Formation of National Teams Taking into Account the Factors of Football Players’ Club Migration

Purpose. To determine the parameters of club migration of highly skilled legionary footballers when forming national teams for participation in official international competitions. Materials and methods. Population: 496 highly skilled football players ‒ participants of the 2022 World Cup group stage qualifiers. Results. The winning national teams with high UEFA coefficients have a smaller percentage of legionnaires than the group of winning teams with lower UEFA coefficients: 45.05% (coefficient 3.8) and 85.94% (coefficient 14.8), respectively. The indicators of dual citizenship have no significant impact on the formation of national teams, although the national teams of Wales, Turkey, and Scotland showed rather high values ‒ 9 (32.14%), 7 (28.00%), and 5 (20.00 %) of football players, respectively. Legionary footballers from the top six European leagues (England, Spain, Italy, Germany, France, Portugal) account for 87.50% of the total number of legionnaires who participated in the 2022 World Cup group stage qualifiers. Conclusions. Migration processes have an impact on the development of football at various levels of functioning: children and youth, reserve, student, amateur, semi-professional, and professional. Club migration, which is typical of highly skilled legionary footballers, has an indirect impact on the formation of national teams.

Diplomatic and Consular Protection of Persons with Dual Citizenship Abroad

The article is devoted to one of the least studied problems in the domestic science of international law, namely diplomatic and consular protection of state’s citizens abroad, especially in cases where the latter are endowed with dual and sometimes multiple citizenship. This problem involves a close intertwining of both political and legal norms used in the implementation of this field. The author distinguishes between diplomatic and consular protection, highlights common features and peculiarities of each of them. Diplomatic measures are clearly outlined, covering all possible procedures by which one state informs another of its claims (protest, negotiations, investigation, etc.). The choice of means of diplomatic protection is influenced by the nature of the rights of the person who has suffered damage from a foreign state; the amount of damage caused, both for the person and for the state of his/her citizenship, as well as the risks of aggravation or deterioration of relations between states. Some legal aspects of citizenship of the European Union and the specifics of protection of the rights and interests of its citizens according to the "delegated" protection and the "governing state" are highlighted.

Restoring (Old) Questions of Sovereignty under the Cover of Minority Protection?

Minority groups are often the subject of studies dealing with sovereignty and European integration. A now also common topic in political science is the rise of populist movements. Scholars study both of these issues extensively, but little research has been done on their nexus. Against this background, this article looks at the current sovereignty discourse in the minority area of South Tyrol. Even though three linguistic groups peacefully co-exist in the Italian province, various calls for dual citizenship have arisen. The possibility of acquiring an Austrian passport became a salient topic, especially since the övp/fpö government of Austria. Using the discourse-historical approach, the authors contextualize medial discourses with social-cultural context information. Results suggest that local media are disseminating a discourse regarding dual citizenship that largely differs from the opinion of the majority of the population, but corresponds to that of the populist actors who seem to fuel the issue.

Constitutional and legal principles of Soviet Federalism

The subject of this research is establishment and development of the principles of Soviet federalism: ideocracy, class character, proletarian internationalism, party spirit, right of nations to self-determination, two-level nature, unity of legal space, dual sovereignty, inviolability of the territory of the republics, dual citizenship, etc. The goal lies in examination of the sources, peculiarities of constitutional layout, evolution of the principles of Soviet federalism, and their role in the crisis and downfall of the Soviet federalism. The author offers the   definitions of such phenomena as the Soviet federalism and the Soviet federation, which defines the novelty of this work. Classification is given to the principles of Soviet federalism in accordance with the criteria outlined by the author: 1) by the time of emergence, the principles are divided into ideological (ideocracy, class character, proletarian internationalism, party spirit, right of nations to self-determination, etc.) and state-legal (single citizenship, inviolability of the territories of the republics, unity of legal system, supremacy of federal legislation, etc.); 2) by the method of codification, the principles are divided into constitutional (ideocracy, class character, right of nations to self-determination, etc.), and stemming from the essence of constitutional norms (asymmetry, party spirit, two-level nature). It is noted that some principles of Soviet federalism fade their significance over time (class character), while others are eliminated from the constitutional and legal practice (principle of mutual control over observance of the all-union and republican legislation). It is substantiated that Soviet federalism was jeopardized mostly by the fundamental interrelated ideological principles: ideocracy, party spirit, and right of nations to self-determination. The author’s special contribution consists in introducing archival documents into the scientific discourse.

