scholarly journals Understanding the Psychological Reading Process: Preparing Pre-service ESL Teachers to Become Reading Teachers

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Karen Sue Patrick Knutsen

AbstractThis article addresses the metacognitive skills of pre-service ESL teachers in terms of their future role as reading teachers for intermediate and advanced pupils. Reading is a basic skill in all subjects in the Norwegian National Curriculum and involves engaging in texts, understanding, applying and reflecting on what is read – activities requiring higher level thinking. My research questions are: 1) How can “narrative transportation theory” (Gerrig, 1993) help pre-service ESL teachers understand the psychological reading process? and 2) How can insight into this theory motivate them to become better reading teachers, able to faciliate deep learning through literature? I use Julie Bertagna’s science fiction trilogy (Exodus 2002; Zenith 2007; Aurora 2011) to illustrate how narrative transportation works, highlighting the literary qualities that trigger pleasurable reading through immersion into the storyworld. This choice is based on Sections 1.5 and 2.5.3 in the new “Overarching section – values and principles for mandatory education” (2017) of the national curriculum, which instructs schools to teach pupils about their responsibility in contributing to an ecologically sustainable world order. The trilogy thematizes climate change and can affect behavior and attitudes toward this issue positively; it activates a wide spectrum of emotions, facilitating persuasion. Teachers must, however, remember that reading for pleasure is not enough; they must use metacognitve reading strategies in their teaching of literature to ensure deep learning and reach curricular goals.  Keywords: teenage literature, narrative transportation theory, metacogniton, metacognitive reading strategies, Julie Bertagna’s Exodus Trilogy, ecological sustainability, ESL, teaching readingÅ forstå psykologiske leseprosesser: Lærerstudenten som leselærer i engelskfagetSammendragDenne artikkelen handler om lærerstudenters metakognitive ferdigheter i sammenheng med leseundervisningen i engelskfaget. Lesing er en av de grunnleggende ferdighetene i alle fag i Kunnskapsløftet. Dette innebærer å være engasjert i, forstå, bruke og reflektere over det som leses, samt bruk av lesestrategier – dette krever metakognitiv tenkning. Forskningsspørsmålene er: 1) Hvordan kan “narrativ transport-teori” (Gerrig, 1993) hjelpe lærerstudenter i engelskfaget til å forstå den psykologiske leseprosessen? og 2) Hvordan kan kunnskap om denne teorien motivere dem til å utvikle seg som lærere i lesing, med evnen til å fostre dybdelæring gjennom litteratur? Jeg bruker Julie Bretagnas ungdomstrilogi i sjangeren science-fiction (Exodus 2002; Zenith 2007; Aurora 2011), for å illustrere hvordan narrativ transport fungerer, og belyser litterære kvaliteter som setter det i gang. Valget baseres hovedsakelig på Overordnet del av læreplanen (2017) som omtaler “Respekt for naturen og miljøbevissthet” (1.5) og “Bærekraftig utvikling” (2.5.3), der skolen får i oppdrag å lære elever om ansvaret de har for å skape en økologisk bærekraftig utvikling. Trilogien tematiserer klimaendringer og kan påvirke leserens atferd og holdninger. Fortellingen kan igangsette mange følelser, som igjen kan forsterke eller endre leserens overbevisning. Men lærere må huske at lesing som underholdning ikke er nok; de må ta i bruk metakognitive lesestrategier i sin undervisning for å sikre dybdelæring og oppnå læreplanmålene.Nøkkelord: ungdomslitteratur, narrativ transport-teori, metakognisjon, metakognitive lesestrategier, Julie Bertagnas Exodus Trilogy, bærekraftig utvikling, engelsk som annet språk, leseundervisning

Young Adult science fiction is a growing body of work in the science fiction genre that encourages its readers to envision, evaluate, and question contemporary and future real-world incidents. This paper explores the effect of narrative transportation on young adult readers of Robert Heinlein's Space Cadet, a YA science fiction novel. One of the main aspects narrative transportation theory examines is how literature fosters teens' understanding and awareness of themselves and of issues important to them. In this sense, Space Cadet engages the young adult reader with its narrative, its characters, and other significant sociopolitical notions like gender roles, the representation of “other,” and the politics of racism. Thus, by being immersed in the narrative and engaging with the explicit and implicit themes represented in the novel, transported young adult readers, we argue, may participate in changing existing social and political notions and (re)constructing their individuality through absorbing the traits, beliefs, and responsibilities of the fictitious juvenile protagonist and his experience, as well.


