Critical swim speed and metabolic activities in trained male and female swimmers after 400 m free style swimming with their full effort

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-50
Author(s):  
P. Chatterjee ◽  
P. Nandy ◽  
S. Chakraborty ◽  
A. Bandyopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Serum Urea ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Maximum Effort ◽  
Metabolic Activities ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Maximal Effort ◽  
Blood Creatinine

Purpose: This study was done to ascertain gender dif ferences in trained swimmers between their Critical S wim Speed (CSS). Certain metabolic responses, imme diately after 400 meters free style swimming (FSS), w ith maximum effort, were also studied. Methods: The analysis was conducted in trained swi mmers between 12- 18 years age. Height, weight, bod y fat quantity were estimated using standard techniqu es. CSS was measured for each swimmer. Blood samp les were taken within two minutes of 400 meters FSS, with maximum efforts. The blood creatinine, lactic ac id, serum calcium, serum urea and serum urea nitroge n were estimated using standard laboratory methods. Results: With the maximal effort of 400 meters FSS, values of hematological variables for both sexes were found to increase many folds than reference values. Si gnificant (p<0.05) gender differences were observed in CSS and blood creatinine. The positive significant (p<0.05) correlation was found between CSS and heig ht in the swimmers. For trained male swimmers signif icant positive correlations among CSS, blood urea an d serum urea nitrogen were found. Conclusions: This study reflects metabolic status of b oth trained male and female swimmers, after their full efforts. Besides blood creatinine no significant differe nces were observed in them. So it may conclude that e ffective physical training minimizes the metabolic de mands during their full efforts and gender differences could be overcome.

Apology responses and gender differences in spoken British English

Pragmatics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi An ◽  
Hang Su ◽  
Mingyou Xiang
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
British English ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Typical Response ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data

Abstract This study presents a corpus-based sociopragmatic investigation into apology responses (ARs) and gender differences in ARs in spoken British English. Using data taken from the recently released Spoken BNC2014, the investigation leads to an adjusted taxonomy of ARs which comprises five categories and several sub-categories. The investigation shows that ‘Lack of response’ is the most typical response, followed by ‘Acceptance’, ‘Rejection’, ‘Evasion’, and ‘Acknowledgement’. The results are discussed in relation to the process of attenuation that apologies have undergone (e.g. Jucker 2019), i.e. apologies are becoming more routinised and less meaningful. The proposed taxonomy is subsequently used to examine the extent to which male and female recipients respond to apologies differently. While the investigation suggests no significant differences in ARs across genders, it has been observed that there is some correlation between ARs and the gender of the apologiser. Finally, the implications and applications of the study are briefly discussed.

Relationship Among 3 Different Core Stability Tests in Healthy Young Adults: Validity and Gender Differences

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Masahiro Kuniki ◽  
Yoshitaka Iwamoto ◽  
Daiki Yamagiwa ◽  
Nobuhiro Kito
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Core Stability ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stability Tests ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
And Gender

Context: Core stability is important for preventing injury and improving performance. Although various tests for evaluating core stability have been reported to date, information on their relationship and the effect of gender differences is limited. This study aimed to (1) identify correlations among the 3 core stability tests and to examine the validity of each test and (2) identify gender differences in the test relationship and determine whether gender influenced test selection. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Fifty-one healthy volunteers (27 men and 24 women) participated in the study. The participants underwent the following 3 tests: Sahrmann Core Stability Test (SCST), the lumbar spine motor control tests battery (MCBT), and Y Balance Test (YBT). Each parameter was analyzed according to all parameters and gender using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Results: Overall, there was a strong positive correlation between SCST and MCBT and moderate positive correlations between SCST and YBT and between MCBT and YBT. Conversely, gender-specific analyses revealed no significant correlations between YBT and SCST and between YBT and MCBT in women, although significantly strong correlations were found among all tests in men. Conclusion: Although these 3 tests evaluated interrelated functions and may be valid as core stability tests, the results should be carefully interpreted when performing YBT in women.

scholarly journals Turn-taking and gender differences in language classroom

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 54-67
Author(s):  
Kaukab Abid Azhar ◽  
Nayab Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Male Students ◽  
First Year ◽  
Female Teacher ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Language Classroom ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The University ◽  
Mixed Gender

The study aims at studying gender differences in the ways male and female students take turns and participate in a mixed-gender classroom. Two groups of first-year English compulsory classes held at two different departments (Geography and Economics) at the University of Karachi took part in the study. The results revealed that in the Geography Department, where there was a female teacher, male students were more dominating as compared to the female students who hardly participated in the class. They took more turns and participated better in the classroom discussion. In addition, they also interrupted the teacher and the female counterparts when they tried to contribute to the discussion. On the other hand, at the Department of Economics, female students had more number of turns. They dominated the classroom as compared to the male students. Besides, the study revealed that the gender of the teacher played an important part in shaping the discourse taking place in the classroom.

