Terms of seller’s liability for the sale of a false cultural object

2019 ◽  
Vol specjalny (XIX) ◽  
pp. 321-336
Author(s):  
Iwona Gredka-Ligarska
Keyword(s):  
Civil Law ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Decisive Factor ◽  
Cultural Objects ◽  
Cultural Object ◽  
Introductory Part ◽  
The Right

This study includes analysis of the terms of a seller’s liability for the sale of a false cultural object or monument. In the introductory part, attention was paid to the phenomenon of forging cultural objects with a view to marketing counterfeits, which, in reference to monuments, constitutes the offense of forgery threatened by fine, restriction of liberty or imprisonment up to 2 years (Art. 109a of the Act of 23.07.2003 on the protection and care of monuments, Dz. U. No. 162, item 1568, as amended). Further in the study, attention was drawn to the fact that for the determination of terms of civil law liability of a seller – including sellers of forged cultural objects – key importance attaches to the differentiation between defective performance, which triggers liability under statutory warranty, and provision of another object, which does not amount to performance of an obligation at all. Emphasis was put on the importance of the opinion that the decisive factor for the determination of the seller’s liability regime in case of provision of an object other than agreed is the act of acceptance of performance. The considerations were made from the perspective of interests of a forged cultural object’s buyer. As a result, it was indicated that for the buyer the optimal solution is to exercise, in the first place, the right to withdraw from the sale contract under the provisions on statutory warranty and, only where this is impossible, to invoke the construction of error, as defined in Art. 84 of the Civil Code.

Kajian Yuridis Pengesampingan Pasal 1266 dan Pasal 1267 Kitab Undang -Undang Hukum Perdata sebagai Syarat Batal dalam Perjanjian Kredit Perbankan

2017 ◽  
pp. 65-89
Author(s):  
Rocky Marciano Ambar ◽  
Budi Santoso ◽  
Hanif Nur Widhiyanti
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Code Of Ethics ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Bank Credit ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
Legal Implications ◽  
Credit Agreement ◽  
The Right

Banks in credit agreements use more standard agreements, standard contracts in 2 (two) things, (1) There is an unbalanced position between banks and debtors, banks that have a more dominant position and debtors. (2) There is an understanding of the principle of freedom of contracting and without limits. The Bank has the freedom to seek the form and content of the agreement. Code of Ethics in agreement. The provisions of the Civil Code provide types of compensation for parties. Based on the background, then for problems the problem is written (1). Does the inclusion of Article 1266 and Article 1267 of the Civil Code on the banking system have collected the principles of balance and justice. (2) What are the legal implications of the exclusion clause. The research method is normative juridical research. The result of this research is the neglect of civil law and the principle of compensation is the principle of balance. The basic principle according to Rawls is that it is unfair or more people. in the sense of "freedom of results", in other words. is the nature of the debtor in a bank credit agreement. For the legal implications of the clause that excludes Article 1266 and Article 1267 of the Civil Code concerning the right of the debtor to the debtor. Legal efforts in finding and resolving problems that cannot be made by a decision due to the imbalance of the parties in the agreement. For people who make changes, no party will be harmed.

An Enterprise as an Object of Civil Rights in Subsoil Use: Challenges and Perspectives

2018 ◽  
pp. 108-116
Author(s):  
V. V. Levochko
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Legal Form ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Logical Approach ◽  
The Right ◽  
Legal Consequences

An enterprise as a holder of civil rights is a universal legal construction. When the I Part of the RF Civil Code was adopted, it was assumed that the enterprise would be the main participant of civil law transactions of the business. However, the introduced legal regime of the enterprise did not meet expectations. The study of theoretical standpoints with respect of the legal essence of the enterprise as a holder of civil rights shows the lack of unanimity of opinions among contemporary representatives of civil law. The most justified and logical approach to the development of legislation in this matter involves determination of a generic category "proprietary complex" and introduction of distinctive features in relation to its types, including the enterprise. The subsoil legislation and relevant jurisprudence analysis justifies the prospects for using the enterprise as a party to civil transactions in the subsoil use sphere, since its legal design allows to combine diverse property rights for their effective circulation, which, to a certain extent, will solve the problem of separate legal consequences for the rights to a subsoil plot and property inseparably attached to it, as well as the problem of the legal form of transfer of the right to subsoil use in certain cases.

scholarly journals Investigating the Custody in Shiite Jurisprudence and Civil Rights in France

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 230
Author(s):  
Mahdi Nazemi ◽  
Abbas Ali Salehi
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Child Custody ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Religious Orders ◽  
Spiritual Dimension ◽  
The Right ◽  
Legal Opinion