1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Stockwell

A principle of isomorphism is identified as a feature of the reception of texts in the reading process. Principally a mapping of elements or domains, this can be seen to underlie the textual features of explicit surface metaphors, implied metaphors, metaphoric readings of texts, perceived co-operation and coherence. The latter two levels are less obvious examples of isomorphic phenomena, and a model is adapted and developed to explain the pattern-matching involved in resolving meaning from a reading of a text. This resolution of meaning is seen as an effortful activity on the part of the reader, which is balanced against the likely pay-off in terms of satisfaction gained from the reading. The theoretical perspective of reader reception is supported by practical reader-response experiments on science fictional texts. The results of these are reported in terms of the isomorphic procedures already outlined. It is observed that the characteristics of readers determine readings as much as the characteristics of texts.


2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Juliet Hilary Munden

AbstractExperiencing literature is part of the English as a foreign language (EFL) subject in Norway. It is both challenging and possible to educate competent reading teachers who can foster this experience. The present article is a thematic exploration of some of these challenges and possibilities. The challenges are discussed under four headings: the profession of the teacher educator; the complaint that student teachers do not read enough; the role of national tests in forming how reading in English is taught in school; and the challenge of making sense of the concept of reading strategies. The second part of the article considers possibilities. These are grounded in the principle that teacher educators should not primarily lecture. Instead, they should alternate systematically between enactment and metacognition. The article describes scenarios in which students try out a sequence of pre-, during- and post-reading activities related to the short story “The Demon Lover” by Elizabeth Bowen. After engaging with each activity, the students take part in a reflection led by the teacher educator on their experience as readers, the learning potential of the activity, and questions related to its adaptation and organisation in a diverse school classroom. This operationalisation of a pedagogy of enactment (Grossman et al., 2009) allows student teachers to gain experience of and reflect on core practices. In the present case, the core practice is the planning and teaching of coherent and motivating learning sequences that promote increased reading motivation and proficiency in the English language classroom.Keywords: teacher education, subject English, reading strategies, learning sequence, metacognitionUtfordringer og muligheter i utdanningen av leselærere i engelskfagetSammendragLitteraturopplevelser hører til i engelskfaget i norsk skole. Det er både ut-fordrende og mulig å utdanne kompetente leselærere som kan fremme slike opplevelser. Denne artikkelen er en tematisk utforskning av noen av disse utfordringene og mulighetene. Utfordringene diskuteres under fire overskrifter: lærerutdanneren som profesjonsutøver; misnøyen med at studenter ikke leser nok; betydningen av nasjonale prøver for hvordan lesing i engelsk er undervist i skolen; og utfordringen med å forstå lesestrategier som konsept. Den andre delen av artikkelen tar for seg mulighetene som ligger i prinsippet om at lærer-utdannere ikke primært skal forelese. Isteden bør de veksle systematisk mellom utøvelse og metakognisjon. Artikkelen beskriver en sekvens hvor studenter prøver ut før-, under- og etter-lesningsaktiviteter tilknyttet Elizabeth Bowens novelle “The Demon Lover”. Etter å ha engasjert seg i hver aktivitet, deltar studentene i en refleksjon ledet av lærerutdanneren, hvor de drøfter sine opplevelser som lesere, aktivitetens læringspotensial, og spørsmål om tilpasning og organisering av aktiviteten i et mangfoldig klasserom. Denne operasjonaliseringen av en enactment-pedagogikk (Grossman et al., 2009) gir lærerstudenter anledning til å skaffe seg erfaring med og reflektere over kjerne-praksiser. I dette tilfellet er kjernepraksisen det å planlegge koherente og moti-verende læringssekvenser som fører til økt lesemotivasjon og kompetanse i det engelske klasserommet.Nøkkelord: lærerutdanning, engelskfaget, lesestrategier, læringsøkt, metakogni¬sjon