A Perspective of Equality and Role for Women in IT

2011 ◽  
pp. 999-1004
Author(s):  
Susan E. George
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Equal Opportunity ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male Roles ◽  
Women In The Workplace ◽  
Change Perceptions ◽  
Women In It ◽  
Positive Discrimination ◽  
Male Dominated ◽  
And Gender

There are many disciplines and professions where women are not well represented, are paid less than male counterparts, and rise less quickly to leadership positions. IT is one such field, encompassing a broad range of topics from software development to telecommunications. This “inequality” has created a sense of injustice among some, leading to more aggressive stands for rights, for positive discrimination, and cries for all manner of “equality” within the workplace—specifically that male and female peers are able to play the same roles and indeed should have fair opportunity to play the same roles. This article questions the “equality” that is pursued by the “equal opportunity” agenda. In many instances demanding women, given opportunities to take traditional male dominated positions in the workplace underlines the male-dominated world, what it values, and what it requires. A worldview that rejects male domination at its core may do more to help the “equality” of women and men. Moving toward this entails (1) recognising the roles played by women in the workplace and improving remuneration—rather than forcing women to take more male orientated roles, (2) couching the well renumerated roles that males play in more female friendly language to change perceptions of who is suitable for the role, and (3) recognising the female skills that many male roles require and not failing to give women novel workplace arrangements that permit pursuing roles outside the workplace. In each of these suggestions the importance of male and female differences are recognised. This represents an understanding of “personhood”, that is, not forcing all people to be equal regardless of gender, but recognising the intrinsic worth of people above gender—and that there may be gender differences. The idea of intrinsic worth of people is based upon one theological perspective of personhood drawn from the Christian tradition. It asks for equality of personhood to be recognised over and above gender issues and gender “differences” to be actually incorporated into professional environments.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Spatial and Temporal Preferences for Waterfronts in Wuhan based on Gender Differences in Check-In Behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wu ◽  
Li ◽  
Ma
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Distribution Characteristics ◽  
Social Media Data ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Points Of Interest ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Media Data

The geographical location and check-in frequency of social platform users indicate their personal preferences and intentions for space. On the basis of social media data and gender differences, this study analyzes Weibo users’ preferences and the reasons behind these preferences for the waterfronts of the 21 major lakes within Wuhan’s Third Ring Road, in accordance with users’ check-in behaviors. According to the distribution characteristics of the waterfronts’ points of interest, this study explores the preferences of male and female users for waterfronts and reveals, through the check-in behaviors of Weibo users, the gender differences in the preference and willingness of these users to choose urban waterfronts. Results show that men and women check in significantly more frequently on weekends than on weekdays. Women are more likely than men to check in at waterfronts. Significant differences in time and space exist between male and female users’ preferences for different lakes.

Choix et comportements alimentaires d'enfants québécois

2007 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-45
Author(s):  
Marie Marquis ◽  
Jessica Wright
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Food Habits ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Low Density ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Comportements Alimentaires ◽  
Self Administered Questionnaire

Purpose: The relationships are explored between food choices of school-aged children and eating in the bedroom, while watching television, or in front of the computer. Methods: Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire that 534 subjects completed in class. Participants were ten- to 12-year-old children from Québec. Results: Significant positive correlations were found between the act of eating in the bedroom and eating in front of the television or the computer (p<0.05). Significant positive correlations were also found between eating in the bedroom, or eating in front of the television or the computer, and the consumption of low-density food, foods high in sugar and fat, and foods low in fibre (p<0.05). Data also revealed more negative food habits for boys than for girls (p<0.05). Conclusions: Because of the prevalence of childhood obesity, these findings support the need to document children's food consumption patterns and gender differences.

Winning Isn't Everything: Goal Orientation and Gender Differences in University Leisure-Skills Classes

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise M. Anderson ◽  
Anthony W. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
University Students ◽  
Goal Orientation ◽  
Achievement Motivation ◽  
Task Orientation ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Ego Orientation ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Intention To Continue

Achievement motivation is predicated on the notion that a person wants to demonstrate competence and feel successful and is motivated to achieve these outcomes. A person's goal orientation describes the individual's motivation—an ego orientation presupposes that achievement is a result of ability, whereas a task orientation ties achievement to effort. Understanding a person's achievement motivation can help us better understand how to facilitate positive leisure experiences and long-term participation in recreation activities. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the goal orientation of male and female university students enrolled in leisure-skills courses. Results suggest that there are gender differences in goal orientation that may have an impact on enjoyment of and intention to continue participation in a recreation activity, regardless of the activity.

