The limits of culpa levissima

Author(s):  
Olga Tellegen-Couperus

AbstractIn D. 9,2,44pr., Ulpian states that, under the lex Aquilia, even the slightest fault (levissima culpa) counts. Since the time of the glossators, this phrase has been regarded as a general rule. Only one Romanist, MacCormack, has interpreted the phrase in a narrow sense: in his view, culpa levissima only referred to the case of scientia domini mentioned in section 1 of Ulpian's text. Later, Gimenez-Candela has argued that scientia domini led to direct liability only in case of damnum iniuria datum. The author aims to prove that culpa levissima only referred to scientia domini but that, on the other hand, scientia domini led to direct liability in all delicts.

1999 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 204-209
Author(s):  
Tamaš Korhec

Persons with two or more citizenship are exceptions from the rule that one person has a citizenship of one state. Yugoslav Law make no restrictions for Yugoslav citizens to gain the citizenship of other states, besides the citizenship of the FRY, with the general rule that these dual citizens shall be treated as Yugoslav citizens during there residence in FRY. On the other hand, concerning the military service the Law on Yugoslav Army makes an exception, and provides that dual citizens, regular service in military is conditional and facultative obligation. This pretty vague rule has been recently interpreted by the decisions of the Supreme military court.


1951 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuen-li Liang

The question of including in an international multilateral instrument provisions defining the application of the instrument to the dependent territories of the contracting states has been a controversial subject in the United Nations. Such provisions, generally known as “colonial clauses,” may take one of three forms. They may provide for the optional application of an instrument to the dependent territories of the contracting states, so that the instrument does not apply to the dependent territories of any contracting state unless the latter chooses to extend the application of the instrument to all or any of its dependent territories. On the other hand, they may provide for the optional exclusion from the application of the instrument of the dependent territories of the contracting states, so that the instrument applies to the dependent territories unless a contracting state chooses to exclude from the application of the instrument all or any of its dependent territories. A third type of colonial clauses may provide for the automatic application of the instrument to the dependent territories of all contracting states. However, there are instruments, notably the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, which do not contain any reference at all with respect to their application to dependent territories. In such cases, the general rule seems to be that, subject to express or implied provisions to the contrary, the instruments apply to all the territories of the contracting states, including their dependent territories. The following is an account of the developments in connection with several multilateral instruments considered by the General Assembly of the United Nations or concluded under the auspices of the United Nations.


1847 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-373
Author(s):  
Thomas Anderson

Numerous researches have established as a general rule that the products of the decomposition of organic substances vary with the circumstances of the experiment, and the nature of the agents under the influence of which it is performed. If, for instance, we examine the action of heat alone, we find it causing a set of decompositions specially characterised by the evolution of carbonic acid, formed by the union of part of the carbon of the substance with the whole or part of its oxygen; and this action is rendered more definite, and the number of the products circumscribed by all circumstances facilitating the formation of carbonic acid, such as the presence of a base, which will even cause its evolution when heat alone is incapable of producing decomposition. Acids, on the other hand, have a precisely opposite effect, they, in some instances, altogether prevent the formation of carbonic acid, and cause the oxygen to exert its action on the hydrogen of the compound, and to eliminate one or more atoms of water which do not generally exist ready formed in it.


2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Kwiatkowska ◽  
Joanna Florek-Marwitz

Phyllotaxis of vegetative shoots of <em>Sedum maximum</em> (L.) Hoffm. is variable and unstable. Phyllotactic transitions proceeding either between two whorled, two spiral or a whorled and a spiral pattern occur during shoot ontogeny. A general rule is that in the course of these transitions numbers of contact parastichies increase or much less often diminish. During most common transitions only a single parastichy is added to or subtracted from the already existing contact parastichy pattern. This applies both to the transitions between a spiral and a whorled and to those between two spiral patterns. More parastichies appear only when phyllotaxis changes from one whorled pattern to another. These transitions, however, are the least common in <em>S. maximum</em>. Parameters of apex geometry differ significantly in shoots exhibiting different contact parastichy numbers. The sequence of phyllotactic patterns arranged according to an increasing apical dome area or area ratio, as well as decreasing plastochron ratio (both as defined by Richards) is the same as their sequence based on increasing numbers of contact parastichies. This in turn is the sequence of patterns as they appear during shoot ontogeny. The only parameter which remains relatively constant is the area of the youngest leaf primordium. This implies that during phyllotactic transitions in <em>S. maximum</em> the area ratio changes mainly due to the increase of the apical dome. It seems that in <em>S. maximum</em> this ontogenetic increase of the apical dome, which on the other hand is typical for many plants, somehow differs from these cases where such a change alters only contact parastichy numbers within the same phyllotactic series.


2005 ◽  
Vol 386 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Horn ◽  
Lucie Dolečková-Marešová ◽  
Lubomír Rulíšek ◽  
Martin Máša ◽  
Olga Vasiljeva ◽  
...  