Factors of Ethnic Politicization in the Context of Threats to National Security in Ukraine

Ethnic mosaicism of Ukraine and the ethnonational factor are the phenomena that affect all spheres of the society. The ethnic factor has a special role in the emergence of contradictions in polyethnic states. On the one hand, “ethnicity is a form of social organization of cultural differences” (F. Bart), and on the other, ethnicity is instrumental and can be used as a means to achieve political goals (A. Cohen). Ethnicity has been and is a political resource that has been played out by political players for centuries. An important political phenomenon of our time is politicized ethnicity. The article analyzes some factors of politicization of ethnicity. The factors of politicization of ethnicity were: dissemination of unreliable information about the radical demands of territorial autonomy on behalf of “national minorities”; the destructive role of politicians who positioned themselves as lobbyists for the interests of national minorities; ethnic entrepreneurship, ethnic political parties; presence of dual citizenship, fake news, false information, and more. It is proved that certain factors of politicization of ethnicity pose a threat to the national security of the country.It is determined that ethnic identity is an effective tool for both consolidation and deconsolidation of ethnic groups and has its own political subjectivity. It is proved that in the process of decentralization, representatives of all ethnonational communities perceive each other well, and conflicts on ethnic grounds do not arise. However, due to people's low awareness of the peculiarities and prospects of the local government reform, politicians, especially local ones, are playing the “ethnic card” in their own interests.

Pewarisan Hak Atas Tanah dalam Perkawinan Antar Negara

The phenomenon of inter-state marriage in Indonesia has an influence on legal actions in it, especially the issue of children born and having dual citizenship after Law Number 12 of 2006 concerning Citizenship was passed by the Government. This study aims to measure the extent to which children born from these marriages get inheritance rights with underage positions. In addition, what is the legal status based on Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage and Law Number 5 of 1960 concerning Land regarding the position of land inheritance rights. This study uses an empirical normative method, which combines legal research methods that not only view law as a prescriptive (determining) and applied scientific discipline, but also descriptive (explaining) based on the reality of legal developments in society. The results of this study indicate that children born from inter-state marriages who have dual citizenship and are still minors are entitled to land inheritance rights in the form of property rights provided that the child must choose Indonesian citizenship at the age of 18 (eighteen) years based on the laws and regulations. valid invitation.Fenomena perkawinan antar negara di Indonesia memberi pengaruh dalam perbuatan hukum di dalamnya, terutama persoalan anak yang lahir dan memiliki kewarganegaraan ganda setelah Undang-undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2006 tentang Kewarganegaraan disahkan oleh Pemerintah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur sejauh mana anak yang dilahirkan dari perkawinan tersebut mendapat­kan hak waris dengan kedudukan masih di bawah umur. Selain itu bagaimana status hukumnya berdasarkan Undang-undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan dan Undang-undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Pertanahan terhadap kedudukan hak waris tanah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode normatif empiris, yaitu melakukan penggabungan metode penelitian hukum yang tidak hanya memandang hukum sebagai disiplin ilmu yang bersifat preskriftif (menentukan) dan terapan, namun sekaligus bersifat deskriptif (memaparkan) yang didasarkan pada kenyataan perkembangan hukum di masyarakat. Hasil penelitian ini memberikan petunjuk bahwa anak yang dilahir­kan dari perkawinan antar negara yang berkewarganegaraan ganda dan masih di bawah umur berhak atas hak waris tanah berupa hak milik dengan ketentuan anak tersebut harus memilih kewarganegaraan Indonesia pada saat usianya 18 (delapan belas) tahun berdasarkan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.

Diasporas and Politics

In 2020, according to the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 281 million individuals, or 3.5 percent of the world’s population, live outside their country of origin. Some of them, in addition to native-born individuals who identify with their ancestors’ country of origin, are among the members of what is commonly conceptualized as diasporas, dispersed people outside a homeland. Scholars define diasporas in multiple ways, emphasizing more dynamic conceptions or fixed belonging (Diaspora Definitions). Diasporas have gained increased importance, both in academia and among policymakers. Relevant institutional and policy changes related to diaspora politics include the fact that dual citizenship toleration has grown cross-nationally as has the number of countries that allow overseas voting. What happens after individuals choose to or are forced to exit their homeland, following Albert Hirschman’s famous conceptualization? To what extent do political and other ties matter across national boundaries (Political Transnationalism) and, in turn, how do states manage their relations with members of the national community abroad (Country of Origin’s Diaspora Engagement)? In what ways are state–diaspora relations different for authoritarian states than for liberal democracies, and are diasporas democratizers (General Works; Authoritarianism and Extraterritorial Repression)? Why do some states tolerate dual citizenship while others do not (Dual Citizenship)? Turning to other facets of relations between countries and their diasporas—in matters of homeland conflicts, do actions of diasporas increase or decrease the likelihood of conflict, and what is their role in post-conflict resolution and development (Diasporas and Conflict)? How have debates evolved since scholars across a range of disciplines established the foundations of transnationalism in the early 1990s (Political Transnationalism)? Ethnic interest groups have influenced foreign policy (Diasporas, Foreign Policy and International Relations) in both host and home states, and diasporas’ growing role in diplomacy has been reflected in the emerging subfield of diaspora diplomacy. In an effort to answer the questions posed by this diaspora activity, scholars have made a plethora of contributions in the last three decades. This article gives an up-to-date overview of the academic literature addressing the role of diasporas in political science, beginning with General Works that present an overview of the state of the field, and proceeding to address these categories of knowledge creation.