scholarly journals Leadership During Crisis: An Examination of Supervisory Leadership Behavior and Gender During COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 154805182110107
Author(s):  
Connor J. Eichenauer ◽  
Ann Marie Ryan ◽  
Jo M. Alanis
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Leadership Behavior ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Leader Behaviors ◽  
Major Work ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Leadership Challenges ◽  
Work From Home ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Workforce Reductions

Due to major work disruptions caused by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, supervisors in organizations are facing leadership challenges as they attempt to manage “work from home” arrangements, the health and safety of essential workers, and workforce reductions. Accordingly, the present research seeks to understand what types of leadership employees think is most important for supervisors to exhibit when managing these crisis-related contexts and, in light of assertions that women may be better leaders during times of crisis, examines gender differences in how male and female supervisors act and how subordinates perceive and evaluate them in real (Study 1) and hypothetical (Study 2) settings. Results indicate that communal leader behaviors were more important to employees in all three crisis contexts. In Study 1, communality was a stronger predictor than agency of supervisor likability and competence. In Study 2, communality was also more positively related to likability, but agency and communality were equally predictive of competence ratings. Ratings of real supervisors suggest that women were not more communal than men when managing these crises, nor did perceptions of leader behavior differ by supervisor gender in a controlled experiment. However, evaluations of women's competence were more directly related to their display of communal behaviors than were evaluations of male supervisors. This research is helpful practically in understanding effective supervisory leadership during the COVID-19 crisis and contributes to the literature on gender and leadership in crisis contexts by attempting to disentangle gender differences in leader behaviors, perceptions, and evaluations.

Appraising entrepreneurship in Qatar under a gender perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-251
Author(s):  
Joana Costa ◽  
Mariana Pita
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Gulf Region ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
Theoretical Terms ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
And Gender

Purpose The purpose of this study is twofold, being the first to grasp a broad picture of entrepreneurship determinants in Qatar, and second, to explore the intermediate effect of gender upon other factors affecting the propensity to become an entrepreneur and highlight gender heterogeneity. Combining theories on entrepreneurship determinants and gender, the study analyses the role of education (general and specific to enterprise), skill perception, social context and fear to fail as determinants of new venture creation in Qatar. The objective of the study is to appraise the determinants of the entrepreneurial activity in Qatar and understand if they hold across genders in terms of significance and magnitude. If so, policy actions can be adjusted to overcome gender gaps. This study aims to design policy recommendations to reinforce the Qatari entrepreneurial ecosystem and promote positive discrimination towards women initiatives in the Gulf region. Design/methodology/approach To understand male and female propensity to entrepreneurial activity in Qatar, a database from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) was used, considering data from 2014, with a sample that includes 4,272 individuals. To explore how the explanatory variables affect entrepreneurial propensity and if they hold significance across genders, three logistic regressions were run, the first including the entire sample, and the second and third separating individuals according to the gender. Then, to statistically appraise the differences among groups, a Kruskal–Wallis test was run to evidence group heterogeneity. Marginal effects of the model reinforce gender differences. The analysis was performed using Stata. Findings Different patterns of entrepreneurial propensity can be found among genders, allowing the exploration male and female determinants. The analysis shows that Qatari women are less prone to start a business when compared to men in equal conditions. For women, age is a deterring factor, contrarily to men. Both genders seem to be unconstrained by the fear to fail, still the self-perception of skills has a stronger effect on women. Research limitations/implications First, this study is restricted to the GEM database and covers 4,272 individuals whose representativeness cannot be statistically proved, despite the robustness of the sample size. Second, due to data limitations, the inclusion of theoretically relevant additional variables to the explanation of gender differences, such as economic and institutional determinants of entrepreneurial activity in the country under study, becomes infeasible. Practical implications Despite the conceptual and empirical limitations, the conclusions of the study fulfil literature gaps and offer quantitative and econometric evidences and which allow drawing policy recommendations. Social implications This study sheds a new light about the policy specificities needed to overcome gender differences and to equalise male and female entrepreneurial activity. Originality/value The study identifies gender differences in entrepreneurial propensity. The potential differences are firstly put in theoretical terms and followed by an exploratory analysis comprising statistical analysis and econometric estimations. The results allow examining the profile of male and female entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs, the determinants of entrepreneurial initiatives and gender gaps. The study helps policy makers to elaborate adequate strategies to foster gender equality on entrepreneurship, aiming to increase overall entrepreneurial activity and consequently socio-economic development.

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