AbstractFree propeptides are known to function as inhibitors of the parental mature cysteine cathepsins. This general rule, however, does not apply to the aminopeptidase cathepsin H. Screening of propeptide fragments for their inhibitory potency revealed no significant effect on the native mature cathepsin H. On the other hand, inhibitory interaction was established with recombinant cathepsin H that displays endopeptidase activity due to a lack of the mini-chain. This finding suggests that the propeptide-binding region is structurally rearranged during maturation processing and mini-chain formation, which impairs the effective recognition of mature cathepsin H by its own propeptide.


1986 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-248
Author(s):  
Fatima Sadiqi

Raising in Berber has been selected for study for two main reasons: firstly, this syntactic operation which has hardly received any attention up to now involves areas which are central to the understanding of the whole syntactic structure of Berber. Secondly, Raising in general is considered by Chomsky and most linguists as being a universal feature of natural languages. However, although Chomsky does not question the existence of Raising to Subject, which he subsumes under the general rule of NP movement, he seems to strongly reject the rule of Raising to Object, claiming that what this rule does can easily be carried out by means of one of his constraints, the "Tensed S Constraint". The goals of the present paper are twofold: the one hand, it aims to show that although Chomsky considers Raising to Subject as an essentially movement rule, this rule seems to operate in Berber without syntactic movement. On the other hand, the paper aims to show that Chomsky's theoretical suggestions in the domain of Raising to Object are highly questionable, if not utterly wrong. A number of arguments supporting these two views are based on Berber data.


Conatus ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Christoforos Efthimiou

The concept of political difference concerns the distinction between politics and the political. The political refers to the ontological making possible of the different domains of society, including the domain of politics in the narrow sense. Political difference was introduced as a reaction to the theoretical controversy between foundationalism and anti-foundationalism. This reaction took the form of post-foundationalism. According to Marchart, post-foundationalism does not entirely deny the possibility of grounding. It denies only the possibility of an ultimate transcendent foundation insofar as this ontological impossibility makes possible the historical and contingent grounds in plural.The Heideggerian concept of ontological difference also undermines the possibility of an ultimate ontical ground which establishes the presence of all the other beings. If one wants to think beyond the concept of ground, one should obtain a clear understanding of Being as Being, namely one should grasp the Being in its difference from beings. All the same, Heidegger tends to replace the ontical grounds of metaphysics with Being itself as a new kind of ultimate ontological foundation.On the other hand, one can detect in many points of Heideggerian argumentation traces of a second alternative understanding of ontological difference which does not belong in Heidegger’s intentions and which undermines the primordiality of Being. This alternative understanding establishes a reciprocity between Being and beings. In our view, political difference not only is based in this second way of understanding but, at the same time, develops more decisively the mutual interdependence between Being and beings.In political difference the grounding part, namely the political, possesses both a grounding character and a derivative one. Politics and political both grounds and dislocate each other in an incessant and oscillating, historical procedure which undermines any form of completion of the social.


1993 ◽  
Vol 99-100 ◽  
pp. 31-42
Author(s):  
Patricia vd Bulcke

Aan de hand van een terminografische aanpak van de term "woonplaats" en de bijbehorende begripsanalyse, werd gepoogd de specificiteit van juridische terminografie wat duidelijker te stellen. In de eerste plaats wijzen we op het pragmatisch karakter van wetteksten, wat voor de juridische termen meebrengt dat ze heel vaak een "dubbele" inhoud hebben: een begripsomschrijving en een juridische toepassing. Het is o.i. dan ook wenselijk dat de terminograaf beide aspecten probeert te benaderen. Anderzijds wijzen we op het prescriptief karakter van de wetteksten waardoor de termen automatisch genormaliseerd zijn. Als nu voorkomt - en het gebeurt vaak - dat de wetgever eenzelfde term hanteert maar met een gewijzigde begripsinhoud, dan ziet de doctrine zich verplicht nieuwe termen te creëren om de synonimie te verduidelijken en zal de terminograaf op zijn hoede moeten zijn voor termen die in ruime en in strikte zin kunnen gedefinieerd worden. On the basis of a terminography approach of the term "woonplaats" (domicile) and a companion analysis of the concept, a tentative outline is given of the specificity of juridical terminography. On the one hand, we give evidence of the pragmatic character of law texts, often resulting in their juridical terms having a doublelayered content: a definition of concept and a juridical application respectively. We find it advisable that a terminographer try and combine both aspects. On the other hand, we draw attention to the prescriptive nature of law texts, which automatically normalizes them. When the legislator - as is often the case - uses a term with an altered meaning, doctrine has to create new terms so as to make clear synonymy and the terminographer will have to beware of terms that could be defined in both a broad and a narrow sense.