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 896-914
Author(s):  
Kshema Jose

If we are to build in our students, literacy skills relevant for the 21st century, reading classrooms need to take into account the changing nature of texts that our students are required to read in real-world contexts (Alexander & The Disciplined Reading and Learning Research Laboratory, 2012). This paper exhorts ESL teachers to use online texts or hypertexts, in addition to print textbooks, in the reading classroom. The use of hypertexts can increase the literacy participation of students by making reading authentic, and ensuring literacy skills they acquire more meaningful and productive (Coiro, Killi, & Castek, 2017). In the reading classroom where this research was located, it was observed that readers who scored low on reading comprehension tests based on print texts demonstrated higher levels of comprehension while performing on tests based on hypertexts. The study was conducted to identify the reading strategies used by these readers. It was found that ESL readers were able to overcome deficits in their prior knowledge (topic familiarity) and/or language proficiency by using specific reading and navigating strategies. This paper proposes that strategy training in the use of newer reading and navigating strategies might help develop online reading comprehension expertise and build independent reading habits in ESL readers.


2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Yang Wang

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT AUTHOR'S REQUEST.] This qualitative case study explored five college ELLs' reading processes in their native Mandarin language and the English language. The purpose of this case study is 1) to discover the reading process of five native-Mandarin-speaking adult ELLs at a large Midwestern university; 2) to learn their perceptions of reading; and 3) to learn about their strategy use in reading the selected materials in both Mandarin and English. I met with each participant individually. In the beginning I did the reading interests inventory and the Burke Reading Interview in Mandarin and in English to learn about their beliefs in the two languages. I surveyed their reading metacognition in both languages. Then I selected four pieces of texts (two in Mandarin and two in English) for RMI and RMA with each reader. At the end, I did post-interviews and post-surveys. Through the study, I kept a double entry journal. Then I conducted within-case analysis and cross-case analysis. This study found 1) by the end the participants believed reading was to know the meaning in both languages and helping them to examine their reading in their first language makes them more successful in their second language; 2) the readers used all linguistic and pragmatic language cueing systems to construct meaning in both languages, and they relied more on linguistic cueing systems in English; 3) they used all natural reading strategies and other similar strategies in both languages, and applied unique strategies to construct meaning in English; 4) the RMA sessions helped the participants build their confidence and revalue their reading, especially in English; 5) the participants became more metacognitive through the RMA sessions, and highly proficient readers may not be the most metacognitive ones. This study suggests RMI is an effective reading evaluation tool for the reading process of the first language as well as the second language. Reading teachers and ELL teachers could use RMI to understand their students' reading process and re-evaluate their students' reading comprehension. This study also suggests RMA is an effective instructional tool. The RMA sessions could build the students' confidence, focus more on meaning, and uncover their reading strategies, as well as their strengths and weaknesses. ELLs need to read actively and closely for meaning; use their successful native language reading strategies and unique strategies in their English reading; experience aesthetic reading for pleasure and read various genres and different topics; and read aloud as long as it is meaningful. ELL teachers need to help the learners establish their belief about reading; use RMI as an evaluation tool; use RMA as an instructional tool and help readers embrace their good reading strategies; encourage them to use their successful native language reading strategies and unique English language reading strategies; and encourage readers to read widely outside of classroom.


Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 579
Author(s):  
Oddrun M H Bråten ◽  
Geir Skeie

From 2020, the National Curriculum in Norway has been totally renewed for primary, secondary, and upper secondary education. This includes the introduction of such new concepts as ‘deep learning’ and ‘core elements’ in school education. In this article, we unpack the significance of the reform for studies in religion and worldviews in Norwegian schools. We explore continuities and changes by looking at general educational trends and debates and how they become significant, specifically for the study of religion and worldviews in schools. While the changes may stem from international trends, they have been formed in a Norwegian discourse that also draws on traditions from previous curricula. Three interdisciplinary topics have been introduced: ‘health and life skills’, ‘democracy and citizenship’, and ‘sustainable development’. Emphasis is placed on competence-oriented relevance and less on the traditional classroom learning of ‘facts’. Our research question is: Which continuities and which changes are found when comparing studies of religion and worldviews in the previous and the new curricula? Our hypothesis is that continuities stem from national traditions while incentives to change are connected to rapid social change that is also reflected in supranational developments in education. Our methodology is a contextual presentation and discussion of studies of religion and worldviews, where the context we are considering includes both national and international discourses. Our objective is to inform a broader audience about recent developments in the Norwegian school, as well as to bring together important elements in this reform in a focused discussion on the framework for studies of religion and worldviews in Norwegian schools today. We identify both continuity and change, along a subject-specific—general-educational policy axis and along a national-international axis. The continued relevance of teaching about religion and worldviews in schools is strengthened in the reform, because of the potential for significant contributions to general aims of education now reflected in ‘core elements’, including for continued development of a functioning democracy.


2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Mary Ingemansson

SammanfattningTexten behandlar hur elever på svensk grundskolenivå i årskurs 1–8, med hjälp av olika lässtrategier, kan skaffa sig förmåga att djupläsa texter för att nå förståelse av både läsningen och det lästa. Den teoretiska och metodologiska basen hänvisar till den amerikanska läsforskning som har bedrivits av Judith A. Langer med ett stort forskarteam vid Albany University, USA. Djupläsningsmetoder förklaras och diskuteras. Artikeln diskuterar Langers “envisionment-building” begrepp och presenterar ett empiriskt material taget från en undersökning av lässtrategier hos elever i åldrarna 7–13. I Sverige har teorin operationaliserats av författaren i fortsättningsforskning i skolor. Den didaktiska läsutvecklingen från svenska skolor beskrivs. Resultat och diskussion handlar om hur barn och ungdomar kan skapa djup förståelse av text. De autentiska fasbaserade frågorna som används både muntligt och skriftligt vid djupläsning gör att innehållet blir grundligt diskuterat i samtal med lärare och kamrater. Omläsning visar sig vara viktigt. Genomförda textsamtal resulterar i ett mycket fördjupat läsande för eleverna. Motivationshöjande är att eleverna får agera socialt genom textsamtal vid tolkningen och att det ständigt sker en återkoppling från lärarens och kamraternas sida. Motivationen kan även öka om eleverna lyckas med alltmer utmanande texter. Djupläsning med fas¬baserade frågor är en effektiv lässtrategi för att skapa förutsättningar för djupläsning, som i sin tur ger förutsättning för bästa möjliga förståelse av läsningen såväl som det lästa. Läsmarkeringar under läsningens gång gör att läsningen blir långsammare och mer grundlig. Läsandets förutsättning, villkor och process kan sammanfattas i en modell skapad utifrån operationaliseringsprocessen.Nyckelord: djupläsning, textsamtal, lässtrategier, didaktik, läsmotivationClose reading and reading strategiesAbstractThe text discusses how Swedish pupils in primary and secondary school, aged 7–13, with the aid of different reading strategies, can improve their ability to close-read texts in order to gain a better understanding not only of the text but also of the reading process. The study is theoretically and methodologically anchored in the reading research of Judith A. Langer, University of Albany, USA. The study adapts and develops Langer’s concept of envisionment building. The empirical material includes a study of the reading strategies of Swedish pupils aged 7–13. In Sweden, these findings have been operationalized by the author as part of her continuing research in schools. The results and discussion address how children can acquire a deep understanding of texts. The authentic, stance-based questions, which are used both when students read aloud and silently, ensure that the content is properly discussed in text talks with teachers and other pupils. Re-reading is important. The text talks result in a close reading of the texts. The social interaction that is part of text interpretation, as well as the feedback students receive from one another and from their teacher, boost motivation. Motivation can also increase if the students succeed with more challenging texts. Close reading with stance-based questions is a very effective reading strategy, which enables the students to understand the text and the reading process. Taking notes while reading makes the reading slower and more thorough. The conditions, terms and process of reading are summed up in a model that describes what happens.Keywords: close reading, text talks, reading strategies, didactics, motivation for reading


