scholarly journals Ontogenetic variation of phyllotaxis and apex geometry in vegetative shoots of Sedum maximum (L.) Hoffm.

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Kwiatkowska ◽  
Joanna Florek-Marwitz
Keyword(s):  
General Rule ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Leaf Primordium ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ontogenetic Variation ◽  
Spiral Pattern ◽  
Apical Dome ◽  
Other Hand

Phyllotaxis of vegetative shoots of <em>Sedum maximum</em> (L.) Hoffm. is variable and unstable. Phyllotactic transitions proceeding either between two whorled, two spiral or a whorled and a spiral pattern occur during shoot ontogeny. A general rule is that in the course of these transitions numbers of contact parastichies increase or much less often diminish. During most common transitions only a single parastichy is added to or subtracted from the already existing contact parastichy pattern. This applies both to the transitions between a spiral and a whorled and to those between two spiral patterns. More parastichies appear only when phyllotaxis changes from one whorled pattern to another. These transitions, however, are the least common in <em>S. maximum</em>. Parameters of apex geometry differ significantly in shoots exhibiting different contact parastichy numbers. The sequence of phyllotactic patterns arranged according to an increasing apical dome area or area ratio, as well as decreasing plastochron ratio (both as defined by Richards) is the same as their sequence based on increasing numbers of contact parastichies. This in turn is the sequence of patterns as they appear during shoot ontogeny. The only parameter which remains relatively constant is the area of the youngest leaf primordium. This implies that during phyllotactic transitions in <em>S. maximum</em> the area ratio changes mainly due to the increase of the apical dome. It seems that in <em>S. maximum</em> this ontogenetic increase of the apical dome, which on the other hand is typical for many plants, somehow differs from these cases where such a change alters only contact parastichy numbers within the same phyllotactic series.

scholarly journals Dual citizenship and military service in Yugoslav law

1999 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 204-209
Author(s):  
Tamaš Korhec
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
General Rule ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dual Citizenship ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Military

Persons with two or more citizenship are exceptions from the rule that one person has a citizenship of one state. Yugoslav Law make no restrictions for Yugoslav citizens to gain the citizenship of other states, besides the citizenship of the FRY, with the general rule that these dual citizens shall be treated as Yugoslav citizens during there residence in FRY. On the other hand, concerning the military service the Law on Yugoslav Army makes an exception, and provides that dual citizens, regular service in military is conditional and facultative obligation. This pretty vague rule has been recently interpreted by the decisions of the Supreme military court.

Numerical Comparison of Operating Conditions and Nozzle Geometry on Injector Performance

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Zhang ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Xu Xiang ◽  
Yong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Loss ◽  
Heat Load ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nozzle Geometry ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Numerical Comparison ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Least Energy

A model was established to discuss the effect of operating parameters and nozzle shapes on the performance of injectors. The comparison pointed out that heat load has worst effect on injector geometries, while little effect on area ratio. On the other hand, the area ratio is very sensitive to suction temperature, which is critical to injector performance. The least energy loss is achieved when nozzle converges gently at the same nozzle entrance and exit diameter.

Colonial Clauses and Federal Clauses in United Nations Multilateral Instruments

1951 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuen-li Liang
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
General Rule ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Controversial Subject ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The United Nations

The question of including in an international multilateral instrument provisions defining the application of the instrument to the dependent territories of the contracting states has been a controversial subject in the United Nations. Such provisions, generally known as “colonial clauses,” may take one of three forms. They may provide for the optional application of an instrument to the dependent territories of the contracting states, so that the instrument does not apply to the dependent territories of any contracting state unless the latter chooses to extend the application of the instrument to all or any of its dependent territories. On the other hand, they may provide for the optional exclusion from the application of the instrument of the dependent territories of the contracting states, so that the instrument applies to the dependent territories unless a contracting state chooses to exclude from the application of the instrument all or any of its dependent territories. A third type of colonial clauses may provide for the automatic application of the instrument to the dependent territories of all contracting states. However, there are instruments, notably the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, which do not contain any reference at all with respect to their application to dependent territories. In such cases, the general rule seems to be that, subject to express or implied provisions to the contrary, the instruments apply to all the territories of the contracting states, including their dependent territories. The following is an account of the developments in connection with several multilateral instruments considered by the General Assembly of the United Nations or concluded under the auspices of the United Nations.

scholarly journals XXIV.—On certain Products of Decomposition of the Fixed Oils in contact with Sulphur

1847 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-373
Author(s):  
Thomas Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
General Rule ◽  
The Other ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Other Hand

Numerous researches have established as a general rule that the products of the decomposition of organic substances vary with the circumstances of the experiment, and the nature of the agents under the influence of which it is performed. If, for instance, we examine the action of heat alone, we find it causing a set of decompositions specially characterised by the evolution of carbonic acid, formed by the union of part of the carbon of the substance with the whole or part of its oxygen; and this action is rendered more definite, and the number of the products circumscribed by all circumstances facilitating the formation of carbonic acid, such as the presence of a base, which will even cause its evolution when heat alone is incapable of producing decomposition. Acids, on the other hand, have a precisely opposite effect, they, in some instances, altogether prevent the formation of carbonic acid, and cause the oxygen to exert its action on the hydrogen of the compound, and to eliminate one or more atoms of water which do not generally exist ready formed in it.

scholarly journals Interpretation of velocity distribution of the inner regions of the Galaxy

1964 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 195-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. de Vaucouleurs
Keyword(s):  
Velocity Distribution ◽  
Spiral Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Galactic Centre ◽  
Line Profiles ◽  
Spiral Pattern ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Galaxy

I. The large positive and negative velocities in the 21-cm line profiles near the galactic centre have indicated the presence of substantial departures from circular motions in the central parts of the Galaxy. The Leiden astronomers (Oort and Rougoor 1958; Rougoor and Oort 1960) have interpreted these observations in terms of an “expanding arm” at a mean distance of about 3 kpc from the centre. It is not clear how these arms or arcs are related to the regular spiral structure, if the Galaxy is an ordinary spiral similar to M31 as commonly assumed. If, on the other hand, the Galaxy is similar to the SAB(r) or SAB(rs) systems, as suggested by the multiplicity of the spiral pattern discussed in another communication, a different interpretation of the velocity distribution is possible.