Author(s):  
Vicente Gonzalez-Prida ◽  
Jesus Zamora Bonilla ◽  
Christopher Nikulin Chandia ◽  
Antonio Guillén

The overall perspective of this study is related to the concept of risk and uncertainty in the world today. In this sense, it considers Popper's contributions together with the deductive method, contrasted Bayes' contributions with the inductive method. On one hand, induction allows to generate results considered probabilistically true. This is basically the method used by supervised predictive methods of machine learning, where a general rule is inferred from particular examples in which solutions are known, inducing consequently to possible results for new inputs. On the other hand, deduction is a process in which general hypotheses are proposed, and from them, particular statements are obtained. These particular statements can obviously generate the rejection of those initial hypotheses. Under these considerations, Bayes' and Popper's postulates should not be understood as opposed methods. With this, the specific objectives of this chapter states on an overview about technology and its relationship with science, being analyzed from the Popperian and Bayesian perspective.


2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
Agus Salim

It has been proven that the different findings in examining Javanese religious life<br />are led by the differences in terms of academic approaches. It includes the ways<br />some key terms are perceived and elaborated. The term ‘Islam’ is defined in its<br />wide sense by one and its narrow sense by the other. The popular rite of Slametan<br />is also elaborated its different aspects by different authors, one leading to Islam<br />and the other leading to animism. The notion of mysticism and mystical practices<br />are also employed to refer to something different, one referring to Sufi tradition,<br />and the other referring to authentic Javanese mystical practices.<br />In addition, authors’ perspectives matter. Particular understanding of some no-tions applied from the beginning of the observation has been guided the attention<br />to particular aspects of religious life. Certain understanding about Islam has made<br />one author emphasize more on the aspects of Islam, rather than different reli-gious tradition. On the other hand, an empty-assumption-like autor to conduct<br />observation on religious life of Javanese has been easily fallen to the dominant<br />view of previous examination on the field. Those factors may lead to using differ-ent sort of data. If a single religious tradition like Islam is considered, the useful resources are textual, since they tell much about the general development of the<br />tradition. However, while no single religious tradition is considered more impor-tant than others, one may find that ethnographical account is the best way to see<br />what kind of religious traditions exist and how the traditions are perceived and<br />practiced. Lastly, as the leading notion and the subsequent sort of data used are<br />different, the aspects of a religious tradition are emphasized differently, one the<br />great and the other the little tradition. Therefore, the awareness -that ‘there is<br />subjective involvement in the process of knowing’ is confirmed in this thesis. It<br />has been proven by the fact that different findings of the same field research are<br />caused by the ways researchers approach the problem. In fact, they have differ-ent approaches.<br />Telah terbukti bahwa perbedaan temuan dilapangan dalam penelitian tentang<br />keberagamaan masyarakat Jawa dipicu adanya perbedaan pendekatan penelitian.<br />Perbedaan tersebut diantaranya adalah perbedaan cara memaknai beberapa<br />kata kunci. Kata ‘Islam’ oleh satu peneliti didefinisikan secara luas, sementara<br />oleh peneliti yang lain didefinisikan secara sempit. Pembahasan tentang Slametan<br />juga ditekankan pada aspek-aspek yang berbeda oleh masing-masing penulis.<br />Hasilnya, sementara yang satu menunjukkan bahwa upacara tersebut Islamik,<br />yang lainnya cenderung animistik. Wacana tentang paham dan praktek mistik<br />juga dikembangkan mengarah pada klaim yang berbeda, yang satu tradisi Sufi,<br />yang lainnya paham kebatinan asli Jawa.<br />Selanjutnya,  beberapa  point  penting  terkait  dengan  perspektif  yang<br />dikembangakan oleh peneliti. Istilah kunci yang dipegang sejak awal menuntun si<br />peneliti untuk menekankan pada beberapa aspek kehidupan keberagamaan. Is-lam yang menjadi faktor penentu mengarahkan si peneliti untuk lebih banyak<br />menekankan data dan penafsirannya pada Islam, daripada tradisi keagamaan<br />lain. Disisi lain, karya yang nampak diawalnya tanpa pretensi apapun tentang<br />tradisi keagamaan tertentu, bahkan mudah jatuh pada tuntunan karya-karya<br />sebelumnya. Faktor-faktor tersebut mengarahkan para peneliti untuk memakai<br />perangkat data yang berbeda. Jika yang banyak diperhitungkan sejak awal adalah<br />suatu tradisi keagamaan tertentu, misalkan Islam, sumber yang lebih berguna<br />adalah text, untuk melihat perkembangan umum dalam beberapa tingkat tradisi.<br />Namun jika tidak ada prioritas satu tradisi tertentu, si peneliti menganggap bahwa<br />catatan ethnography akan lebih banyak berguna. Taerakhir, adanya perbedaan-perbedaan yang telah disebutkan tadi akan mengarahkan pada penekanan pada<br />aspek-aspek tradisi yang berbeda.<br />Dengan demikian, keyakinan bahwa ‘ada pengaruh subjective dalam proses<br />mengetahui’ sebagaimana yang dikembangkan oleh sosiologi pengetahuan telah<br />terbukti dalam. Faktanya adalah pernbedaan temuan lapangan dipengaruhi oleh<br />secara apa masalah penelitian tersebut didekati. Nyatanya, perangkat penelitian<br />yang mereka gunakan memang berbeda.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document