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 1323-1341
Author(s):  
Chang Mo Jung

COVID-19 is bringing changes in B2B sales and marketing strategies. Digital interaction with potential customers has become more critical. Business-reference content (BRC) is the most shared content, mainly using narrative format, available to potential customers through digital touchpoints. Reducing perceived purchasing risk has been recognized as the primary benefit of using BRC, but empirical research on this has been insufficient. Therefore, this research investigated the underlying mechanisms of BRC and related processes that lower risk perception based on narrative transportation theory. For empirical analysis, a serial-parallel mediating model was established in which BRC type (narrative versus non-narrative) influences purchase intention through the mediation of narrative transportation and perceived purchase risks – functional risk and financial risk. In this experimental study, an online survey was conducted in which 233 purchasing managers in Korean companies participated. The analysis confirmed that the BRC type had a significant effect on the level of receivers’ narrative transportation. In addition, serial-parallel mediating effects through narrative transportation (primary mediator) and perceived functional risk and perceived financial risk (secondary mediators) were all significant. This research provides meaningful implications in that it broadens the theoretical understanding of BRC by presenting the integrated BRC effect model. Also, it clarifies the importance of narrative BRC in B2B marketing practices.


2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Amel AlAdwani ◽  
Anam AlFadley ◽  
Maha AlGasab ◽  
Ahmad F. Alnwaiem

Metacognitive reading strategies play an essential role in improving reading comprehension. This study explores the effects of English metacognitive reading strategies and reading comprehension in Kuwaiti primary school students as foreign language learners; this experimental study tries to find a relationship between students' metacognitive strategies, metacognitive strategies, and students' reading performance. Participants were fifth grade EFL students in Kuwait primary education government public schools. The students' reading comprehension was evaluated. Comprehension tracking strategies were measured using Metacognitive strategies (K-W-L Plus). While the experimental groups (B) received instructions according to (K-W-L Plus) techniques, the control (A) group was trained with the traditional teaching approach based on the Kuwait national curriculum school textbooks. A questionnaire investigating the use of English and perceived English proficiency was also conducted. The results revealed that Perceived proficiency in English was not determined by the early or late pre-school age of second language acquisition. Also, bilingual students with perceived proficiency in English had better meta-cognitive reading skills than low perceived proficiency in English. Comprehension monitoring and (K-W-L) strategy was adequate and the most important predictor of reading comprehension among all students in the research sample.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-41
Author(s):  
Øystein Winje ◽  
Knut Løndal

Deep learning is a key term in current educational discourses worldwide and used by researchers, policymakers, stakeholders, politicians, organisations and the media with different definitions and, consequently, much confusion about its meaning and usage. This systematic mapping review attempts to reduce this ambiguity by investigating the definitions of deep learning in 71 research publications on primary and secondary education from 1970 to 2018. The results show two conceptualisations of the term deep learning—1) meaningful learning and 2) transfer of learning—both based on cognitive learning perspectives. The term deep learning is used by researchers worldwide and is mainly investigated in the school subjects of science, languages and mathematics with samples of students between 13 and 16 years of age. Deep learning is also a prevalent term in current international education policy and national curriculum reform, thus deeply affecting the practice of teaching and learning in general education. Our review identifies a lack of studies investigating deep learning through perspectives other than cognitive learning theories and suggests that future research should emphasise applying embodied, affective, and social perspectives on learning in the wide array of school subjects, in lower primary education and in a variety of sociocultural contexts, to support the adaptation of deep learning to a general educational practice.


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