scholarly journals The Symbolic Use of Whetstones and Their Role in Displaying Authority over Metallurgical Processes and Trade

Viking ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mads Dengsø Jessen ◽  
Michelle Taube
Keyword(s):  
Full Scale ◽  
Viking Age ◽  
Metal Working ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Novel Studies ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
And Control ◽  
Metallurgical Processes

Whetstones of the Viking Age can have a conspicuous design, but not much is understood about the specific use of more unusual specimens, or their place in rituals. This article proposes a new interpretation of whetstones, based on novel studies of a well-known whetstone from Lejre, and miniature pendants from Tissø. Our examination of the prominent whetstone from the Lejre hoard with an x-ray fluorescence (XRF) scan, did not reveal any metal traces, which suggests that it was unused. At Tissø, the find distribution of so-called stafflike pendants – made of iron, bronze, or silver – links them to a metal-working area, and since their morphology resembles full-scale whetstones we suggest that they may be symbolic, miniature whetstones. Finally, we argue that the overarching meaning of the ritual use of whetstones is more related to the authority over – and control of – metallurgical processes, as well as the trade of metal goods, and only by proxy to the smith himself.

X-Ray Replication of Submicrometer Linewidth Patterns

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 136-137
Author(s):  
Henry I. Smith ◽  
D.C. Flanders
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam Lithography ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Electron Backscattering ◽  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
Cross Sectional Profile ◽  
Carbon Foils ◽  
Sectional Profile ◽  
And Control ◽  
Soft Radiation

Scanning electron beam lithography has been used for a number of years to write submicrometer linewidth patterns in radiation sensitive films (resist films) on substrates. On semi-infinite substrates, electron backscattering severely limits the exposure latitude and control of cross-sectional profile for patterns having fundamental spatial frequencies below about 4000 Å(l),Recently, STEM'S have been used to write patterns with linewidths below 100 Å. To avoid the detrimental effects of electron backscattering however, the substrates had to be carbon foils about 100 Å thick (2,3). X-ray lithography using the very soft radiation in the range 10 - 50 Å avoids the problem of backscattering and thus permits one to replicate on semi-infinite substrates patterns with linewidths of the order of 1000 Å and less, and in addition provides means for controlling cross-sectional profiles. X-radiation in the range 4-10 Å on the other hand is appropriate for replicating patterns in the linewidth range above about 3000 Å, and thus is most appropriate for microelectronic applications (4 - 6).

The Failure of British Counter-Espionage against Germany, 1907–1914

1985 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 835-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Hiley
Keyword(s):  
Full Scale ◽  
Joint Conference ◽  
Emergency Powers ◽  
And Control ◽  
Police Surveillance

Modern British counter-espionage effectively began in April 1907, when a joint conference of naval and military officials, formed the previous year to consider ‘the Powers Possessed by the Executive in Time of Emergency’, recommended both an immediate strengthening of the laws against espionage, and a War is Office investigation of ‘the question of police surveillance and control of aliens’. These recommendations were to prove an important initiative, and did much to determine the course of British counter-espionage before 1914, yet at the time they probably seemed little more than an airing of old grievances unlikely to find new support, for they were among the last remnants n. of the abortive ‘Emergency Powers Bill’ which the War Office intelligence department had been advocating to strengthen home defence ever since the invasion scare of 1888. The 1906 joint conference had in fact hoped to further the cause of this great legislative package, with its radically new powers of access, requisition and seizure but, faced with the Liberal administration's commitment to the ‘continuous principle’ that a full-scale landing was impossible, had been forced instead to confine itself to the purely naval and military aspects of home defence. As its report confessed in April 1907, in the prevailing climate of opinion the only hope for the great ‘Emergency Powers Bill’ was as a series of ‘small and independent measures’.

scholarly journals A LabVIEW Platform for Preclinical Imaging Using Digital Subtraction Angiography and Micro-CT

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian T. Badea ◽  
Laurence W. Hedlund ◽  
G. Allan Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Digital Subtraction Angiography ◽  
Functional Imaging ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Digital Subtraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Retrospective Gating ◽  
Dual Source ◽  
Labview Platform ◽  
And Control

CT and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) are ubiquitous in the clinic. Their preclinical equivalents are valuable imaging methods for studying disease models and treatment. We have developed a dual source/detector X-ray imaging system that we have used for both micro-CT and DSA studies in rodents. The control of such a complex imaging system requires substantial software development for which we use the graphical language LabVIEW (National Instruments, Austin, TX, USA). This paper focuses on a LabVIEW platform that we have developed to enable anatomical and functional imaging with micro-CT and DSA. Our LabVIEW applications integrate and control all the elements of our system including a dual source/detector X-ray system, a mechanical ventilator, a physiological monitor, and a power microinjector for the vascular delivery of X-ray contrast agents. Various applications allow cardiac- and respiratory-gated acquisitions for both DSA and micro-CT studies. Our results illustrate the application of DSA for cardiopulmonary studies and vascular imaging of the liver and coronary arteries. We also show how DSA can be used for functional imaging of the kidney. Finally, the power of 4D micro-CT imaging using both prospective and retrospective gating is shown for cardiac imaging.