Custody in Islam is the procedure for child rearing, which effects his physical and material context. What kept custody of the child apart from other issues, is attention to the spiritual dimension of the child and considering the child needs. Child custody and disputes on it leads to be an important issue for parents in countries civil law. In civil rights it becomes as well as the important of religious orders and opinions of jurists, in this regard recommendations are provided on how to improve the supervision and laws of our country's children for a better life. Therefore, in this case, it is needed to examine the legal opinion regarding to the custody of the two legal systems of Iran and France. The first custody must be investigated and have priority to the custody of the father or mother. In Iranian Civil Code the right and duty of parents in custody knows some right and some homework. In French Civil Code custody of parents towards children in all areas of life for the growth, maintenance and education of children is common and conspicuous aspects of its obligatory. The exercise of the custody right is shared between parents and conditions are considered the parent with custody situations where their absence is excused. Parents under certain circumstances can have the right to self-disclaimer or leave to a third party to ask the court about the right.

scholarly journals RETURN OF THE CULTURAL OBJECTS UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW, EUROPEAN UNION LAW, AND LITHUANIAN LAW

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (40) ◽  
pp. 275-305
Author(s):  
Pavelas Ravlusevicius
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
European Union Law ◽  
Cultural Objects ◽  
Cultural Object ◽  
Bona Fide ◽  
The Republic

The article examines the legal problems associated with the return of cultural objects in International, European Union, and Lithuanian Laws, as well as the extraterritorial application of mandatory norms. Particular importance is given to the influence of the UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects and the Directive 2014/60/EC on the return of cultural objects unlawfully removed from the territory of a Member State. Attention is paid to the correlation of civil law doctrines with the protection of the owner’s rights and the bona fide purchaser of a cultural object on the one hand, and International and European Laws about the return to the owner and compensation to the owner of a cultural object on the other hand, because Lithuanian legislation and case law do not apply the vindication doctrine to protect owner’s rights of cultural objects and thus differs from the traditional approach to solving the problems of returning cultural objects within the civil law framework. The article deals with the related problems of recognition of the owner’s rights and changes in the evidence presumptions. The issue of restoring the owner’s rights to illegally confiscated cultural objects during the existence of the USSR was decided in the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania. Courts of general jurisdiction considered claims for the return of cultural objects belonging to foreign entities - the Federal Republic of Germany and the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation. Particular importance was the question of the application of International and European Laws in judicial practice. According to the results of the study of the practice of the Republic of Lithuania, it is proposed to regard the return of cultural objects as an independent way of protecting the owner’s rights, which makes secondary the bona fide purchaser doctrine in relation of a cultural object.

scholarly journals Batasan Kedewasaan dan Kecakapan Hukum Pewasiat Menurut Kompilasi Hukum Islam dan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Sanawiah Sanawiah ◽  
Muhammad Zainul
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
The Will ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Legal Proof

Limitations of adulthood and lawfulness of the pewasiat both in terms of the position of limits and the ability of the pewasiat, the requirements of the pewasiat and the various limits of the age of the pewasiat according to different views and opinions among the Imam of the School in the determination of its law. The purpose of this study is to to assess the Limitations of adulthood and legal proficiency of pewasiat by Compilation of Islamic Law and Civil Code contained in the Compilation of Islamic Law Article 194 paragraph 1 and Book Civil Law Article 897. In Compilation of Islamic Law Article 194 paragraph 1 concerning the will specifies that the person who intends to reach the age of 21 full and sensible this is a requirement for mlekukan wills must reach the age that has been determined. The Civil Code states that in Article 897 it states that the person who intentions must reach the age of 18 full years, this is a condition of determination to perform the testament. Normative legal research methods analyze, related legislation presented through descriptive and deductive methods which are then analyzed to see the location of similarities and differences between the Compilation of Islamic Law and the Civil Code. The result of this research is the equation of Law Compilation of Compilation of Islamic Law and Civil Code which states the condition of the person having the will should be sensible, while in the determination of maturity 21 years based on article 330 Civil Code. As for the legal proof of Article 426 Civil Code aged 18 years.

scholarly journals KAJIAN YURIDIS PENGESAMPINGAN PASAL 1266 DAN PASAL 1267 KITAB UNDANG-UNDANG HUKUM PERDATA SEBAGAI SYARAT BATAL DALAM PERJANJIAN KREDIT PERBANKAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Rocky Marciano Ambar ◽  
Budi Santoso ◽  
Hanif Nur Widhiyanti
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Code Of Ethics ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Bank Credit ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
Legal Implications ◽  
Credit Agreement ◽  
The Right

<em>Banks in credit agreements use more standard agreements, standard contracts in 2 (two) things, (1) There is an unbalanced position between banks and debtors, banks that have a more dominant position and debtors. (2) There is an understanding of the principle of freedom of contracting and without limits. The Bank has the freedom to seek the form and content of the agreement. Code of Ethics in agreement. The provisions of the Civil Code provide types of compensation for parties. Based on the background, then for problems the problem is written (1). Does the inclusion of Article 1266 and Article 1267 of the Civil Code on the banking system have collected the principles of balance and justice. (2) What are the legal implications of the exclusion clause. The research method is normative juridical research. The result of this research is the neglect of civil law and the principle of compensation is the principle of balance. The basic principle according to Rawls is that it is unfair or more people. in the sense of "freedom of results", in other words. is the nature of the debtor in a bank credit agreement. For the legal implications of the clause that excludes Article 1266 and Article 1267 of the Civil Code concerning the right of the debtor to the debtor. Legal efforts in finding and resolving problems that cannot be made by a decision due to the imbalance of the parties in the agreement. For people who make changes, no party will be harmed.</em>