Activation processing of cathepsin H impairs recognition by its propeptide

2005 ◽  
Vol 386 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Horn ◽  
Lucie Dolečková-Marešová ◽  
Lubomír Rulíšek ◽  
Martin Máša ◽  
Olga Vasiljeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Rule ◽  
The Other ◽  
Binding Region ◽  
Inhibitory Potency ◽  
Inhibitory Interaction ◽  
Chain Formation ◽  
Cysteine Cathepsins ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Cathepsin H ◽  
Endopeptidase Activity

AbstractFree propeptides are known to function as inhibitors of the parental mature cysteine cathepsins. This general rule, however, does not apply to the aminopeptidase cathepsin H. Screening of propeptide fragments for their inhibitory potency revealed no significant effect on the native mature cathepsin H. On the other hand, inhibitory interaction was established with recombinant cathepsin H that displays endopeptidase activity due to a lack of the mini-chain. This finding suggests that the propeptide-binding region is structurally rearranged during maturation processing and mini-chain formation, which impairs the effective recognition of mature cathepsin H by its own propeptide.

scholarly journals Raising in Berber

1986 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-248
Author(s):  
Fatima Sadiqi
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
General Rule ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Syntactic Movement ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Universal Feature ◽  
The One

Raising in Berber has been selected for study for two main reasons: firstly, this syntactic operation which has hardly received any attention up to now involves areas which are central to the understanding of the whole syntactic structure of Berber. Secondly, Raising in general is considered by Chomsky and most linguists as being a universal feature of natural languages. However, although Chomsky does not question the existence of Raising to Subject, which he subsumes under the general rule of NP movement, he seems to strongly reject the rule of Raising to Object, claiming that what this rule does can easily be carried out by means of one of his constraints, the "Tensed S Constraint". The goals of the present paper are twofold: the one hand, it aims to show that although Chomsky considers Raising to Subject as an essentially movement rule, this rule seems to operate in Berber without syntactic movement. On the other hand, the paper aims to show that Chomsky's theoretical suggestions in the domain of Raising to Object are highly questionable, if not utterly wrong. A number of arguments supporting these two views are based on Berber data.

Risk and Uncertainty on Technology and Science Under Bayes and Popper's Statements View

2021 ◽  
pp. 199-212
Author(s):  
Vicente Gonzalez-Prida ◽  
Jesus Zamora Bonilla ◽  
Christopher Nikulin Chandia ◽  
Antonio Guillén
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
General Rule ◽  
The Other ◽  
Inductive Method ◽  
Risk And Uncertainty ◽  
World Today ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
Predictive Methods ◽  
Deductive Method

The overall perspective of this study is related to the concept of risk and uncertainty in the world today. In this sense, it considers Popper's contributions together with the deductive method, contrasted Bayes' contributions with the inductive method. On one hand, induction allows to generate results considered probabilistically true. This is basically the method used by supervised predictive methods of machine learning, where a general rule is inferred from particular examples in which solutions are known, inducing consequently to possible results for new inputs. On the other hand, deduction is a process in which general hypotheses are proposed, and from them, particular statements are obtained. These particular statements can obviously generate the rejection of those initial hypotheses. Under these considerations, Bayes' and Popper's postulates should not be understood as opposed methods. With this, the specific objectives of this chapter states on an overview about technology and its relationship with science, being analyzed from the Popperian and Bayesian perspective.

The limits of culpa levissima

2008 ◽  
Vol 76 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Olga Tellegen-Couperus
Keyword(s):  
General Rule ◽  
The Other ◽  
Narrow Sense ◽  
Other Hand

AbstractIn D. 9,2,44pr., Ulpian states that, under the lex Aquilia, even the slightest fault (levissima culpa) counts. Since the time of the glossators, this phrase has been regarded as a general rule. Only one Romanist, MacCormack, has interpreted the phrase in a narrow sense: in his view, culpa levissima only referred to the case of scientia domini mentioned in section 1 of Ulpian's text. Later, Gimenez-Candela has argued that scientia domini led to direct liability only in case of damnum iniuria datum. The author aims to prove that culpa levissima only referred to scientia domini but that, on the other hand, scientia domini led to direct liability in all delicts.

A study of cometary eruptions through OH radio-lines

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 249-254
Author(s):  
A.M. Silva ◽  
R.D. Miró
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Mass ◽  
Radio Lines ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sudden Rise

AbstractWe have developed a model for theH2OandOHevolution in a comet outburst, assuming that together with the gas, a distribution of icy grains is ejected. With an initial mass of icy grains of 108kg released, theH2OandOHproductions are increased up to a factor two, and the growth curves change drastically in the first two days. The model is applied to eruptions detected in theOHradio monitorings and fits well with the slow variations in the flux. On the other hand, several events of short duration appear, consisting of a sudden rise ofOHflux, followed by a sudden decay on the second day. These apparent short bursts are frequently found as precursors of a more durable eruption. We suggest that both of them are part of a unique eruption, and that the sudden decay is due to collisions that de-excite theOHmaser, when it reaches the Cometopause region located at 1.35 × 105kmfrom the nucleus.

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