutional factors (taxation, legal structures, market regulation, financial institutions); evidence for long-distance trade within the Empire, in wood, stone, glass, and pottery; and trade beyond the frontiers, with the East (as far as China), India, Arabia, and the Red Sea, and the Sahara. Rome’s external trade with realms to the east emerges as being of particular significance to the fisc. But in the eastern part of the Empire at least, the state appears, in collaboration with the elite holders of wealth, to have adapted the mechanisms of taxation, both direct and indirect, to support its need for revenue. On the other hand, the price of that collaboration, which was in effect a fiscal partnership, in slightly different forms in East and West, in the longer term fundamentally changed the political character of the Empire.

scholarly journals The role of discourse in long-distance dependency formation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Masataka Yano ◽  
Masatoshi Koizumi
Keyword(s):  
Long Distance

scholarly journals The Role of Interleukine-10 and Interferon-γ as Potential Markers of the Evolution of African Swine Fever Virus Infection in Wild Boar

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 757
Author(s):  
Sandra Barroso-Arévalo ◽  
Jose A. Barasona ◽  
Estefanía Cadenas-Fernández ◽  
José M. Sánchez-Vizcaíno
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Vaccine Candidate ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Challenge Virus ◽  
Ifn Γ

African swine fever virus (ASFv) is one of the most challenging pathogens to affect both domestic and wild pigs. The disease has now spread to Europe and Asia, causing great damage to the pig industry. Although no commercial vaccine with which to control the disease is, as yet, available, some potential vaccine candidates have shown good results in terms of protection. However, little is known about the host immune mechanisms underlying that protection, especially in wild boar, which is the main reservoir of the disease in Europe. Here, we study the role played by two cytokines (IL-10 and IFN-γ) in wild boar orally inoculated with the attenuated vaccine candidate Lv17/WB/Rie1 and challenged with a virulent ASFv genotype II isolate. A group of naïve wild boar challenged with the latter isolate was also established as a control group. Our results showed that both cytokines play a key role in protecting the host against the challenge virus. While high levels of IL-10 in serum may trigger an immune system malfunctioning in challenged animals, the provision of stable levels of this cytokine over time may help to control the disease. This, together with high and timely induction of IFN-γ by the vaccine candidate, could help protect animals from fatal outcomes. Further studies should be conducted in order to support these preliminary results and confirm the role of these two cytokines as potential markers of the evolution of ASFV infection.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document