Comparison of Body Composition Study by Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) in Familial Partial Lipodystrophies and Control Subjects

2011 ◽  
pp. P1-457-P1-457
Author(s):  
Cynthia Melissa Valerio ◽  
Lenita Zajdenverg ◽  
Jose Egidio Paulo Oliveira ◽  
Patricia Mory ◽  
Regina Moises ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Body Composition Study ◽  
Composition Study ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals Experience of Using Hyperbaric Oxygenation in the Treatment of Radionecrosis That Developed as a Complication of Stereotactic Radiosurgical Treatment of Meningioma on the Example of a Clinical Case

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 670-676
Author(s):  
A. S. Tokarev ◽  
V. N. Stepanov ◽  
V. A. Rak ◽  
O. L. Yevdokimova ◽  
I. A. Terekhin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Hyperbaric Oxygenation ◽  
Radiation Necrosis ◽  
Late Complication ◽  
Intravenous Contrast ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
And Control

In contrast to conventional microsurgery, stereotactic radiosurgery has an advantage in the treatment of intracranial masses, avoiding severe complications associated with open surgery. In rare cases, the use of the method is associated with the development of radiation-induced injuries, one of which is radiation necrosis (RN). This is a late complication of radiosurgery, developing mainly 6 months after radiation exposure. The neurological manifestations of this complication depend on location, and the clinical picture is very diverse. The method of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with intravenous contrast enhancement is quite often the first link in neuroimaging, which helps to suggest the presence of this complication based on the X-ray picture and to clarify the location of changes.We presented the experience of radiation necrosis treatment in a 47-year-old patient who was referred to our department with a diagnosis of frontal meningioma. The patient underwent stereotactic radiosurgical treatment using the Elekta Leksell Gamma Knife Perfextion device, and 6 months later the gradual deterioration began, the patient complained of headache, nausea; central prosoparesis developed. Considering the clinical picture and control MRI data, the changes were interpreted as radionecrosis. In order to control the complication, the patient underwent standard glucocroticosteroid therapy, supplemented by hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO), which made it possible to achieve regression of the adverse clinical and radiological manifestations of the complication. Thus, on a clinical example, it was demonstrated that the combined use of glucocorticosteroids and HBOs is highly effective in the treatment of RN.

scholarly journals Controlled sample environment for studying solid–gas interactions by in situ powder X-ray diffraction

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 371-375
Author(s):  
Paul Monceyron Røren ◽  
Kristoffer W. B. Hunvik ◽  
Vegard Josvanger ◽  
Ole Tore Buseth ◽  
Jon Otto Fossum
Keyword(s):  
Applied Pressure ◽  
Copper Plate ◽  
Temperature Control System ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Quartz Capillary ◽  
Gas Interactions ◽  
And Control

A sample cell for powder X-ray diffraction studies with in situ applied pressure and control of temperature is demonstrated. The cell is based on a previously reported design and consists of a glass or quartz capillary glued into a Swagelok weld gland; this configuration can hold up to 100 bar (1 bar = 100 kPa). The cell is placed in contact with a copper plate for control of temperature between −30 and 200°C. This is achieved by Peltier elements, heat cartridges and a refrigerated circulating bath. This work mainly focuses on the temperature control system. Commissioning tests were performed in a custom-made small/wide-angle X-ray diffractometer at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. The system is easily portable to synchrotron facilities.

scholarly journals Characteristics of X-ray and gamma radiation detectors based on polycrystalline CdTe and CdZnTe films

2021 ◽  
pp. 81-86
Author(s):  
Sharifa Utamuradova ◽  
Sultanposha Muzafarova ◽  
Abdulla Abdugafurov ◽  
Kakhramon Fayzullaev ◽  
Elmira Naurzalieva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Specific Resistance ◽  
Radiation Detectors ◽  
Columnar Structure ◽  
Nuclear Materials ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Molybdenum Substrate ◽  
Cdznte Detectors ◽  
And Control ◽  
Polycrystalline Semiconductor

Based on CdTe and CdZnTe detectors a number of promising devices were created, which found their application in metallurgy, in solving the problems of customs control and control of nuclear materials, as well as matrix detectors created for the manufacture of medical devices and devices for space research. Detectors, created on the basis of polycrystalline semiconductor CdTe and CdZnTe films with a columnar structure on a molybdenum substrate with a thickness d = 30150 μm, had a specific resistance p > 10^5 10^8 W-cm. The energy resolution of the CdTe and CdZnTe detectors at room temperature reached ~ 5 keV on the 59.6 keV 241Am line.

Standardisation of X-Ray Powder Diffraction Methods

2004 ◽  
Vol 443-444 ◽  
pp. 31-34
Author(s):  
Giovanni Berti ◽  
Rob Delhez ◽  
S. Norval ◽  
B. Peplinski ◽  
E. Tolle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Technical Committee ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Standard Documents ◽  
And Control ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Research Centres

This paper outlines the standardisation process for the XRPD method that is currently being considered by a Working Group (WG10) of Technical Committee 138 "Non-destructive Testing" of the European Committee for Standardisation CEN. Several Standard Documents are on the verge of being released. These documents concern the general principles of (X-ray) diffraction, its terminology, and the basic procedures applied. Another document concerns the instruments used and it offers procedures to characterise and control the performance of an X-ray diffractometer properly. It is intended to issue Standard Documents on specific methods, e.g. determination of residual stresses. In fact work is in progress on this subject. The Standard Documents can be used by industry, government organisations, and research centres with activities related to safety, health and the environment, as well as for educational purposes.

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