SECURITIES AS AN OBJECT OF CIVIL LEGAL RELATIONS AND THEIR CIVIL PROTECTION

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-144
Author(s):  
L. V. YAKOVLEVA ◽  
◽  
Yu. S. ZHARIKOV ◽  
Z. A. IVANOVA ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Civil Protection ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Right

This article discusses possible options for protecting the right of holders of uncertified securities to use them in their interests from the perspective of current civil law. In particular, it considers the possibility of applying a violated claim to the violated right of ownership of these securities. Analyzing the latest changes in the first part of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and industry legislation, the authors come to the conclusion about the possibility of such a lawsuit, but against BCB, which has the attributes of a thing.

A Comparative Perspective on the Concept of Ownership in Russian Law: From the Svod Zakonov to the 1994 Civil Code

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 263-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murray Raff ◽  
Anna Taitslin
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Local Variation ◽  
Operative Management ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
State Ownership ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Unitary Concept

The modern European unitary conception of ownership emerged from the dissolution of feudalism and achievement of a deeper understanding of Roman law to become an ideal of property law in the European Civil-Law tradition. Prior to its dissolution European feudalism represented hierarchies of legal tenure in land, such as the division of land ownership between dominus directus (direct owner) and dominus utilis (beneficial owner) and overlapping hierarchies of social class descending from monarchy and aristocracy to bonded serfdom. Support for the resolution of divided land ownership and victory for the unitary concept of ownership was found in the Roman law tradition. The dissolution of feudal hierarchies took different historical courses in the legal traditions that we now identify as the French, German, Common-Law and Russian legal systems and with great local variation even within those emergent traditions. The unitary concept of ownership is found today in the French and German Civil Codes and is for practical purposes reflected in the prevalence of the common-law tenure of freehold. In Russia the systemized digest of the laws of the Russian Empire, the Svod Zakonov of 1832, provided no civil-law notion of divided ownership or perpetual rights. In the Soviet era exclusive state ownership of land and the means of production was also viewed as unitary, which raised serious questions about how state agencies and enterprises could engage in transactions with their assets and products. Venediktov’s celebrated doctrine of the right of operative management, codified in the Civil Code of the rsfr of 1964, provided legal recognition of de facto proprietary rights for state enterprises. This introduced a form of divided ownership ‘on the ground’ despite the dogma of unitary state ownership. This reality further manifested itself in widespread division of ownership between land and buildings. The Civil Code of the Russian Federation of 1994 retained and even extended some of these solutions that relied on split or divided ownership. This might have been a pragmatic way forward in the early 1990s, however twenty years later the demands of a modern sophisticated legal system require a policy trajectory back toward a modern European unitary conception of ownership. The Russian Civil Code thus should be extended in this direction.

scholarly journals The Construction and Practice of the Right of Residence System from the Perspectives of China

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
Miao Chungang
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Value Judgments ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right

In the history of civil law, the residence right system, as a representative of human servitude, originated from Roman law and continued to develop in the "French Civil Code" and "German Civil Code". Based on the differences between Chinese and Western social and cultural traditions, Japanese civil law did not accept the human servitude system in the initial legal inheritance, and modern Chinese civil law also abandoned the human servitude system based on similar cultural value judgments. With the major changes in social life, based on the response to real social needs, the "Civil Code of the People's Republic of China" created a system of residency rights. This article uses the comparative method to study the historical evolution of the housing rights system, and explore the legal and cultural roots behind the establishment of the system. At the same time, with the help of typical cases, it analyzes the practice of the right of residence after the promulgation of the Civil Code and discusses the legal perfection of the right of residence system. This article points out the unpaid nature of the right of residence, which can easily hinder the development and effectiveness of the right of residence system. In the future judicial practice, we need to expand the interpretation of the law, expand the scope of the right of residence, and expand the legal function of the right of residence system, so as to make full use of social resources to meet the public's housing needs.

scholarly journals SPECIFIC FEATURES OF INHERITANCE OF PROPERTY ENCUMBERED BY A LIFE ESTATE AGREEMENT (PART ONE)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 37-41
Author(s):  
Anton V. Myskin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Prior Consent ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Right

As it is known, any owner of a thing can quite freely and independently bequest such a thing in favor of any person chosen by him. However, if the person is the owner within the framework of the rent contract (rent payer), his or her authority as owner is significantly limited by the rules of civil law. Article 604 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation establishes that the payer of rents has the right to dispose of or otherwise encumber property only with the prior consent of the recipient of the rent. The content of this rule in practice raises one very important question. Does the rent payer have the right freely to bequest property encumbered by the rent agreement, or does it have to obtain the consent of the rent recipient for such an order? Finding an answer to this question is the subject of this article.

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